It is shown that there is an unconditional requirement on rational beings to adopt “reflexive” beliefs, these being beliefs with a very particular sort of self-referential structure. It is shown that whoever adopts such beliefs will thereby adopt beliefs that imply that a certain proposition, ᴪ, is true. From the fact that there is this unconditional requirement on rational being to adopt beliefs that imply ᴪ, it is concluded that ᴪ is knowable a priori. ᴪ is a proposition that says, in effect, that one’s own point of view is a point in space and time that is the point of view of some being who has reflexive beliefs. It is argued that this information that is contained in ᴪ boils down to the information that one’s point of view is located at a point in the world at which there is something that is “conscious” in a certain natural and philosophically interesting sense of that word. In other words, a theory of consciousness is defended according to which an entity is conscious if and only if it has reflexive beliefs.

Orientador: Claudio José Von Zuben / Banca: Julio Mendes / Banca: Rodrigo Ferreira Kruger / Resumo: Entre os dípteros de interesse médico-sanitário, destacam-se os pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae e Muscidade, que são de grande importância pelo fato de serem vetores de patógenos, parasitarem tecidos e por serem úteis na entomologia forense, na estimativa do IPM de cadáveres. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência das espécies mais predominantes, avaliar uma possível associação dessas com três áreas ecológicas distintas (urbana, rural e florestal) e determinar o índice de sinantropia de adultos dessas famílias coletados em Rio Claro, SP. As coletas ocorreram entre os meses de setembro de 2009 e agosto de 2010. Armadilhas contendo iscas de sardinha, fígado e carne moída foram expostas durante cinco dias consecutivos por mês, nas três áreas ecológicas distintas. Foram coletados nesse trabalho 2.782 exemplares de dípteros, sendo a maioria deles (45,04%) pertencentes à família Calliphoridae. A segunda família em abundância foi dos muscídeos (39,14%), seguida pela família Sarcophagidae (15,82%). As únicas espécies que apresentaram valores positivos para o índice de sinantropia foram Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) e Oxysarcordexia thornax (Walker), Atherigona orientalis Schiner, Musca domestica Linnaeus, Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) e Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). As demais espécies apresentaram valores negativos, o que demonstra uma maior preferência por áreas menos habitadas. Dentre as iscas utilizadas, a de fígado atraiu os califorídeos com maior abundância, a de sardinha foi a preferida pelos sarcofagídeos e a de carne, pelos muscídeos, em comparação ao fígado. De acordo com o índice de Bray-Curtis, as áreas rural e urbana foram as mais similares em relação à composição de espécies atraídas pelas iscas / Abstract: Among the Diptera of medical and health importance, we highlight those belonging to the families Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae, which are of great importance because they are vectors of pathogens, parasitized tissues and are useful in forensic entomology, in estimating the IPM of corpses. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of the most prevalent species, assess a possible association with three distinct ecological areas (urban, rural and forest) and determine the synanthropic index of adults in these families collected in Rio Claro, SP. The samples were collected between the months of September 2009 and August 2010. Traps baited with sardine baits, liver and ground beef were exposed for five consecutive days per month in three different ecological areas. In this study were collected 2,782 specimens of Diptera, the majority of them (45.04%) belonging to the family Calliphoridae. The second family in abundance was Muscidae (39.14%), followed by family Sarcophagidae (15.82%). The only species that showed positive values for the index of synanthropy were Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) and Oxysarcordexia thornax (Walker), Atherigona orientalis Schiner, Musca domestica Linnaeus, Ophyra chalcogaster (Wiedemann) and Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp). The values for the other species were negative, showing a greater preference for less populated areas. Among the baits used, liver attracted calliphorids with higher abundance, the sardine was the preferred for sarcophagids and flesh fly by muscids, in relation to liver. According to Bray-Curtis index, the rural and urban areas were more similar in terms of species composition attracted by the bait / Mestre

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-16T13:59:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Nayara Ferreira Carvalho (PPGO-UFPE).pdf: 1641128 bytes, checksum: c4910be8fdae6566f2fa798507854475 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T13:59:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Nayara Ferreira Carvalho (PPGO-UFPE).pdf: 1641128 bytes, checksum: c4910be8fdae6566f2fa798507854475 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / CAPES / O presente estudo teve como objetivo revisitar áreas recifais estudadas no ano 2000 em Tamandaré-PE para descrever as comunidades macrobentônicas, com foco no ouriço E. lucunter e comparar com os dados obtidos anteriormente, e, ainda usou como referência o recife de Santiago em Paripueira-AL. Através das técnicas de “Line Transect” e “Quadrat” foram amostradas nove áreas recifais do complexo recifal de Tamandaré e uma área recifal em Paripueira. Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas na estrutura das comunidades macrobentônicas estudadas entre os recifes e entre os períodos. A densidade e cobertura bentônica viva de corais escleractíneos, hidrocorais, zoantídeos e grupos funcionais algais parecem ter sido influenciados pelo padrão de distribuição e abundância de ouriços, apresentando diferenças significativas em sua composição na presença ou ausência destes. Em 2000, a densidade de ouriços da área recifal fechada de Tamandaré era aproximadamente cinco vezes maior que a encontrada no presente estudo. O contrário ocorreu na área recifal de Santiago que aumentou sua densidade de ouriço após ser reaberta à exploração antrópica em 2004. A exclusão das atividades pesqueiras e turísticas na Ilha da Barra ao longo de 16 anos indica a recuperação da abundância de espécies potencialmente predadoras de ouriços, que não só reduziu a densidade de E. lucunter na área fechada, mas também esse efeito foi exportado para as áreas recifais adjacentes. Este estudo sugere que a redução da abundância de ouriços nos recifes adjacentes é o resultado do spillover de predadores e anti-spillover de recrutas de ouriços para os recifes mais próximos da área fechada, e conclui que grande parte das diferenças observadas na densidade populacional do E. lucunter ao longo de todo o Complexo Recifal de Tamandaré-PE é devido aos efeitos diretos e indiretos da exclusão antrópica. / The aim of this study was to revisit Tamandaré-PE reef areas studied in 2000 to describe macrobenthic communities focusing on the E. lucunter sea urchin and compare the present data to the data obtained previously, and also used as a reference the Santiago reef in Paripueira-AL. Nine reef areas of Tamandaré reef complex and one reef area of Paripueira were sampled through the techniques of Line Transect and Quadrat. The results indicated significant differences in macrobenthic community studied among the reefs and between periods. The density and coverage of scleractinians corals, hydrocorals, zoanthids and algal functional groups seems to have been influenced by the pattern of sea urchins distribution and abundance, once these groups showed significant differences in their composition in the presence or absence of E. lucunter. In 2000, the sea urchin density of the Tamandaré closed area was about 5 times greater than the density found in this study. The opposite occurred in the Santiago reef, where there was an increased sea urchin density after this reef have been reopened to anthropic exploitation in 2004. The exclusion of fishing and tourist activities in Ilha da Barra over 16 years has resulted in a recovery of the species abundance potentially predatory of sea urchins, which not only reduced the E. lucunter density in the closed area, once this effect was exported to the adjacent reef areas. This study suggests that sea urchins abundance reducing on adjacent reefs is the result of spillover from predators and anti-spillover from sea urchins recruits to nearby reefs of the closed area, and concludes that much of the observed differences in E. lucunter density throughout the reef complex of Tamandaré-PE is due to the direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic exclusion.

Anthropic impacts adversely affect the productivity, integrity, connectivity, and resilience of riverine ecosystems, with widespread cumulative effects on the biota and biodiversity. The natural flow regime is a fundamental driver of physical and chemical processes, determining the morphological profile of the river systems and sustaining the complex network of ecological interactions and biological patterns. Therefore, in order to reach the environmental goals required by the binding legislation, and achieve a sustainable use of water resources, it is urgent to understand the mechanisms behind changes in the structure of biological communities along gradients of human disturbances which affect the flow regime. Indicators based on macroinvertebrates are widely used to assess the ecological status of water bodies, given their sensitivity/tolerance to pollution. However, in Alpine running waters, where chemical quality is less impacted than in lowland rivers, it is particularly important and valuable to detect the hydro-morphological alterations, and to discriminate them from chemical degradation, based on the responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to such multiple stressors. Therefore, this thesis aims at: i) examining the taxonomic and functional responses of macroinvertebrate communities to the different anthropogenic pressures acting on river systems; ii) evaluating the taxa/functional traits which mostly discriminate between hydrological and morphological alterations, and chemical degradation, to support effective bioindication methods. Focus of the research is to assess the macroinvertebrate community responses to the alterations caused by flow regulation and morphological alterations, which include water abstraction, diversion, stocking and the intermittent release of water from hydropower plants, banks artificialization and construction of weirs, dams, and other structures, each of these with environmental consequences of different scale and magnitude, such as the interruption of the longitudinal continuity, residual flow release and hydropeaking. The first part of this thesis is based on two empirical field studies, following respectively a manipulative and a mensurative approach, and focuses on changes in the taxonomic and functional composition due to river regulation and hydrological alterations. The first study, conducted in a set of seminatural streamside experimental flumes, simulates a residual flow stretch by reducing the discharge of the downstream sections (treatment) to 50% of the discharge of the upstream sections (control). Even within the short-term of our experiment (i.e., 3 weeks from the beginning of the simulation), we successfully simulated a small run-of-the river water abstraction and we recorded substantial changes in the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) benthic assemblages. In fact, we observed shifts in functional (rather than taxonomic) EPT community composition over time, likely due to the active drift, from a typically rheophile to a more limnophile one as a response to the stress imposed by the flow reduction, related to decrease of flow. In the second study, we investigated the effectiveness of a hydropeaking mitigation measure on flow and biotic components, in a case study of hydropeaking reduction on a 10-km reach of the Noce Stream, a unique approach for Alpine streams to date. The hydrological analysis conducted applying two hydropeaking quantification indices (HP1 and HP2 of Carolli et al., 2015, and the COSH method by Sauterleute & Charmasson. 2014) confirmed a partial mitigation of the hydropeaking in the stretch. As a consequence of the change in hydrological regime, we observed a different taxonomic and functional recovery in the benthic and hyporheic communities. In fact, macrobenthos was negatively affected by the reduced dilution of point and diffuse pollution; conversely, the hyporheic communities showed an increase in diversity and abundance of interstitial taxa, especially those exclusive to the hyporheic zone, likely due to changes in the interstitial space availability, brought by a reduction of clogging caused by fine sediments which were previously released with each hydropeaking wave. The second part of the thesis is based on large dataset analysis where expert knowledge has been integrated with machine learning and data-based approaches: the focus of thesis shifts towards a holistic approach, extending the investigation to the entire watershed of the Trentino Province by including macroinvertebrate field data collected between 2009 and 2019 from 160 sampling sites, distributed over 90 rivers and streams. Based on the expertise of field operators from the local Environment Agency (APPA), and the quality indices currently used according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD), all the APPA stream sites were classified according to the presence of known hydrological, morphological, and chemical alterations, including the co-occurrence of two or more alteration types; sites in pristine conditions were also identified. Seasonality, stream order and type, and other stream characteristics associated with the elevation gradient are important in flow-ecology investigation, and for this reason were included in the analysis. Moreover, these features are proxies for other variables which are closely related with the structure of the benthic community, such as current velocity, organic matter availability and substrate composition, and can also be related to the probability of expecting the presences of small hydropower plants and/or a diffuse or localized pollution sources. This second section of the thesis is divided into two parts: the first part describes the initial overall qualitative and quantitative analysis, which was conducted to determine to which extent a functional diversity-based approach better recognizes patterns in the benthic community compared to the WFD diversity indices. The second part describes the machine learning approach which we used to examine the degree to which a-priori expert classification matched data-driven classification based on the taxonomic and functional composition of benthic macroinvertebrates across different binary classification disturbances. A Random Forest analysis was performed independently on benthic-macroinvertebrate abundance (expressed as number of individuals per m2) and their functional compositions. The majority of stream sites were a-priori classified as impacted by either one or a combination of anthropogenic alterations (80%), with only 16% of sites in reference or pristine conditions. We observed high variability in benthic community assemblages, likely due to complex environmental interactions and caused by the cumulative/synergic effect of different alterations that negatively affect the discrimination between stressor-specific responses. The overall results of these large-dataset based analyses showed relevant outcomes, the main one being the good discrimination of unaltered sites from the altered ones, but a low discriminating power for the types of alteration (hydrological, morphological, pollution pf combination of two or three of them) based on taxonomic and functional composition of the benthic communities. The functional parameters directly related to the stream longitudinal preference, microhabitat preferences, flow velocity, hydrological and thermal regime, and food availability in the river network, well the most suitable to identify any type of river degradation. A further step in the detection of significant indicator taxa/traits was achieved with the machine learning approach, which resulted in robust and dependable predictive models, that identified the specific taxa and traits related to different stressors, thus representing a promising tool to support environmental assessment and water management. Overall, this thesis contributes to the identification of appropriate indicators based on macroinvertebrates taxonomic and functional sensitivity to different specific stressors, to use in the assessment of the Ecological Status of streams in mountain areas, with relevant outcomes for the water management of Alpine running waters, with particular regard to the definition of environmental flows, and to the mitigation of hydropeaking.

The role of the Anthropic Principle in astrophysics and cosmology is examined in two principal parts. The first (minor) part takes a chiefly philosophical perspective and examines the manner in which human cognition features into discussions on cosmic origins. It is shown that the philosophical questions raised by the Anthropic Principle and ‘fine-tuning of life’ bear resemblances to problems within the philosophy of mind and we seek a common origin for this surprising parallel. A form of ‘epistemic structural realism’ is defended and used to critique the physicalist identity thesis. It is argued that equating ‘reality’ with mathematical structures, which is the basis of the identity thesis, leads to incoherent conclusions. Similar reasoning is used to critique infinite Multiverse theories. In the second (major) part, we gradually transition into mainstream astrophysics, first presenting a new line of research to explore counterfactual universes using semi-analytic models (SAMs) and offering a preliminary study wherein the cosmological constant is varied and the effects on ‘advanced civilisations’ are examined. The importance of galaxy mergers is highlighted and leads to their study. We first try solving the pattern-recognition problem of locating mergers using the Galaxy Zoo database and produce the largest homogenous merger catalogue to date. We examine their properties and compare them with the SAMs of the Millennium Simulation finding good general agreement. We develop the Galaxy Zoo approach with a new visual-interface design and double the size of the merger catalogue of SDSS mergers in the local Universe.

O reservatório de Biritiba-Mirim (SP), um dos reservatórios do Sistema Produtor Alto Tietê, fornece água para aproximadamente 4 milhões de habitantes, principalmente para o leste da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Por localizar-se em uma região com grande pressão antrópica, o presente estudo objetivou a determinação de parâmetros físicos e químicos de água e de sedimentos de fundo em duas áreas a leste do reservatório de Biritiba-Mirim (SP), uma com atividade antrópica agrícola e outra em área protegida por mata ciliar. As amostras foram realizadas em número que permitiram um diagnóstico seguro da condição dessa área do reservatório. Nos mesmos locais foram amostradas alíquotas de água e sedimentos de fundo para análises químicas totais do conteúdo de elementos, buscando associar com compostos de degradação de rocha versus compostos utilizados em atividade agrícola, cinco pontos na área antrópica agrícola, cinco pontos na área protegida por mata ciliar e dois pontos, próximos a nascente do ribeirão Biritiba-Mirim. Os parâmetros utilizados para delimitar o padrão de qualidade, foram balizados pelos critérios do CONAMA e CETESB. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros físico-químicos da água e dos sedimentos de fundo, entre as amostras realizadas nas áreas. Para água, mesmo que alguns resultados se apresentaram acima do padrão de qualidade, no ponto com proteção da mata ciliar, é evidente a presença de valores mais elevados dos elementos químicos analisados na área de estudo denominada antrópica agrícola. Para sedimentos de fundo, nenhum elemento químico analisado ultrapassou os padrões máximos de qualidade estabelecidos pelas legislações, e também se apresentaram mais elevados na área denominada antrópica agrícola, comparados com a área com proteção de mata ciliar. Essa observação também é válida quando os dados são comparados pela média de cada área. Comprovando que mesmo alguns elementos químicos se encontram presentes na composição do solo do Complexo Embu e também nos agroquímicos, a importância da proteção da mata ciliar e desse estudo. / Mining projects require large amount of capital investment and most cases spend long periods of implementation, which make them extremely susceptible to several sources of uncertainty. Such uncertainties commonly tend to decrease along the project development. The present study aims to correlate the uncertainties associated to the grade model of the Sequeirinho copper mine with the amount of capital investment that has been spent along different geological surveys. Sequeirinho site is included in the context of Sossego Mine Complex, located in Canaã dos Carajás (PA, Brazil). Initially, 100 simulations were carried out for each lithologic domain in each drilling campaign (pre-1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2003) using sequential Gaussian simulation conditioned to the sample, resulting in 1,400 possible scenarios. Three indexes were calculated for the uncertainty analysis: conditional variance, conditional coefficient variance and interquartile range. Finally, the evaluation of capital investment was elaborated from the costs estimated for drilling and chemical analysis. Since pre-1998 drilling campaign, deposit average grades have showed a trend to get closer to the possible real values observed in the final research surveys. In 2000, there was the biggest capital investment (about R$ 28 millions) and the uncertainty reduction has reached the maximum level of 15%. Investments performed in drilling programs after 2000 were around R$ 9 million (around 12,000 meters of drill holes), but the uncertainty reduction was not significant. Therefore, such investments might be used to discover new targets. Besides the correlation of uncertainty reduction and amount of capital investment, the main focus of this study, the uncertainty of geological model and the drillhole locations are important variables to be considered in investment analysis of geological survey.

Nesta dissertação, foi realizado o levantamento, caracterização e o mapeamento do material arqueológico em uma parcela da zona rural da bacia hidrográfica do município de Cristal, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisados e identificados os processos de ocupação pretéritos por meio da bibliografia e material arqueológico identificado in locu e constatou-se os diferentes elementos populacionais que se instalaram na região e que deixaram suas marcas na paisagem por meio de alteração do ambiente, implantação de sítios arqueológicos, uso de artefatos e ferramentas característicos pelos antigos habitantes. Considerou-se uma região com características ambientais que configuram um ambiente de transição, entre uma porção serrana da serra do Sudeste e a região do baixo curso do Rio Camaquã, denominada planície litorânea interna. A área de estudo abrange aproximadamente 60 km², fragmentadas em 18 microbacias hidrográficas, onde inclui-se o rio Camaquã. Esse território apresenta formas de atualmente ocupação e exploração do solo, condicionado pela ocupação de descendentes europeus e que pelo processo de fragmentação da terra, modela esta diferenciação e a apropriação dos espaços naturais. Esta mesma área que na atualidade apresenta forma diversificada de exploração do solo esta sobreposta a as áreas em que é identificada densidade expressiva de sítios arqueológicos não pesquisados, sendo que estes sítios arqueológicos apresentaram um elevado número de artefatos. Para a identificação dos locais com ocorrências arqueológicas foi adotada a metodologia de fragmentação de uma grande área em parcelas menores, considerando para esta divisão as características naturais do ambiente e divisão da área em 04 parcelas (região do vale do rio Camaquã; região da planície de meandros; região do arroio Sapata e região do alto da serra). Sobre estas parcelas foi implantada a metodologia do caminhamento sistemático, que consiste em gerar linhas paralelas entre si sobre terrenos com diferentes coberturas vegetais, abrangendo uma prospecção superficial dos terrenos em busca de artefatos arqueológicos que caracterizem um sítio arqueológico. Estes locais com material arqueológico foram identificados, mapeados e descritos. Os materiais identificados nos locais foram acondicionados conforme sua localização, contabilizados em campo. Em laboratório os mesmos foram lavados, secos, contabilizados conforme sua origem, analisados visualmente com a ajuda de lupa para identificação de ranhuras e cicatrizes de mecanização, fotografados em escala e posteriormente sendo acondicionados em sacos plásticos, identificados conforme sua origem em campo. O material identificado em campo por meio do caminhamento contabilizou uma soma de 75 sítios arqueológicos não identificados por nenhuma pesquisa anterior, dispersos nas 04 regiões ambientais distintas pesquisadas, foram identificados ainda 109 locais com ocorrência de material arqueológico em pequenas quantidades que podem apresentar relação com as grandes ocorrências. Quanto aos materiais localizados nos sítios arqueológicos foram contabilizados 4.647 fragmentos e artefatos de natureza lítica, de litologias internas e externas a área de pesquisa, incluindo-se instrumentos denominados de instrumentos guia, porque delimitam sua confecção a determinados grupos ao longo do contexto histórico de ocupação e 5.633 fragmentos cerâmicos de diferentes colorações e caracterização morfológica na face externa dos recipientes, caracterizando diferentes funcionalidades do recipiente e dos locais de ocorrência, quando contextualizados. Como principal resultado, pôde-se inferir a relação entre os processos antrópicos (revolvimento do solo, de pedoturbação e atividade agrícolas mecanizadas) e sua interferência sobre os espaços culturais, acarretando alterações nas configurações destes espaços e a destruição e/ou alteração estética de peças arqueológicas, esta observação foi constatada na totalidade dos 75 sítios arqueológicos identificados. Como resultado final cruzaram-se os dados de densidade de materiais em cada sítio, com a localização dos mesmos no território, ocorre ainda a diferenciação dos sítios de acordo com os materiais encontrados, sendo classificados com sítios líticos, cerâmicos e lito-cerâmicos, assim gerou-se um produto cartográfico final. / In this dissertation, a survey, characterization and mapping of archaeological material was carried out in a portion of the rural area of the river basin of the municipality of Cristal, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Previous occupation processes were analyzed and identified through bibliography and archaeological material identified in locus and it was verified the different population elements that settled in the region and that left their marks in the landscape by means of alteration of the environment, implantation of archaeological sites, use of artifacts and characteristic tools by the old inhabitants. It was considered a region with environmental characteristics that constitute a transition environment, between a mountainous portion of the Southeastern mountain range and the region of the lower course of the Camaquã River, called the internal coastal plain. The study area covers approximately 60 km², fragmented in 18 micro-watersheds, where the Camaquã river is included. This territory presents forms of current occupation and exploitation of the soil, conditioned by the occupation of European descendants and that by the process of fragmentation of the land, models this differentiation and the appropriation of the natural spaces. This same area that currently presents a diversified form of soil exploration is superimposed on the areas in which an expressive density of unsearched archaeological sites is identified, and these archeological sites have a high number of artifacts. For the identification of sites with archaeological occurrences, the methodology of fragmentation of a large area into smaller plots was adopted, considering for this division the natural characteristics of the environment and division of the area into 04 plots (Camaquã River region; meanders; region of the Sapata river stream and region of the mountain range). On these plots the methodology of systematic walking was implemented, which consists in generating parallel lines between them on lands with different vegetation cover, covering a superficial survey of the lands in search of archaeological artifacts that characterize an archaeological site. These sites with archaeological material were identified, mapped and described. The materials identified in the sites were conditioned according to their location, counted in the field. In the laboratory they were washed, dried, counted according to their origin, analyzed visually with the aid of a magnifying glass to identify grooves and mechanized scars, photographed in scale and later being packed in plastic bags, identified according to their origin in the field. The material identified in the field by means of the trip counted a sum of 75 archaeological sites not identified by previous research, dispersed in the 04 different environmental regions surveyed, were still identified 109 places with occurrence of archaeological material in small quantities that may have relation with the occurrences. As for the materials located in the archaeological sites, 4,647 fragments and artifacts of a lithic nature were recorded, from internal and external lithology\'s to the research area, including instruments called guide instruments, because they delimit their confection to certain groups along the historical context of occupation and 5,633 ceramic fragments of different stains and morphological characterization on the external face of the containers, characterizing different functionalities of the container and the places of occurrence, when contextualized. As a main result, it was possible to infer the relation between the anthropic processes (soil revolving, pedoturbation and mechanized agricultural activity) and their interference on cultural spaces, causing alterations in the configurations of these spaces and the destruction and/or aesthetic alteration of pieces archaeological findings, this observation was verified in all the 75 archaeological sites identified. As a final result, the material density data were cross-referenced in each site, with the location of the sites in the territory, and the site differentiation according to the materials found, being classified with lithic, ceramic and litho-ceramic sites, and final cartographic product was generated.

O jacaré-de-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris) é um crocodiliano de médio porte que apresenta ampla distribuição na América do Sul. O avanço das atividades antrópicas pode afetar negativamente suas populações. No entanto, a espécie aparentemente apresenta capacidade de colonizar habitats alterados em resposta à destruição dos seus habitats naturais, por isso, estudos nestes ambientes são importantes a fim de orientar futuros programas de conservação da espécie. Este estudo apresentou como objetivos verificar a estrutura populacional, uso do espaço e variação de nicho no jacaré-de-papo-amarelo em paisagem silvicultural, além de determinar fatores de discriminação isotópicos. O presente estudo foi realizado em duas fazendas de silvicultura na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Paranapanema, estado de São Paulo. Os jacarés foram capturados por meio de armadilhas e com auxílio de laço de cabo de aço. No primeiro capítulo desta tese foram investigados aspectos da estrutura populacional da espécie. No total foram capturados 16 filhotes, 28 juvenis (?: 7; ?: 21) e 8 adultos (?: 4; ?: 4). A estimativa da abundância populacional foi de 51 indivíduos (I.C. 95%: 36 - 70 indivíduos), desconsiderando os filhotes nas análises. A densidade estimada foi 2,6 indivíduos/ha (I.C. 95%: 1,8 - 3,5 indivíduos/ha) e a biomassa estimada foi de 13,3 kg/ha (I.C. 95%: 9,2 - 17,9 kg/ha). A densidade linear 11,3 indivíduos/km (I.C. 95%: 7,9 - 15,5 indivíduos/km). No segundo capítulo foram abordados aspectos ligados à área de vida e movimentação da espécie. Oito animais adultos (4 ? e 4 ?) foram monitorados por meio de radiotelemetria. A média da área de vida da espécie foi estimada segundo o mínimo polígono convexo e kernel 95% em 96,6 ± 183,9 ha e 43,2 ± 78,6 ha, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os sexos. O deslocamento diário médio foi 37,6 ± 18,6 m/dia. Os animais apresentaram deslocamento diário marginalmente maior durante o período reprodutivo. A matriz da paisagem mostrou permeabilidade ao deslocamento dos animais. No terceiro capítulo foram descritos os fatores de discriminação entre a dieta e tecidos do jacaré-de-papo-amarelo e possíveis diferenças entre classes etárias. As razões isotópicas de carbono e nitrogênio foram determinadas em amostras de unha e pele coletadas de 18 animais de cativeiro e em 15 amostras de sua dieta. O ?13C foi 1,2 ± 0,1? para a unha e 0,9 ± 0,2? para a pele; o ?15N foi 1,1 ± 0,1? para a unha e 0,8 ± 0,2? para a pele. Estes valores são menores que os comumente assumidos em estudos ecológicos (3-5 ?). Os resultados deste estudo enfatizam a necessidade da determinação de fatores de discriminação específicos para cada táxon, ao contrário de assumir valores médios a partir da literatura. No quarto capítulo foram abordadas possíveis variações ontogenéticas e sexuais de nicho na espécie utilizando análises isotópicas das unhas dos animais capturados. Foi identificada variação ontogenética discreta de nicho isotópico e diferença sexual somente para os juvenis. Estes resultados podem indicar uma possível exploração distinta dos recursos, com consequente redução na competição intraespecífica. / The Broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) is a medium size crocodilian widely distributed in South America. The advancement of human activities can negatively affect their populations. However, the species apparently has ability to colonize anthropic environments in response to the destruction of their natural habitat, so study these environments are important in order to guide future conservation programs for specie. This study presented as objectives verify the population structure, space use and niche variation in Broad-snouted caiman in landscape silvicultural, besides determining discrimination isotopic factors. This study was conducted in two silvicultural farms in the Alto Paranapanema watershed, São Paulo state. The caimans were captured at night with baited traps and with the aid of steel cable. In the first chapter of this thesis we investigated aspects of the population structure. In total, were captured 16 hatchlings, 28 juveniles (?: 7; ?: 21) and 8 adults (?: 4; ?: 4). The estimation of population abundance for the study area was 51 individuals (C.I. 95%: 36 - 70 individuals), excluding the hatchlings in the analyzes. The estimated density was 2.6 individuals/ha (C.I. 95%: 1.8 - 3.5 individuals/ha) and biomass was 13.3 kg/ha (C.I. 95%: 9.2 - 17.9 kg/ha). The linear density was 11.3 individuals/km (C.I. 95%: 7.9 - 15.5 individuals/km). In the second chapter, we have discussed aspects related to the home range and movement. Eight adults animals (4 ?: 4 ?) were monitored by radio telemetry. The average home range was estimated according to the minimum convex polygon and kernel 95% in 96.6 ± 183.9 ha and 43.2 ± 78.6 ha, respectively. There was no difference between the sexes. The average daily movement was 37.6 ± 18.6 m/day. The animals daily movement marginally higher during the reproductive period. The matrix showed some landscape permeability displacement of animals. In the third chapter we have described the discrimination factors between diet and tissues of Broad-snouted caiman and possible differences between age groups. The isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen were determined in claw and scute samples collected from 18 captive animals and in 15 samples of their diet. The ?13C was 1.2 ± 0.1 ? for claw and 0.9 ± 0.2 ? for scutes; the ?15N was 1.1 ± 0.1 ? for claw and 0.8 ± 0.2 ? for scutes. These values were much lower than the values commonly assumed in ecological studies (3-5 ?) and similar to a previous study with crocodilians. The results of this study emphasize the need to determine discrimination factors specific to taxa instead of assuming average values derived from the literature. In the fourth chapter, were addressed possible ontogenetic and sexual niche differences in species using isotope analysis of animals claws. We identified a discrete ontogenetic variation in the isotopic niche and sexual difference only for juveniles. These results may indicate differences in the exploitation of food resources and a consequent reduction in intraspecific competition.

Este trabalho utilizou a rede de drenagem como geoindicador das modificações ocorridas no período de 23 anos no meio físico em três sub-bacias hidrográficas que compreendem parte do município de Monte Mor(SP) e integram a porção média da bacia hidrográfica do rio Capivari. A metodologia adotada compreendeu a caracterização conjunta dos atributos do terreno, da rede de drenagem e dos processos de ocupação antrópica das sub-bacias. Foram caracterizados os principais atributos do meio físico, tais como geologia, materiais inconsolidados, landforms e declividade. A verificação das alterações neste período foi obtida por meio das análises temporais tanto das variáveis morfométricas da rede de drenagem como da caracterização de ocupação do meio físico. Os dados foram obtidos por atividades de campo, interpretação de fotografias aéreas (escala 1:25.000) de 1972 e de 1995 e processados pelo uso dos programas ENVI e AutocadMap. Os documentos cartográficos gerados foram mapas de documentação, de drenagem, de landforms, de substrato rochoso, de materiais inconsolidados e de uso e ocupação e carta de declividade. O sistema de rede de drenagem configurou-se como um adequado indicador das alterações ambientais ocorridas na área de estudo. A análise morfométrica indicou uma diminuição no número de canais de primeira ordem e no comprimento total dos canais. Estas mudanças condicionaram as modificações dos parâmetros de densidade de drenagem e de densidade hidrográfica. A análise global das mudanças no número de canais de primeira ordem indicou que a maioria deles era de pequenas dimensões (<150m). Tais alterações foram condicionadas pela expansão urbana de Monte Mor e pelo intensivo cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e estão relacionadas às diferentes classes de declividade e aos diversos tipos de relevo, de substrato rochoso e de material inconsolidado / This work used the drainage as a geoindicator to the changes that have taken place during 23 years (1972 to 1995) in the physical environment of three hydrographic sub-basins within the Monte Mor municipal boundaries, located in the medium course of the Capivari river hydrographic basin. The methodological approach comprises a complete characterization of the land attributes, drainage network and anthropic occupation for the sub-basins. The main features of the physical environment, such as geology, unconsolidated materials, landforms and slope were characterized. In order to identify the changes, a temporal analysis of the drainage network morphometric variables and land use were made. Data was collected by field work, aerialphotointerpretation (1:25000 scale) and processed by using the softwares ENVI and AutocadMap. In this work, maps of documentation, drainage, landforms, bed rock, unconsolidated materials and use and occupation and also a slope chart were generated. The drainage systems has showed to be an appropriate indicator of the environmental changes for the studied area. The morphometric analysis indicates a decrease in the number of first-order channels and in the total length of all channels. Modifications in the drainage and hydrographic densities have also been observed. The global analysis of the changes of the number of first order channels has indicated that most of the channels had small dimensions (<150m). Such changes were induced by the urban growth of Monte Mor and by the intensive sugar cane raising. They are also related to the different slope classes and to the several types of landforms, bedrock and unconsolidated materials

Entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014 um grupo de bugios foi acompanhado a fim de determinar o seu deslocamento e dieta, relacionando com a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares, em uma matriz alterada no bairro Lami, extremo sul da capital. Estes dados foram obtidos durante seis dias por mês, através do método de amostragem de todas as ocorrências e varredura instantânea, este último somente para dieta com 5 minutos de observação e 10 de descanso. As distâncias percorridas pelo grupo foram medidas e plotadas em um mapa, onde foi sobreposto um sistema de quadrados (25m x 25m). Adicionalmente foi feito um estudo fenológico, registrando as seguintes fenofases: folha nova, folha madura, fruto novo, fruto maduro e flor. O tamanho total da área de vida foi estimado em 4,9 ha e em média, a distância percorrida diariamente foi de 446 metros. Foi observada a utilização de diferentes elementos que compõem a matriz, como os fios da rede elétrica, que contribuíram em 23% no deslocamento. Os bugios incorporaram a dieta 30 espécies arbóreas, na qual oito são exóticas (20,8%), com destaque para Ficus cestrifolia (34,8%) e Morus nigra (9,7%). Houve um maior consumo de frutos (56,2%), seguido por folhas (39,8%) e flores (4%), onde foi observado uma alta correlação entre o consumo destes itens e a disponibilidade temporal dos recursos. De modo geral, os bugios mostraram certa habilidade em se deslocar em uma matriz alterada, utilizando os fios da rede elétrica para deslocamento quando ausência de árvores, para acessar os recursos. E mesmo estando inseridos em uma região fragmentada pela urbanização, esta área ainda oferece condições básicas à sua sobrevivência, com a disponibilidade de recursos de alta qualidade nutricional durante todo o ano. Porém, o crescente corte de árvores e a ocorrência de acidentes com estes primatas coloca em risco a existência das populações de bugios na região e reforça a necessidade de mitigação dos impactos causados pela urbanização. O conhecimento dos padrões de uso do espaço e preferências alimentares de Alouatta guariba clamitans em uma paisagem antropizada poderá fornecer subsídios para diminuir os efeitos da presença humana e evitar os acidentes com bugios, como choque na rede elétrica, atropelamentos e ataque por cães, no município de Porto Alegre, RS. / Knowledge of space use patterns and food preferences of Alouatta guariba clamitans in an anthropic landscape may provide subsidies to reduce the human presence effects and avoid accidents with red howler monkeys, as shock in the power grid, road kill and dog atacks in the municipality of Porto Alegre, RS. Thus, between january and december 2014 a red howler monkey group was followed aiming to determine its displacement and diet, relating to the availability of food resources in a modified landscape matrix in the Lami neighborhood, southernmost of the capital. These data were obtained during six days monthly, by all occurrences and scan sampling method, these latter only for diet by 5 minutes of observation with 10 minutes gap between samples. The distances covered by the group were measured and plotted on a map, which was overlaid a square system (25m x 25m). In addition was carried out a phenological study, recording the following phenophases: new leaf, mature leaf, new fruit, ripe fruit and flower. The red howler monkey group home range was estimated at 4.9 ha and the average distance daily traveled was 446 meters. It was observed the use of different elements that compose the matrix by the red howler monkey group, as the wires from the power supply, which contributed with 23% of the movements. The group entered the diet of 30 tree species, in which eight are exotic (20.8%), especially Ficus cestrifolia (34.8%) and Morus nigra (9.7%). There was higher consumption of fruits (56.2%), followed by leaves (39.8%) and flowers (4%), which was observed a high correlation between the consumption of these items and the temporal availability of the resources. Overall, howler monkeys showed some ability to move in a modified matrix, and even when inserted in a region fragmented by urbanization, this area still offers basic conditions for their survival, with the availability of high quality nutritional resources throughout the year. However, the increasing lumbering and accidents with these primates endanger the existence of populations of red howler monkeys in the region and strengthens the need to mitigate the urbanization impacts.