An indirect impedance measurement approach that does not require direct cable attachment or large space using a two-port network is presented. Using a straight wire monopole as an interrogating antenna and measured impedances of three calibration standards, the input impedance of a small spherical helix dipole over a ground plane is retrieved. It is found that accurate result is obtained around the dipole resonance frequency. The accuracy and sources of error are discussed.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá teoretickými poznatky a návrhem bikónické antény pracující v kmitočtovém rozsahu 4 až 8 GHz. V rámci práce jsou také popsány způsoby impedančního přizpůsobení a vybrané typy polarizátorů elektromagnetických vln a radioprůzračných krytů. Na základě teoretických poznatků je určena koncepce návrhu bikónické antény a vybrán vhodný polarizátor pro zajištění kruhové polarizace vyzařovaných elektromagnetických vln.

Yes / Matching the antenna’s impedance to the RF-front-end of a wireless communications system is challenging as the impedance varies with its surround environment. Autonomously matching the antenna to the RF-front-end is therefore essential to optimize power transfer and thereby maintain the antenna’s radiation efficiency. This paper presents a theoretical technique for automatically tuning an LC impedance matching network that compensates antenna mismatch presented to the RF-front-end. The proposed technique converges to a matching point without the need of complex mathematical modelling of the system comprising of non-linear control elements. Digital circuitry is used to implement the required matching circuit. Reliable convergence is achieved within the tuning range of the LC-network using control-loops that can independently control the LC impedance. An algorithm based on the proposed technique was used to verify its effectiveness with various antenna loads. Mismatch error of the technique is less than 0.2%. The technique enables speedy convergence (< 5 µs) and is highly accurate for autonomous adaptive antenna matching networks. / This work is partially supported by RTI2018-095499-B-C31, Funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE), and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and the financial support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1.

Dans le contexte des applications mobiles, les contraintes de conception des chaînes d'émission toujours plus performantes et de taille réduite demandent de compenser la forte sensibilité des caractéristiques des antennes à leur environnement. En particulier, il est nécessaire de maîtriser l'impédance de l'antenne pour optimiser l'efficacité énergétique de la chaîne de transmission. Or, les solutions actuelles se montrent encombrantes. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs pistes basées sur l'implémentation de condensateurs variables ont été étudiées et ont conduit à la réalisation et la caractérisation de nouveaux dispositifs RF intégrés à même de participer à cet effort. Après une présentation du contexte et de l'état de l'art, nous proposons une étude de condensateurs variables basés sur la technique des capacités commutées. L'étude a permis la réalisation de deux condensateurs variables en technologie CMOS SOI 130 nm pour des applications d'adaptation d'impédance et d'antenne agile en fréquence. Un premier démonstrateur d'antenne fente agile en fréquence visant les bandes LTE situées entre 500 MHz et 1 GHz et utilisant ce type de condensateur a ensuite été réalisé puis validé. Un système d'accord permettant de corriger les désadaptations d'antenne a ensuite été étudié et a donné lieu à la réalisation de deux circuits intégrés en technologie CMOS SOI 130 nm. Le premier circuit est un détecteur d'impédance capable de fonctionner sur une gamme de puissance étendue de 0-40 dBm pour une plage de fréquences de 600 MHz-2,4 GHz. Le deuxième circuit intègre une version améliorée du détecteur avec un circuit d'adaptation variable autorisant la réalisation d'un système d'accord d'antenne autonome et compact représentant une avancée importante par rapport à l'état de l'art. / In the context of mobile applications, design constraints on always more performant and size-constrained emitting front-ends ask to compensate for strong sensitiveness of antennas characteristics to their environment. In particular, it is necessary to control the antenna impedance in order to optimize the energy efficiency of the transmitting front-end. Yet, current solutions are bulky. I this thesis, several ways based on the implementation of variable capacitors have been studied and have led to the design and characterization of new integrated RF devices that can participate to this effort. After a presentation of the context and the state-of-the-art, we propose a study of switched-capacitor-based variable capacitors. This study allowed the design of two variable capacitors in 130 nm CMOS SOI technology for impedance matching and frequency-agile antenna applications. Then, a first demonstrator module of a frequency-agile antenna aiming for 500 MHz-1 GHz LTE bands and using this type of capacitor has been designed and validated. A tunable system allowing the correction of antenna mismatch has then been studied and has led to the design of two 130 nm CMOS SOI integrated circuits. The first circuit is an impedance detector that is able to work on a 0-40 dBm power range and a 600 MHz-2.5 GHz frequency range. The second integrated circuit includes an improved version of the detector with a tunable matching network which both allow the fabrication of an autonomous, compact antenna tunable system showing significant progress relative to the state-of-the-art.

Tunable antennas have emerged as a promising technology to address the challenges of achieving optimal performance across a wide range of frequencies. This abstract presents a study focused on designing and implementing an ideal antenna system design within a closed-loop system. Background. Tunable antennas offer a solution for achieving efficient signal transmission and reception over a broad spectrum. Traditionally fixed-frequency antennas have limitations in terms of bandwidth and efficiency, making them unfit for applications requiring adaptability to varying frequencies. The integration of tunable components in antenna systems results in greater flexibility and improved performance. Objectives. The main objective of this research is to evaluate and determine the ideal antenna design for closed-loop antenna systems which achieves maximum frequency coverage and efficiency. This involves the design of an architecture that seamlessly integrates components. Methods. The experimental methodology involves designing an antenna system design. The selected components are interconnected in a closed loop, allowing continuous monitoring and adjustment of the antenna’s characteristics. The Micro Controlling Unit (MCU) is programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), serves as the controller for managing the antenna tuner’s settings based on real-time feedback from the directional coupler and power detector. The bi-directional logic level converter ensures proper voltage compatibility between the MCU and the antenna tuner. Results. The results of the study showed that the proposed antenna system architecture was able to achieve the desired goals. The implemented closed-loop system demonstrates significant enhancements in frequency coverage and efficiency of the selected antenna. The antenna system was also able to maintain its efficiency even when the environment changed. Conclusions. The experimental results show that in closed-loop systems the performance of an antenna is optimised. The integration of the components enables dynamic frequency tuning, by enhancing the antenna’s maximum frequency coverage and efficiency. The results underscore the potential of tunable antennas in revolutionizing wireless communication systems, showing the way for more adaptable and high-performance devices in various applications.

This diploma thesis deal with the design of log-periodic antenna. The log-periodic antenna is self-complementary and broadband antenna. Antenna self-complementary structures are described only by angles. Input impedance of log-periodic antenna is equal to theoretical impedance ohms. The input impedance and radiation patterns of broadband antenna structures are independent of frequency over theoretically unlimited bandwidths. The log-periodic antennas provide linearly polarized radiation pattern. In this thesis is designed antenna for bandwidths 1 to 5GHz. In this diploma thesis is introduced design balanced unit, this is compound broadband balun and broadband impedance transformer. The broadband balun is based on conversion of microstrip line to balanced stripline. The Klopfenstein impedance taper is used for design. For simulation was used software from firma Zeland software IE3D.