This thesis is about death, grief and bereavement counselling in the North East of England. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out over a period of three years. I have three main objectives in this thesis. Arguing that the anthropology of death has neglected grief, I seek to describe and explain how people in the North East of England experience grief; how they make sense of the death of their loved ones, and their own reactions to those deaths. Working with interviews with bereaved people and drawing upon work in narrative analysis about the importance of stories in how we think, interact and relate to other people, I focus especially on the stories that bereaved people tell in their grief. I seek to illuminate, too, how grief is managed in the North East. In particular, I focus on bereavement counselling which has, I suggest, assumed something of an authority over how people should grieve. Seeking inspiration from the anthropolo gy of emotion and the Foucauldian notions of discourse and 'technologies of the self', I examine how grief is constituted in bereavement counselling both in training and practice. Finally, I compare how bereaved people experience grief with the construction of grief in bereavement counselling. In bereavement counselling the focus is upon the emotions the bereaved is experiencing in the present; grief is understood as an emotion that has its origin and location inside the individual mourner now. For bereaved people, grief is a part of their ongoing relationships and interactions with their loved ones, and other people around them, and as such it is a feature of the history of those relationships and interactions. The difference between the experiences of the bereaved and the workings of bereavement counselling IS explained by placing the latter in the context of modem govemmentality.

MESQUITA, Breno Taveira. Como se eu carregasse um monte de cadáver atrás de mim: os vivos e os mortos no NUTAF da PEFOCE. 2016.105f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-18T16:11:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_btmesquita.pdf: 2927674 bytes, checksum: 438c278d68d8412f159b3b34e81ed792 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-19T14:10:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_btmesquita.pdf: 2927674 bytes, checksum: 438c278d68d8412f159b3b34e81ed792 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_btmesquita.pdf: 2927674 bytes, checksum: 438c278d68d8412f159b3b34e81ed792 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / The following paper aims to describe and analyze the relationship between expertise and coroners aids as well as his views about death and the dead - elements that are routine in their profession. The survey was conducted as having locus the NUTAF - Center for Forensic Thanatology a Coordination sector of Legal Medicine of PEFOCE - Ceará State Forensics located at Avenida Castelo Branco 901 in the neighborhood Moura Brazil. Discuss ways of how this "daily death" presents the study space as well as the looks of these professionals perceive the body as a "thing" and the implications of this category when applied to the dead. / O seguinte documento visa descrever e analisar as relações entre auxiliares de perícia e médicos-legistas bem como as suas concepções acerca da morte e do morto – elementos que são rotina em sua profissão. A pesquisa foi realizada tendo como locus o NUTAF – Núcleo de Tanatologia Forense, um setor da Coordenadoria de Medicina Legal da PEFOCE – Perícia Forense do Estado do Ceará localizada na Avenida Castelo Branco nº901 no Bairro Moura Brasil. Discuto as maneiras de como essa “morte cotidiana” apresenta-se no espaço estudado, bem como os olhares destes profissionais que apreendem o cadáver como sendo uma “coisa” e as implicações desta categoria quando aplicada aos mortos.

1999 Dozier Award Winner / This paper examines critically several key assumptions that have guided many archaeological interpretations of prehistoric mortuary assemblages. It is argued that more sophisticated models of mortuary deposition need to be incorporated into research that attempts to reconstruct community structure and other sociological variables from variation in grave assemblages. To illustrate this point, and to begin to build such models, a study of artifacts deposited in mortuary contexts was conducted by the author in a major urban center in Arizona in 1996. Several different behavioral pathways through which objects enter mortuary contexts are identified in this study, and some general material correlates for each are specified. This study also provides a vehicle for exploring preliminarily how, and to what extent, various forms of mortuary depostion are related to the social identities of the deceased. Finally, a synthetic model is developed which seeks to explain variation in mortuary deposition in terms of behavioral interactions between the living, on the one hand, and the deceased and various classes of material culture, on the other. It is hoped that the general models and material correlates developed through this study can be elaborated by prehistorians to bolster inferences drawn from specific mortuary populations and to explore previously-uncharted realms of mortuary behavior in the past.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O seguinte documento visa descrever e analisar as relaÃÃes entre auxiliares de perÃcia e mÃdicos-legistas bem como as suas concepÃÃes acerca da morte e do morto â elementos que sÃo rotina em sua profissÃo. A pesquisa foi realizada tendo como locus o NUTAF â NÃcleo de Tanatologia Forense, um setor da Coordenadoria de Medicina Legal da PEFOCE â PerÃcia Forense do Estado do Cearà localizada na Avenida Castelo Branco nÂ901 no Bairro Moura Brasil. Discuto as maneiras de como essa âmorte cotidianaâ apresenta-se no espaÃo estudado, bem como os olhares destes profissionais que apreendem o cadÃver como sendo uma âcoisaâ e as implicaÃÃes desta categoria quando aplicada aos mortos. / The following paper aims to describe and analyze the relationship between expertise and coroners aids as well as his views about death and the dead - elements that are routine in their profession. The survey was conducted as having locus the NUTAF - Center for Forensic Thanatology a Coordination sector of Legal Medicine of PEFOCE - Cearà State Forensics located at Avenida Castelo Branco 901 in the neighborhood Moura Brazil. Discuss ways of how this "daily death" presents the study space as well as the looks of these professionals perceive the body as a "thing" and the implications of this category when applied to the dead.

The dead have a lot to say, but in the fast-paced context of ultra-capitalist societies, who has the time to listen? If social sciences and societies have depicted death in the West as denied, the dying as abandoned and the dead as forgotten, then how do we reconcile this dark portrait with the importance of The End in the stories of our lives? One cannot help but wonder: what kind of relationships do westerners truly foster with death? This study proposes a new reading of the practices and beliefs surrounding death in contemporary western societies by questioning the pessimistic death theories of the 20th century. The investigation raises two concerns, namely the possibility of an increased sense of loneliness among the dead and the dying, and the effects of technology and consumer lifestyles on alienating the aging and dying from the living. Drawing on Gramscian and Foucauldian theory on the concept of hegemony, the study combines historical and ethnographic data related to the domination of institutions and industries over death in the urbanized societies of Canada, France, the United States and England. To uncover the deeper hegemonic processes that shape the experience of death in the 21st century, the study goes back in time and retraces the changes that have occurred around death under different regimes. From the Early Middle Ages to the late capitalist era, the reader is brought on a journey across the changing landscape of death by means of 70 annotated illustrations which invite us to reflect on a central question, namely, what makes death a grave affair? Beginning with a sociohistorical analysis of the rise of individualism as linked to the disenchantment of death in the West, followed by an experiential ethnography of silence in one of North America’s largest sepulchral space—Montreal’s Mount Royal and Notre-Dame-des-Neiges cemeteries, the journey ends with an investigation of the affairs related to the commodification of death and aging in North America. The results of the study show that the possibilities of loneliness among the dead and the dying are not more significant today than they were in the past. The current landscape of death rather attests to an abundance of intentions which seek to highlight the importance of caring for and commemorating loved ones. What this finding reveals, is that western societies harbour misconceptions that undermine the complexity, richness and continuity of the bonds which keep the living and the dead engaged in a meaningful relationship that, we shall see, affords more possibilities than ends. / Les morts ont sans doute beaucoup à dire, mais dans le contexte effréné des sociétés ultracapitalistes, qui donc a le temps de les écouter ? Si, de prime abord, sciences sociales et sociétés dépeignent la mort en Occident contemporain comme étant niée, les défunts oubliés et les mourants délaissés, ce piètre portrait ne reflète pourtant pas l’importance que l’on attribue généralement à toute fin. À cet égard, nous serions en droit de nous demander ce qu’il en est vraiment de la relation des Occidentaux à ce destin inéluctable. Cette étude propose une nouvelle lecture des pratiques et perspectives entourant la mort dans les sociétés occidentales contemporaines en remettant en cause les théories pessimistes de la mort issues du 20e siècle. Deux enjeux sont soulevés, le premier concerne la possibilité d’une solitude accrue chez les morts et les mourants ; et le deuxième vise à comprendre si et comment diverses forces individualisantes du capitalisme — telles que la technologie ou la surconsommation — auraient contribuées à les isoler du vivant. Avec l’éclairage qu’apportent Gramsci et Foucault sur la notion d’hégémonie, la recherche met en dialogue diverses données ethnographiques et historiques relatives à la domination des industries et des institutions de la mort dans les sociétés urbanisées du Canada, de la France, des États-Unis et de l’Angleterre. Afin de comprendre les dynamiques qui sous-tendent l’expérience de la mort au 21e siècle, l’étude remonte dans le temps et retrace les changements qui se sont produits autour de la Grande faucheuse sous différents régimes. Du christianisme médiéval jusqu’à l’ère capitaliste, le lecteur est invité à parcourir 70 illustrations annotées — voyage qui l’incite à se pencher sur une question principale, à savoir, qu’est-ce qui fait de la mort une grave affaire ? Débutant par une analyse sociohistorique sur la montée de l’individualisme en Occident comme étant liée à un désenchantement envers la mort, suivie d’une ethnographie expérientielle du silence dans l’un des plus grands sites funéraires d’Amérique du Nord — les cimetières Mont-Royal et Notre-Dame-des-Neiges de Montréal, le parcours se termine par une enquête sur la marchandisation du vieillissement et de la mort en Amérique du Nord. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que la solitude des morts et des mourants n’est pas plus grande aujourd’hui que dans le passé. Qui plus est, le paysage actuel de la fin de vie atteste d’un foisonnement d’intentionnalités qui visent à souligner l’importance de prendre soin des êtres chers et de les commémorer. L’approche anthropologique de ce mémoire démontre que les sociétés occidentales entretiennent des préjugés qui masquent la complexité, la richesse et la continuité des liens que tisse l’imaginaire entre morts et vivants — une co-construction qui, on le verra, ouvre plus de possibilités qu’elle ne scelle de fins.