At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, 20,000 years ago, worldwide sea levels were 130 m lower than today, exposing large amounts of continental shelf. This resulted in Florida being twice its modern size because of the shallow shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. Sea level continued to rise until approximately 6,000 years ago, inundating any prehistoric settlement on the continental shelf. This dissertation focuses on Ontolo (8JE1577), a submerged prehistoric site in Apalachee Bay. Our understanding of Paleoindians in Florida and the Southeast is not complete until considering submerged sites. Paleoindian sites currently near the coast were over 150 km inland when initially occupied. These submerged sites present archaeologists with a more complete picture of the past. The ocean floor is a dynamic environment, however, and can re-distribute artifacts. Understanding the artifact movement allows archaeologists to evaluate the quality of the data recovered from the site. Apalachee Bay is low energy portion of the Gulf of Mexico and most hurricanes do not impact the area. Storm waves from far away storms can impact the area, but the preceding storm surge reduces the effects on the ocean bottom. Using wave data from hurricanes, testing in a flume, and on-site experiments I show that only the smallest artifacts at Ontolo are affected by storm events. These artifacts are further protected by the many rock outcrops that jut out of the sand throughout the site. Despite contextual problems, a study to locate activity clusters within the site was performed. To compensate for the oceanographic and biological movement of artifacts, I averaged all artifacts within 15 m of each of the 121 surface collection units at Ontolo. Activity areas within the site were determined using the Improved Site Function Index I created in my thesis (Marks 2002) and kriging interpolation. This formula factors in the percentage of tools, cores, cortical debitage, as well as the average mass to determine if areas were utilized for extracting lithics or as habitation areas. Ontolo exhibits areas of possible lithic extraction, but also shows an area of that may be a refuse area. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2006. / March 1, 2006. / site formation, underwater, prehistoric / Includes bibliographical references. / Rochelle Marrinan, Professor Directing Dissertation; Joseph Donoghue, Outside Committee Member; Glen Doran, Committee Member.

In the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods, peoples from the Anatolian coast of Rough Cilicia were labeled pirates by the Romans after they embarked on a campaign of terror designed to indicate dissatisfaction with Roman rule. After more than 60 years of intermittent conflict, Roman general Pompey brought rebellion to an end, and a period of increasing prosperity based on local resources was initiated. In the summer of 2004, the Rough Cilicia Maritime Archaeological Project, in coordination with the Rough Cilicia Archaeological Survey Project, conducted an archaeological survey of one of the reported headquarters, the western harbor at Antiochia ad Cragum (Antioch). Ceramic and anchor data obtained from this survey are interpreted in this thesis, using similar artifact assemblages from the Mediterranean region for chronology and function. Spatial and temporal analyses, along with historical backgrounds and anthropological theories, are then used to construct preliminary conclusions regarding ancient social systems, particularly that of the pirates, operating in Rough Cilicia. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Fall Semester, 2005. / October 27, 2005. / Nautical Archaeology, Mediterranean Trade, Rough Cilicia Maritime Archaeological Survey, Antiochia Ad Cragum, Cilician Piracy / Includes bibliographical references. / Cheryl Ward, Professor Directing Thesis; William Parkinson, Committee Member; David Stone, Committee Member.

This study examines Middle to Late Woodland subsistence practices in the Gulf coastal zone through faunal analysis of the archaeological features excavated at the Bird Hammock site (8Wa30). Bird Hammock was excavated by Judith Bense in 1968 under the direction of David Phelps. She concluded that the site was occupied by Late Swift Creek (A.D. 150 – 350) and Early Weeden Island (A.D. 200 – 1000) peoples. Bense's thesis focused on ceramic and lithic analysis, but contained only a preliminary faunal identification. Because faunal studies and zooarchaeology were just beginning to be developed, Bense did not quantify the faunal remains. A primary goal of this study, therefore, is to quantify the faunal remains utilizing modern zooarchaeological methods. Vertebrate and invertebrate remains from four features, and one comparative midden level, were selected and analyzed. Using these data, and a sample of comparative sites, a secondary goal of this thesis is to model Middle to Late Woodland subsistence practices in the Gulf coastal zone of Florida. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Fall Semester, 2004. / August 12, 2004. / Swift Creek Culture, Weeden Island Culture, Southeastern Archaeology, Zooarchaeology / Includes bibliographical references. / Rochelle Marrinan, Professor Directing Thesis; Glen Doran, Committee Member; William Parkinson, Committee Member.

This dissertation examines how patterns of regional homogeneity in material culture develop on the local level. Archaeologists have long been concerned with how large, materially homogeneous culture groups develop over large regions relatively quickly. Often, this phenomenon has been associated with migration. In many cases, such as the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) group in Europe and Clovis in North America, migration models are the best explanation. However, in other cases such as the Early Copper Age Tiszapolgár culture on the Great Hungarian Plain, local models of indigenous better fit the patterns of settlement and material culture. This project focuses on changes at the beginning of the Late Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain at around 3,500 B.C. At this time, the relatively homogeneous Baden culture became the dominant material culture group on the Plain. Two models of changes are tested here: 1) that the Late Copper Age Baden culture developed out of local populations' intensified involvement in an interregional interaction sphere; and 2) change occurred through migration or migrations onto the plain or a diffusion of material culture and other behaviors that drastically affected settlement and social organization. In this vein, the presumably intrusive kurgan burial tumuli that appeared in the region at about this time are of special interest. These models are tested in two primary ways: 1) a multi-scalar settlement spatial analysis of known archaeological sites; and 2) macroscopic and petrographic ceramic analysis aimed at identifying technological and manufacturing changes over time that might point to either the arrival of new people in the region (migration) or diachronic population continuity. Insufficient evidence exists to support a migration catalyzing the social and settlement changes observed at the beginning of the Late Copper Age. Although a migration scenario cannot be ruled out definitively, settlement pattern analysis supports a model of internal social trajectories leading to the changes, while macroscopic and petrographic ceramic analyses do not reveal any changes in technological preparation or manufacturing methods indicating the arrival of new people or pottery technologies in the region. Ultimately, the results of this research suggest that even dramatic shifts in material culture and incorporation into wider material culture groups can occur in times of population continuity through a combination of social and economic processes. / A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester, 2011. / November 17, 2010. / Migration, Pottery, Ceramic Petrography, spatial analysis, Settlement Patterns / Includes bibliographical references. / William A. Parkinson, Professor Directing Dissertation; Daniel Pullen, University Representative; Joseph Hellweg, Committee Member.

This thesis presents a historiography of classifying schemes of Native American language groups, compares several of the most prominent models, and examines these models with current cultural data. This research doesn't attempt to classify or group languages, but rather the intention is to use modern non-linguistic data (specifically, questionnaire data) to bolster one or more of the more prominent classification schemes. In 1989-90, a survey was sent out to tribes throughout North America, inquiring about tribal beliefs and policies pertaining to reburial issues. The respondents were researched and sorted according to five different linguistic and cultural classificatory schemes. Also the survey questions were sorted into genres, policy, cultural, and analysis, to examine the differences between genres and between classifications. These classifications and question genres were compared several ways, including testing for solidarity, variability, and deviation in answering. Several noticeable trends were found which have implications for sorting variability in Native America and for relations with modern tribes on the complicated issues of reburial and repatriation. / A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Art. / Summer Semester, 2003. / June 24, 2003. / Repatriation, Reburial / Includes bibliographical references. / Michael K. (Michael Kent) Faught, 1950-, Professor Directing Thesis; Glen H. Doran, Committee Member; Bruce T. Grindal, Committee Member.

The study of settlement geography, demography and social behavior in the prehistoric Carib and Taíno societies of the Caribbean has recently become a prominent domain of interest to archaeologists working in these islands. Archaeological floor plans for prehistoric houses within the islands of St. Eustatius, Barbados, St. Thomas, Cuba and Puerto Rico demonstrate the cultural continuity of house shape, settlement organization and social organization from the early Saladoid to the contact period. These data support a model of Taíno settlements with multiple house forms, not only the bohio and caney forms recorded after contact, but oval and rectangular forms that indicate a social hierarchy and an indigenous origin for the complex settlement organization revealed in archaeological excavation. / A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts. / Spring Semester, 2004. / March 24, 2004. / St. Eustatius, House, Barbados, St. Thomas, Settlement, Household, Demography, Form, Evolution, Maloca, Bohio, Caney, Taíno / Includes bibliographical references. / Rochelle A. Marrinan, Professor Directing Thesis; Michael K. (Michael Kent) Faught, 1950-, Committee Member; Glen H. Doran, Committee Member.

Maritime archaeological sites located in the inter-tidal zone are common throughout the world. Such sites are difficult to investigate yet their state of preservation often provides unique archaeological data unavailable on most terrestrial sites. This study outlines a model and a process for understanding shipyards, their contexts, and ways in which to compare particular sites and groups of sites. This study investigates the maritime landscape of historic shipbuilding sites on the Lower Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay where shipbuilding was conducted both by small family operated and large commercial shipbuilding facilities. This investigation combines the direct historical approach using primary and secondary historical sources and integrates these data into a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based predictive model. The study develops a typology based on historical and archaeological data to develop a series of idealized models of shipyard design and organization. These models test the relative importance of socio-cultural and environmental variables in the formation and development of the shipbuilding industry. These models were tested by identifying and classifying shipyards in old Somerset County, Maryland to compare them with the idealized models. This study contextualizes site specific data into more rigorous and less particularistic archaeological models of maritime resources than previously developed. / A Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2011. / April 21, 2011. / groundway, launching ways, apprentice, shipcarpenter, dendrochronology, Nanticoke, Wicomico, Worcester, slipway, dry-dock, patent slip, marine railway, inclined plane / Includes bibliographical references. / Rochelle A. Marrinan, Professor Directing Dissertation; James P. Jones, University Representative; Glen Doran, Committee Member; Lynne A. Shepartz, Committee Member.

The Grand site (8DU1) on Big Talbot Island (northeast of Jacksonville, Florida) is a mound complex containing a Mississippian period shell ring and an overlying sand burial mound. The shell ring dates almost exclusively to the St. Johns II period (ca. A.D. 900-1250) and is the subject of this study. I examine site seasonality and resource scheduling with a focus on the exploitation of Mercenaria mercenaria, also known as northern quahog clams or hard clams. Incremental growth techniques revealed that occupants collected clams primarily during the spring and during the latter half of the winter as well. Feature 1, which was located beneath the ring deposit, demonstrated a slightly different collection pattern: occupants collected clams equally throughout the winter and spring. Vertebrate faunal analysis indicated that the site was used throughout the year, yet occupants collected clams only during the winter and spring. I explore several reasons for this seasonal pattern of collection, and I conclude that occupants gathered clams on a seasonal schedule at times when their biomass and nutrition were highest. / A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Anthropology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. / Spring Semester, 2008. / February 8, 2008. / St. Johns, Grand Site, Quahog Clams, Seasonality, Shell Ring / Includes bibliographical references. / Glen Doran, Professor Directing Thesis; Rochelle Marrinan, Committee Member; William Parkinson, Committee Member; Michael Russo, Outside Committee Member.

From 1875 to 1886 a total of ten houses of refuge and two life-saving stations were constructed along Florida's shoreline as part of the US Life-Saving Service system. One life-saving station was located on the west coast near Pensacola while the others were on the east coast from south of Matanzas Inlet to Biscayne Bay. These houses and stations and the families who lived in them serviced the Florida coastline for forty years by providing rescues and assistance to those traveling by water and land. This research explores houses of refuge and life-saving stations along the Florida coastline during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by documenting and comparing the material culture assemblages, associated landscapes and seascapes and historical documents of individual houses and stations both within context and to each other. It yields information about daily life and practices at these houses and stations, considers how these stations were viewed as part of the natural and built environment and documents how the participants fit within the local and the broader economic and social landscape and seascape of nineteenth and twentieth century Florida. This research reviews the anthropological concept "liminal" and applies it to the house of refuge and life-saving station sites in an attempt to explore the multiple layers of activities and life at these houses and stations. Florida's houses of refuge and stations are explored as liminal places through both their physical location within the landscape and seascape and the activities and people living within the structures. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester, 2010. / May 26, 2010. / Life-Saving, House of Refuge, Historical Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Liminal, US Life-Saving Service / Includes bibliographical references. / Rochelle A. Marrinan, Professor Directing Dissertation; James P. Jones, University Representative; Glen H. Doran, Committee Member; Lynne A. Schepartz, Committee Member.

This thesis investigates the educational function of Native American art shops in Flagstaff, Arizona. Research was conducted in six Native American art shops: Puchteca Indian Art, Winter Sun Trading Company, Painted Desert Trading Company, Thunder Mountain, the Jonathan Day Collection, and the Museum Shop in the Museum of Northern Arizona. The researcher discusses early and modern influences on the Southwestern Native American art market, and efforts to educate the public about Southwestern Native American art and culture. These influences included the Fred Harvey Company, the Santa Fe Indian Market, the Museum of Northern Arizona, the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, and popular and scholarly books and periodicals. This information served as a background for comparing the interactions between customers and staff that the researcher observed in Native American art shops in Flagstaff, Arizona. An analysis of the literature and the observations reveals that much of the general public was not aware of the cultural differences among Native American tribes or that these differences were reflected in the art forms of each Native American tribe. The staff and owners in Native American art shops in Flagstaff, Arizona, attempted to clarify this misunderstanding to customers. This indicated that Native American art shops in Flagstaff, Arizona, serve an educational function. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Spring Semester, 2004. / March 18, 2004. / Southwestern Native American Art, Public Education / Includes bibliographical references. / Kathryn Josserand, Professor Directing Thesis; Bruce Grindal, Committee Member; Elizabeth Peters, Committee Member.