Yeung Ming. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-162). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / THESIS COMMITTEE --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.iii~v / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.vi~vii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.viii~xiii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv~xv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi~xviii / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xix~xx / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Different lipoproteins and their functions --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chylomicrons --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- VLDL --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- LDL --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- HDL --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Background information of CHD --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- "Relationship between serum total cholesterol (TC), Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and CHD" --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and CHD --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Triglyceride and CHD --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Cholesterol homeostasis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Roles of HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol biosynthesis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Roles of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A) in cholesterol catabolism…… --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Related hormone --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Possible mechanisms of hypolipidemic agents --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Hypolipidemic functional foods --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Pharmacological drugs --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5 --- Edible and medicinal mushrooms --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- General introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Hypolipidemic agents from Fungi --- p.31 / Chapter 1.6 --- Animal model --- p.35 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mushroom samples and control --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Sample introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Sample collection --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Sample preparation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Moisture content --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animal diets for different experiments --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Basal diet --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Diet for preliminary screening --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Diet for dosage experiment --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Diet for active ingredient experiments --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.2.5 --- Diet for long-term feeding experiment --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Animal model --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Nutritional components of mushroom samples --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Crude protein content (Kjeldahl method) --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Total dietary fiber content --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Crude lipid content --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Ash content --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Moisture content --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Animal handling experiments --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Feeding experiment standards --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.1 --- Feeding experiments of preliminary screening test --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.2 --- Feeding experiments of dosage test --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3 --- Feeding experiments of solvent extracts from Agrocybe aegerita (Brig) Sing (AA) --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3.1 --- Fractionation of ethanol & water soluble components of AA --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.3.2 --- Feeding experiments of ethanol & water soluble components of AA --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.2.1.4 --- Feeding experiment of long-term test --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Blood sample collection --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Serum preparation --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Liver sample preparation --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Fecal sample preparation --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of serum lipid profiles --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Serum total cholesterol (TC) assay --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Serum triglyceride (TG) assay --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol assay --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.1 --- Separation of HDL fraction --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.2 --- HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) determination --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of liver lipid profiles --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Liver total cholesterol (TC) level determination --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Determination of liver total lipid (TL) level --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Quantitative determination of fecal neutral & acidic sterols --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Separation of fecal neutral & acidic sterols --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Derivatisation of fecal neutral sterols --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Derivatisation of fecal acidic sterols --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.5.4 --- Gas chromatographic analysis of fecal neutral & acidic sterols --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays of liver key enzymes in cholesterol metabolism --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Preparation of hepatic microsome --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Assay of HMG-CoA reductase activity --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Assay of CYP7A activity --- p.69 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data statistics --- p.71 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- Preliminary screening of eleven mushrooms for their hypolipidemic effect in hyperlipidemic S.D. rats --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Body weight and food intake --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum lipid profiles --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum TC levels --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum TG levels --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.2.3. --- Effect of mushroom supplementation on serum HDL levels --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Discussion of serum lipid profiles of S.D. rats fed M.S. diets in mushroom screening experiments --- p.83 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effect and discussion of mushroom supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Effect and discussion of mushroom supplementation on fecal neutral sterol excretion --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Summary (mushroom screening experiments) --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2 --- Hypolipidemic effect of Agrocybe aegerita (Brig.) Sing (AA) in a dose response study in hyperlipidemic S.D. rats --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Nutritional composition of AA mushroom --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Body weight and food intake --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effect of three different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation on blood lipid profiles of S.D. rats --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effect of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum TC level --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effect of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum TG level --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effect of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum HDL level --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Discussion of different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation diets on serum lipid profiles --- p.97 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Effect and discussion of three different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Effect and discussion of three different dosages of AA mushroom supplementation on fecal neutral & acidic sterol excretion --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Summary (dose response study) --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3 --- Hypolipidemic effect of ethanol extract (E.E.) & water extract (W.E.) from AA in hyperlipidemic S.D. rats --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Extraction yield --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Body weight & food intake --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum lipid profiles --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum TC level --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum TG level --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on serum HDL level --- p.109 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of AA extract supplementation on fecal neutral & acidic sterols excretion --- p.111 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Discussion (active fraction extract study) --- p.113 / Chapter 3.4 --- Long-term evaluation of the hypolipidemic effect of AA supplementation in normolipic S.D. rats --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Body weight & food intake --- p.116 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum lipid profiles --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum TC level --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum TG level --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on serum HDL level --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on hepatic lipid profiles --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on fecal neutral & acidic sterols excretion --- p.121 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on hepatic key enzymes of cholesterol metabolism ´ؤ HMG-CoA reductase and CYP7A --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Quantitation of hepatic microsomal protein --- p.123 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on HMG-CoA reductase activity in S.D. rats --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Effect of long term AA supplementation on CYP7A activity in S.D. rats --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Discussion (long-term study) --- p.126 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.130 / References --- p.136

Ng Yuk Fan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-162). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Committee: --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.v / Content --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Figures --- p.xvi / Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Antioxidants --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Definition and mode of actions of antioxidants --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Synthetic antioxidants --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Natural antioxidants --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Changes of antioxidant activity in food processing --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Blanching --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Drying --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Microwave and Infrared energy --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Freezing --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Lipid oxidation and antioxidant --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Free radicals --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Superoxide --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Hydrogen peroxide --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Hydroxyl radical --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Mechanism of lipid oxidation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Oxidation of low-density-liporoproteins (LDLs) and coronary heart disease --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Role of antioxidants in inhibiting lipid oxidation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity of phenolics --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Medicinal properties of mushrooms --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Background information of mushrooms --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Phenolics in mushrooms --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Hypocholesterolemic effect in mushroom --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Previous studies in Agrocybe aegerita --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6 --- Animal model for hypocholesteroliemic study --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- General requirements --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Hamster model --- p.27 / Chapter 1.7 --- Principles of assays that involved in antioxidant activity --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- ABTS + radical cation scavenging activity --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Beta carotene bleaching method --- p.31 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.7.4 --- Scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7.5 --- Inhibition of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) oxidation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.7.6 --- Total phenolic content determination --- p.33 / Chapter 1.8 --- Principles of assays in hypocholesterolemic study --- p.34 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- HDL-Cholesterol determination --- p.34 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Total cholesterol determination --- p.34 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- Determination of plasma total triglyceride --- p.35 / Chapter 1.9 --- Objectives --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and Methods --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Proximate Analysis of FAa and DAa --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Determination of crude protein --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Determination of ash --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Total dietary fiber --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of fat --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Moisture content --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Sample extraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Small-scale extraction --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Large-scale extraction --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Total phenolic content of DAa and FAa extract --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5 --- Chemical assays for in vitro antioxidative properties determination --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Beta-carotene bleaching method --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Inhibition of human low-density-lipoproteins (LDLs) oxidation --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Scavenging activity of ABTS+radical cation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- In vivo tests for antioxidative and hypocholesterolemic effect of DAa --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Feeding experiments --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Collection of plasma --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Liver sample preparation --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Determination of in vivo antioxidative effect --- p.54 / Chapter 2.6.4.1 --- FRPA assay --- p.54 / Chapter 2.6.4.2 --- ABTS + radical cation scavenging activity --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- Determination of plasma lipid profiles --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6.5.1 --- Plasma total cholesterol (TC) --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6.5.2 --- Plasma total triglyceride (TG) --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.5.3 --- Plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) determination --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6.5.4 --- Hepatic cholesterol determination by gas chromatography analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results and discussion --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Proximate analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Small-scale extraction scheme --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Extraction yield --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Antioxidant assays --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Beta-carotene bleaching method --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- The formation of TBARS in human LDL oxidation --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Total phenolic content (TPC) in DAa and FAa ethanolic and water extracts --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Comparison of antioxidant activity and TPC in DAa and FAa ethanolic and water extracts in the small-scale extraction scheme --- p.88 / Chapter 3.3 --- Large-scale extraction scheme --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Extraction yield --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Antioxidant assays --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Hydroxyl free radical scavenging activity --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Beta-carotene bleaching method --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- ABTS + radical cation scavenging activity --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Formation of TBARS in human LDL oxidation in the DAa_E_l and Daa_W_1 --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Total phenolic content (TPC) of DAa_E_l and DAa_W_l --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.2.6 --- Correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity --- p.101 / Chapter 3.3.2.7 --- Summary of large-scale extraction scheme --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4 --- In vivo antioxidant activity and hypocholesterolemic effect of DAa studied by animal model --- p.104 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of DAa´ؤE_1 and DAa_W_l on body weight and food intake --- p.105 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of DAa一E´ؤ1 and DAa_W_l on plasma total cholesterol (TC) in hamsters --- p.108 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of DAa´ؤE_1 and DAa W l on plasma total triglycerides (TG) in hamsters --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effect of DAa_E_l and DAa_W_l on plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in hamsters --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effect of DAa_E_l and DAa一W_1 on hepatic cholesterol (HC) profile in hamsters --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Effect of DAa_E_l and DAa W l on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in hamsters (FRAP) --- p.128 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Effect of DAa_E_l and DAa_W_l on ABTS + cation radical scavenging activity --- p.131 / Chapter 3.4.8 --- The antioxidant activity and hypocholesterolemic effect of DAa extracts --- p.134 / Chapter 3.4.9 --- Summary of in vivo antioxidant activity and hypocholesterolemic effect of DAa studied by animal model --- p.140 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Conclusions --- p.142 / References --- p.145

Cheung, Chi Yun. / "September 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / Table of Contents --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iv / Abbreviation --- p.v / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Mechanism of action --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Plasma cholesterol reduction effect --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Previous syntheses of statin analogs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Synthesis from (S)-malic acid --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Synthesis via enantioselective deprotonation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Synthesis via asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- Results and Discussion --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Approaches towards construction of statin analogs --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Attempt to synthesize alkene 49 from D-arabinose --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Construction of alkene 49 from D-mannitol --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Olefin metathesis and conversion to statin analogs --- p.28 / Chapter 3. --- Conclusion --- p.32 / Chapter 4. --- Experimental Section --- p.33 / Chapter 5. --- References --- p.57 / Chapter 6. --- Appendix ii --- p.60

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/07/23). Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-131). Also available in print.

Background. A high ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, in addition to increased levels of small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, are important indicators of cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore, interventions that combine the lowering of total cholesterol and raising of HDL cholesterol concentrations that also increase LDL particle size, may be preventive against cardiovascular disease. Plant sterols decrease total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels by 10-15%, while exercise increases HDL cholesterol levels by 4-22%. In view of their complementary effects, combining plant sterols with exercise would appear to be an effective lifestyle therapy to decrease the risk of future cardiovascular disease. / Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the independent and combined effects of plant sterols and exercise on blood lipid levels, and LDL particle size in previously sedentary, hypercholesterolemic adults. An additional objective of this trial was to assess the underlying mechanism by which this combination therapy modulates whole body cholesterol metabolism, to in turn improve lipid profiles. / Methods. In an 8-week, parallel-arm trial, 84 subjects were randomized to 1 of 4 interventions: (1) plant sterols and exercise,(2) plant sterols alone, (3) exercise alone, or (4) control. Blood lipid concentrations were measured using enzymatic kits, and LDL particle size was assessed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis were determined using the single isotope single tracer technique and the deuterium incorporation approach, respectively. / Results. Plant sterol supplementation decreased (P < 0.01) total cholesterol concentrations by 8.2% when compared to baseline. Exercise increased (P < 0.01) HDL cholesterol levels by 7.5% while decreasing (P < 0.01) triglyceride concentrations by 13.3% when compared to baseline. Exercise reduced (P < 0.05) post-treatment LDL peak particle size from 255 to 253 A, and decreased (P < 0.05) the proportion of large LDL particles by 13.1%. Plant sterols had no effect on particle size distribution. Plant sterol supplementation decreased (P < 0.01) intestinal cholesterol absorption by 18%, while exercise had no effect on cholesterol absorption. Non-significant increases in cholesterol synthesis rates of 63%, 59%, and 57%, were observed in the combination, exercise, and plant sterol groups, respectively, relative to control. / Conclusion. These findings suggest that this combination therapy yields the most favourable alterations in lipid profiles when compared to each intervention alone. This combined intervention exerts its beneficial effects on lipid profiles by suppressing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Therefore, this lifestyle therapy may be an effective means of decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in hypercholesterolemic adults.

Dietary phytochemicals such as saponins have been suggested to have therapeutic uses in the prevention and alleviation of hypercholesterolemia. Thus, twelve Tanzanian plant additives hypothesized to contain saponins and used in soup by the Batemi, were investigated for in vitro hypocholesterolemic potential by: (1) screening for likelihood of detectable saponins using TLC, hemolysis, frothing ability and molluscicidal activity. (2) using changes in hemolytic activity to indirectly examine interactions of plant extracts with cholesterol, cholesterol-analogues, conjugated bile salts and non-conjugated bile salts. (3) using radiolabelled cholesterol to examine direct binding capacity of extracts with cholesterol. Albizia anthelmintica, Myrsine africana and Acacia goetzii were most likely to contain saponins and had significant (p $<$ 0.05) hemolytic activity that was effected by the presence of cholesterol, cholesterol analogues, conjugated and non-conjugated bile salts (p $<$ 0.05). Methanol, ethyl acetate, aqueous and n-butanol extracts of A. anthelmintica and methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of A. goetzii bound significant amounts of cholesterol solubilized in ethanol (p $<$ 0.05). Thus, saponins are a detectable component of the Batemi diet and extracts likely containing saponins do interact with chemicals that have been proposed to be involved in in vivo mechanisms of saponin induced hypocholesterolemia. A. anthelmintica and A. goetzii seem likely to have hypocholesterolemic potential as dietary additives.

Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.