This paper examines the ideological diversity evidenced in discourse about AIDS in the popular American print media within a framework of Gramscian concepts of hegemony and counter-hegemony. By identifying several "discourses" on AIDS, I explore how they are distinct, what they reveal of the underlying ideologies of their promulgators and to what extent they overlap. An extended discussion of specific metaphors and rhetorical strategies characteristic of a hegemonic discourse, propagated by certain governmental agencies and mainstream news magazines, is contrasted with alternative discursive strategies employed by the gay/lesbian press, the liberal press and the Catholic Church. Moreover, areas of ideological tension within the hegemonic discourse are revealed, as well as points of intersection between "separate" discourses. Finally, the ideological complexity manifest in this discursive field is brought to bear on Gramscian theory which is found to be somewhat limiting in its implication of a dualistic opposition between domination and resistance.

Wounded Knee has been the site of two significant encounters between the United States and the Sioux nation: the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1891, and the takeover of Wounded Knee Village in 1973. These encounters are related to each other by more than location: both were the result of Sioux participation in a national movement. In the 1880s, that movement was the Ghost Dance, though Sioux involvement was characterized by a uniquely hostile approach. A century later, the Sioux of Pine Ridge reservation formed an alliance with the national American Indian Movement that resulted in a seventy-one day armed siege at Wounded Knee. During both time periods, similar historical factors, external forces, and internal conflicts resulted in the Sioux taking part in these movements, but the unique character of their resistance was shaped by internalized values and a cultural model which favored an aggressive response to perceived threats.

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This study examined the impact of Saudi cultural values, measured by masculinity, receptivity to change, and achievement values, on Saudi bureaucratic behavioral capacity as measured by four attributes: professionalism, innovation, flexibility, and public regard. A random sample of 630 Saudi middle bureaucrats working in five ministries--Finance and National Economy, Industry and Electricity, Education, Labor and Social Affairs, and Pilgrimage and Endowment--were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. / The bivariate correlation results between cultural values and bureaucratic behavioral dimensions indicated that Saudi cultural values had a limited impact on bureaucratic capacity. On the other hand, the bivariate test between bureaucratic climate and bureaucratic capacity indicated that bureaucratic climate had a strong impact on bureaucratic capacity. Finally, the bivariate tests between demographic variables and bureaucratic capacity indicated that the demographic variables had a limited impact on bureaucratic capacity. / A multivariate analysis was used to assess the independent impact of Saudi cultural values along with bureaucratic and demographic variables. Although the results of the analysis showed that cultural values had an independent impact on bureaucratic capacity, cultural values were less important than bureaucratic climate and demographic variables in explaining bureaucratic capacity. The study concluded with theoretical implications of these findings and recommendations to help strengthen bureaucratic capacity. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 53-10, Section: A, page: 3658. / Major Professor: Monte Palmer. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1992.

In this dissertation, the role of the individual in the decision-making processes that have led to musical evolution in cuarteto, a type of working-class popular dance music from Cordoba, Argentina, is examined through a case study of the group of Carlos Jimenez, the most famous cuarteto singer. The study involves an in-depth examination of Jimenez's band, employing individual biographies and stories to analyze the change process undergone in the group from 1994 to 1995, when it temporarily switched to an Afro-Caribbean-influenced musical style and then suddenly returned to a traditional cuarteto style of performance. Historical, stylistic, and ethnographic information about cuarteto music and a description of the processes of musical decision-making of six cuarteto bands (the Jimenez group is one of the six bands analyzed) are provided prior to the case study. The dissertation findings show how power relationships, access to decision-making, personal knowledge, and the use of musical notation can influence individual musical contributions that affect stylistic evolution in cuarteto music. Conclusions are also drawn regarding musical change that is stimulated from within a culture (innovation). / The dissertation is divided into two parts. Part I is devoted to issues regarding the research context: an explanation of the research question, theoretical background methodology, a literature review, the history and stylistic evolution of cuarteto music (with emphasis placed upon the music of Jimenez and how it fits in with umbrella styles of cuarteto music), ethnographic information regarding the cuarteto scene, and a description of what happens at a typical dance. Part II is specifically devoted to the research problem and to the interview data gathered by comparatively studying the role of the individual in the musical decision-making processes (those involved in the selection of repertoire, composition, making of arrangements, rehearsals, performance, and recordings) of the six bands involved. The case study of the Jimenez band is presented in the last chapter, and suggestions for further research are provided in a short Epilogue. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-04, Section: A, page: 1376. / Major Professor: Dale A. Olsen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1996.

Children in the developing world work because of the desperate poverty their families face, itself a result of national and global inequitable distributions of wealth. Unfortunately, the focus on the structural causes of child labor has obscured investigation of the work these children perform, the income earned from their labors, and their reasons for undertaking specific types of labor. Based upon research conducted among children working on the streets of Guatemala City, I have found that urban street labor offers children the opportunity to earn an income well above the legal minimum wage; in fact, most do better than their peers and many adults working in agriculture and industry. While the children themselves clearly recognize the disadvantages of urban street labor, such as danger, filth, instability and the shame associated with street-based occupations, most children prefer this type of labor to others they have performed. In the course of their work, child street laborers become acquainted with adults laboring in both the formal and informal urban economies. These adults provide them with knowledge, connections and capital that allow them to move on to eventual ownership of their own more lucrative businesses. In addition, many urban child street laborers view their current jobs as a means of obtaining the vocational skills and connections that will allow them to migrate to and survive in the cities of Mexico and the United States / acase@tulane.edu

The papasi of Zanzibar represent an informal group of young, semi-employed men who hover at the margins of the tourism industry and attempt to 'court' Western women in hope of securing a work visa to Europe or North America. The author's fieldwork, based on participant observation of the papasi lifestyle in the year 2000, contributes valuable insights into the significance of this group. Through a focus on recent definitions of agency as self-authoring behavior, this study demonstrates the ways that understanding of agency has been transformed by embracing the global forms of entertainment culture newly available to the formerly agrarian socialist island. The roots of papasi activity in local and global imaginative forms is discussed through a consideration of the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial historical economy. Firsthand interviews and observation of Zanzibari men and the Western women they dated or married allow for a very intimate analysis of the role of emotions in agentive behavior among these young men. This study also contributes an ethnographic insight into the polarized political situation on Zanzibar with firsthand reference to conditions surrounding the October 2000 election and its aftermath, considering the role that papasi political behavior plays in that context. An appendix, a glossary and a bibliography are included / acase@tulane.edu

The complexity of the Corpus Christi festival in Cuzco, Peru, articulates the subtleties of cultural/ethnic definitions in an urban environment influenced by its unique precolombian past and pressured by modernization Participation in the festival rites form socially interwoven groups not restricted to but strongly influenced by residence, occupation and kinship--criteria which with language use, dietary habits and dress are the effective dimensions of ethnic classification and social stratification. These groups are identified with the city's traditional parish/barrios, where ethnic criteria define participants generally as Indians, specifically as Cuzquenos, and historically as Incas The festival's formal social structure is acephalous and heterogeneous. Festival performance is dependent upon the permanent, exclusive hermandades dedicated to specific festival rites and upon the ephemeral, inclusive cofrad(')ias insuring the participation of parish patronal saints. The non-hierarchical cargo structure of the cofrad(')ias has no formal relationship to secular offices Precolombian principles of socio-religious organization are encoded, validated and made manifest in the festival's symbolic structure and ritual drama Corpus Christi is commonly believed to be an extension of the Incan festival Inti Raimi. However, a close examination of the ethnohistorical sources strongly suggests that Corpus Christi resembles far more the Capacocha, a propitiatory/prophylactic rite involving both Incas and non-Incas Throughout its history, Corpus Christi has provided the overwhelming Indian majority with a sanctioned opportunity for expressing claims to socio-political precedence in opposition to Spanish/Mestizo cultural dominance, as well as for expressing shifting alliances among social groups within the Indian community Aspects of the festival's social and symbolic structures are shown to be but variants in a regional pattern when compared with other areal and calendric festivals. Corpus Christi marks a pivotal moment in a season of religious rites associated with important phases in the annual cycles of agricultural production, animal husbandry and celestrial phenomena The city's modern Jubilee Week with its ficticious 'reenactment' of Inti Raimi contrasts with Corpus Christi in the extreme. Inti Raimi is ideologically Mestizo; Corpus Christi, Indian. The two festivals embody two different but equally valid models of Cuzco and its Incan identity / acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu