Qualitative and quantitative analysis of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from a purple corn extract was performed. The purple corn extract had cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and its respective acylated anthocyanin-glucosides. Cyadinin-3glucoside was the main constituent (44.4 ?? 4.7%) followed by the acylated cyanidin-3-glucoside (26.9 ?? 8.0%). Other phenolic compounds present in the purple corn corresponded to protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid. In addition, quercetin derivatives, a hesperitin derivative and pcoumaric and ferulic acid derivatives were found. Fractionation of phenolic compounds yielded two main fractions, an anthocyanin-rich water fraction (WF) and an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). Evaluation of antimutagenic activity in both fractions revealed higher antimutagenic activity in the ethyl acetate fraction compared to the anthocyanin-rich fraction. On the other hand, antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin-rich fraction was higher compared to the ethyl acetate fraction. Further fractionation of the anthocyanin-rich fraction in a Toyopearl HW40 gel permeation column yielded five sub-fractions which showed no difference in antimutagenic activity except for the water sub-fraction WF-V. All the sub-fractions were active as antimutagens and antioxidants. Further fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction yielded four sub-fractions that showed to be active as antimutagens and antioxidants. Ethyl acetate sub-fraction EAF-IV was the most active as an antimutagen. HPLC-DAD characterization of that sub-fraction revealed mainly the presence of a quercetin derivative with UV-visible spectral characteristics similar to rutin but with a little longer retention time. The mechanism of antimutagenic action by the phenolic compounds present either in the anthocyanin-rich fraction or the ethyl acetate fraction and sub-fraction EAFIV seems to be a contribution of a direct action on the enzymes involved in the activation of the mutagen and to the scavenging activity of the mutagen nucleophiles, as demonstrated by our assays.

Presented diploma work is focused on study of antioxidants in different kinds of dried fruits. Analyses of ascorbate, tocopherols, carotenoids and flavonoids were performed using RP-HPLC with spectrophotometric detection. Analysis of dried fruits showed high level of vitamins and phenolocs mainly in berries. High level of carotenoids was observed in dried apricots and plums. Further, antioxidant activity of dried fruit extracts was tested by ABTS method. High antioxidant activity was found mainly in dried apples, cranberries and blueberries. The biological test with yeast Sascharomyces cerevisiae D7 was used for the analysis of antimutagenic efects of dried fruits. High antimutagenic activity exhibited dried cranberries and blueberries. Most of tested dried fruits with high antimutagenic effect exhibited also high antioxidant activity as well as high content of some antioxidants. No direct correlation was found among these parameters. Last part of this work was focused on study of influence of drying on antioxidant content in two types of apples. Drying at mild controlled conditions exhibited no significant negative effect on active substance content; in some samples their concentration was observed.

This diploma project deals with antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of selected herbal and fruit teas commonly used in Czech population. Influence of different tea packaging (bag teas and loose leaf teas) on bioactive compound content was compared. Further, effect of long-term storage in common household conditions was studied. Antioxidant properties of teas were characterized using some group parameters - total antioxidant activity ("Randox Total Antioxidant Status Kit"), total phenolics and total flavonoids - as well as some individual representatives of low molecular weight antioxidants. Higher antixidant content was found in herbal teas than in fruit teas. Comparing bag teas with loose leaf teas higher antioxidant activity was shown in loose leaf teas. Individual antioxidants were analyzed using HPLC method with spectrophotometric detection and verified by on-line LC/MS. IN all tea samples catechins - catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and other flavonoids - rutin, morin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin and luteolin were determined. In most of teas high level of catechin and rutin was detected. The highest level of flavonoids was determined in herbal poured teas. Ascorbic acid content was also determined by HPLC method. Higher vitamine C level was found in most of fruit teas and in rose hip tea. Antimutagenicity of tea extracts was tested by in vitro test using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 yeast. High antimutagenic activity showed mainly nettle tea, tutsan tea and most of fruit teas. During long-term storage (1 year, 20°C, darkness) a significant decrease of all analyzed antioxidant parameters was followed. Higher lost of antioxidants was found in fruit teas when compared with the herbal ones.

The presented doctoral thesis is focused on the study of the biological effects of active compounds found in cereals, on the development of methods of analysis these effects, on the determination of the content of active substances and characterization of the relationship between composition and biological effects of cereals and cereal products. For the analysis several kinds of raw cereal samples (flakes, flour, germ, bran), flavored extruded cereal products and also samples of paddy and husked rice were chosen. To major types of analysed active compounds belong mainly phenolic compounds in the form of glycosides and aglycones, and also saccharides. Group parameters such as total polyphenols, flavonoids and total and reducing saccharides were determined spectrophotometrically, individual phenolics and saccharides were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). TEAC, DPPH and CLAMS methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Indirect methods of determination of substances with antioxidant effect were used as well. Results of the total antioxidant activity were compared with values of antimutagenic/genotoxic activity obtained by several microbial test systems. Antimutagenic effect was expressed as a percentage of inhibition of effect of standard mutagen and could be considered as a potential preventive effect of cereals to DNA arising primarily by free radicals effect. The highest values of group and individual phenolics, antioxidant and antimutagenic activity were found in germs, bran, in buckwheat products and in coloured and raw rice. In flavoured cereal products addition of chocolate or fruit positively influences content of active phenolic substances as well as sugars, antixidant and antimutagenic activity. In a representative sample of Czech population, questionnairy study was performed to monitor interest in cereals and consumer preferences. The most of consumers consider cereals with chocolate flavour as less healthy than confirmed results of laboratory analyses. In this study some new food products were developed. Several types of model cereal products containing plant (fruit, vegetables) extracts were proposed. Extracts were added to cereals in freeze-dried and encapsulated form. The highest positive effect exhibited addition of local forrest fruit extract. Within preparation of encapsulated extracts several methods of preparing lipid or saccharides particles were also tested. The encapsulation efficiency of the methods and stability and size of particles were analysed. Optimal type of fortified cereal foods could be suggested based on the acquired results. Selected cereals were used as alternative carbon substrates (processed or raw) for the cultivation of microorganisms to produce enriched biomass usable in the feed industry. We can conclude that cereals in raw as well as processed form belong to universal foods and rich sources of biologically active substances. They can be processed by many ways. They can be used for direct consumption, as a part of new products and also undirectly as a substrate for feedstock.

Espécies de Psychotria encontradas no sul do Brasil produzem alcalóides do tipo monoterpeno indólicos, alguns deles com interessantes atividades biológicas e oriundos de novas rotas biossintéticas. P. leiocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. acumula N, b-D-glicopiranosilvincosamida (GPV), o primeiro alcalóide N-glicosilado desta classe a ser descrito. O extrato contendo GPV apresenta atividade analgésica inespecífica e, na planta, sua biossíntese é regulada pelo desenvolvimento e por luz. P. umbellata Vell., por sua vez, produz psicolatina, que apresenta alto potencial farmacológico, pois apresenta atividade analgésica do tipo opióide, ansiolítica e antipsicótica, interagindo com receptores de diversos sistemas de neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. Além disso, psicolatina é um eficiente agente redutor de peróxidos e quencher de oxigênio singlet in vitro. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar a fotorregulação de GPV em plântulas de P. leiocarpa, assim como avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes e antimutagênicos in vivo do extrato foliar bruto de P. umbellata e de psicolatina purificada, utilizando a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Essas duas últimas substâncias também foram avaliadas quanto à capacidade antioxidante contra o radical hidroxila in vitro. Em ensaios de transição luz-escuro realizados com plântulas assépticas de P. leiocarpa, o acúmulo de GPV mostrou ser responsivo a alterações na condição luminosa de cultivo. O papel negativo do escuro contínuo na biossíntese de GPV foi comprovado pela redução dos níveis deste alcalóide em plântulas cultivadas na luz e transferidas para o escuro. Por outro lado, quando plântulas cultivadas no escuro foram expostas à luz, os níveis de GPVaumentaram, indicando o caráter promotor da luz na produção de GPV. Os efeitos das transições foram mais evidentes em plântulas cultivadas em meio sem sacarose do que em plântulas cultivadas com suprimento exógeno de carboidratos. A biossíntese de GPV é regulada por diferentes faixas de luz. As regiões do azul e do vermelho-extremo aumentaram os teores de GPV. A luz vermelha não afetou de forma significativa o teor de GPV. Os resultados revelam um padrão típico de VLFRs (Very Low Fluence Responses), possivelmente envolvendo ação de PhyA em conjunto com criptocromo.Tanto o extrato bruto foliar de P. umbellata quanto psicolatina apresentaram efeito antioxidante in vivo, reduzindo a inibição do crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae sob estresse oxidativo induzido por peróxido de hidrogênio e paraquat. O extrato e o alcalóide purificado também apresentaram ótima atividade antioxidante in vitro, protegendo contra o ataque do radical hidroxila. Os índices de mutagênese induzida por peróxido de hidrogêncio foram significativamente reduzidos quando as células de S. cerevisiae foram co-cultivadas na presença tanto do extrato quanto de psicolatina. / Species of Psychotria founded in southern Brazil produce a set of novel monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs), several of which have interesting biological activities and originate from new metabolic pathways. P. leiocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. accumulates N, b-D-glucopyranosylvincosamide (GPV), the first N-glycosylated MIA described. Leaf extracts containing GPV display nonspecific analgesic activity and, in planta, its biosynthesis is regulated by development and light. P. umbellata Vell., in turn, produces psychollatine which has significant pharmacological potential, since it yields opioid-like analgesic, anxiolytic and antipsychotic activities, interacting with receptors of different neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system. In addition, psychollatine is an efficient peroxide reducing agent and a singlet oxygen chemical quencher in vitro. This work aimed at studying the photoregulation of GPV in P. leiocarpa seedlings, as well as at investigating the antimutagenic and antioxidant in vivo effects of the crude foliar extract of P. umbellata and purified psychollatine using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These last substances were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties against hydroxyl radicals.In light-dark transition assays with aseptic P. leiocarpa seedlings, GPV accumulation showed to be responsive to changes in light condition. The negative role of continuous dark on GPV biosynthesis was shown by reduction of the alkaloid contents when light growing seedlings were transferred to dark. On the other hand, dark growing seedlings increased GPV contents after light exposure, suggesting a positive light regulation of GPV production. Theseresults were more evident in seedlings cultivated in media without sucrose than in seedlings cultivated with carbohydrate supplementation. GPV biosynthesys is also regulated by different light qualities. Light in the blue and far-red regions increased GPV accumulation, whereas red ligh had no significant influence on GPV yield. These results are in agreement with the profile of VLFRs (Very Low Fluence Responses), mediated by PhyA with coaction of cryptochrome. Both the crude foliar extract of P. umbellata and psychollatine showed in vivo antioxidant effects by reducing the growth inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under hydrogen peroxide- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. The extract and the purified alkaloid also showed strong in vitro antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals. The levels of hydrogen peroxide-induced mutagenicity were significantly reduced when S. cerevisiae cells were cocultivated with leaf crude extract or psychollatine.

Espécies de Psychotria encontradas no sul do Brasil produzem alcalóides do tipo monoterpeno indólicos, alguns deles com interessantes atividades biológicas e oriundos de novas rotas biossintéticas. P. leiocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. acumula N, b-D-glicopiranosilvincosamida (GPV), o primeiro alcalóide N-glicosilado desta classe a ser descrito. O extrato contendo GPV apresenta atividade analgésica inespecífica e, na planta, sua biossíntese é regulada pelo desenvolvimento e por luz. P. umbellata Vell., por sua vez, produz psicolatina, que apresenta alto potencial farmacológico, pois apresenta atividade analgésica do tipo opióide, ansiolítica e antipsicótica, interagindo com receptores de diversos sistemas de neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. Além disso, psicolatina é um eficiente agente redutor de peróxidos e quencher de oxigênio singlet in vitro. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar a fotorregulação de GPV em plântulas de P. leiocarpa, assim como avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes e antimutagênicos in vivo do extrato foliar bruto de P. umbellata e de psicolatina purificada, utilizando a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Essas duas últimas substâncias também foram avaliadas quanto à capacidade antioxidante contra o radical hidroxila in vitro. Em ensaios de transição luz-escuro realizados com plântulas assépticas de P. leiocarpa, o acúmulo de GPV mostrou ser responsivo a alterações na condição luminosa de cultivo. O papel negativo do escuro contínuo na biossíntese de GPV foi comprovado pela redução dos níveis deste alcalóide em plântulas cultivadas na luz e transferidas para o escuro. Por outro lado, quando plântulas cultivadas no escuro foram expostas à luz, os níveis de GPVaumentaram, indicando o caráter promotor da luz na produção de GPV. Os efeitos das transições foram mais evidentes em plântulas cultivadas em meio sem sacarose do que em plântulas cultivadas com suprimento exógeno de carboidratos. A biossíntese de GPV é regulada por diferentes faixas de luz. As regiões do azul e do vermelho-extremo aumentaram os teores de GPV. A luz vermelha não afetou de forma significativa o teor de GPV. Os resultados revelam um padrão típico de VLFRs (Very Low Fluence Responses), possivelmente envolvendo ação de PhyA em conjunto com criptocromo.Tanto o extrato bruto foliar de P. umbellata quanto psicolatina apresentaram efeito antioxidante in vivo, reduzindo a inibição do crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae sob estresse oxidativo induzido por peróxido de hidrogênio e paraquat. O extrato e o alcalóide purificado também apresentaram ótima atividade antioxidante in vitro, protegendo contra o ataque do radical hidroxila. Os índices de mutagênese induzida por peróxido de hidrogêncio foram significativamente reduzidos quando as células de S. cerevisiae foram co-cultivadas na presença tanto do extrato quanto de psicolatina. / Species of Psychotria founded in southern Brazil produce a set of novel monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs), several of which have interesting biological activities and originate from new metabolic pathways. P. leiocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. accumulates N, b-D-glucopyranosylvincosamide (GPV), the first N-glycosylated MIA described. Leaf extracts containing GPV display nonspecific analgesic activity and, in planta, its biosynthesis is regulated by development and light. P. umbellata Vell., in turn, produces psychollatine which has significant pharmacological potential, since it yields opioid-like analgesic, anxiolytic and antipsychotic activities, interacting with receptors of different neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system. In addition, psychollatine is an efficient peroxide reducing agent and a singlet oxygen chemical quencher in vitro. This work aimed at studying the photoregulation of GPV in P. leiocarpa seedlings, as well as at investigating the antimutagenic and antioxidant in vivo effects of the crude foliar extract of P. umbellata and purified psychollatine using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These last substances were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties against hydroxyl radicals.In light-dark transition assays with aseptic P. leiocarpa seedlings, GPV accumulation showed to be responsive to changes in light condition. The negative role of continuous dark on GPV biosynthesis was shown by reduction of the alkaloid contents when light growing seedlings were transferred to dark. On the other hand, dark growing seedlings increased GPV contents after light exposure, suggesting a positive light regulation of GPV production. Theseresults were more evident in seedlings cultivated in media without sucrose than in seedlings cultivated with carbohydrate supplementation. GPV biosynthesys is also regulated by different light qualities. Light in the blue and far-red regions increased GPV accumulation, whereas red ligh had no significant influence on GPV yield. These results are in agreement with the profile of VLFRs (Very Low Fluence Responses), mediated by PhyA with coaction of cryptochrome. Both the crude foliar extract of P. umbellata and psychollatine showed in vivo antioxidant effects by reducing the growth inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under hydrogen peroxide- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. The extract and the purified alkaloid also showed strong in vitro antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals. The levels of hydrogen peroxide-induced mutagenicity were significantly reduced when S. cerevisiae cells were cocultivated with leaf crude extract or psychollatine.

Espécies de Psychotria encontradas no sul do Brasil produzem alcalóides do tipo monoterpeno indólicos, alguns deles com interessantes atividades biológicas e oriundos de novas rotas biossintéticas. P. leiocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. acumula N, b-D-glicopiranosilvincosamida (GPV), o primeiro alcalóide N-glicosilado desta classe a ser descrito. O extrato contendo GPV apresenta atividade analgésica inespecífica e, na planta, sua biossíntese é regulada pelo desenvolvimento e por luz. P. umbellata Vell., por sua vez, produz psicolatina, que apresenta alto potencial farmacológico, pois apresenta atividade analgésica do tipo opióide, ansiolítica e antipsicótica, interagindo com receptores de diversos sistemas de neurotransmissores no sistema nervoso central. Além disso, psicolatina é um eficiente agente redutor de peróxidos e quencher de oxigênio singlet in vitro. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar a fotorregulação de GPV em plântulas de P. leiocarpa, assim como avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes e antimutagênicos in vivo do extrato foliar bruto de P. umbellata e de psicolatina purificada, utilizando a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Essas duas últimas substâncias também foram avaliadas quanto à capacidade antioxidante contra o radical hidroxila in vitro. Em ensaios de transição luz-escuro realizados com plântulas assépticas de P. leiocarpa, o acúmulo de GPV mostrou ser responsivo a alterações na condição luminosa de cultivo. O papel negativo do escuro contínuo na biossíntese de GPV foi comprovado pela redução dos níveis deste alcalóide em plântulas cultivadas na luz e transferidas para o escuro. Por outro lado, quando plântulas cultivadas no escuro foram expostas à luz, os níveis de GPVaumentaram, indicando o caráter promotor da luz na produção de GPV. Os efeitos das transições foram mais evidentes em plântulas cultivadas em meio sem sacarose do que em plântulas cultivadas com suprimento exógeno de carboidratos. A biossíntese de GPV é regulada por diferentes faixas de luz. As regiões do azul e do vermelho-extremo aumentaram os teores de GPV. A luz vermelha não afetou de forma significativa o teor de GPV. Os resultados revelam um padrão típico de VLFRs (Very Low Fluence Responses), possivelmente envolvendo ação de PhyA em conjunto com criptocromo.Tanto o extrato bruto foliar de P. umbellata quanto psicolatina apresentaram efeito antioxidante in vivo, reduzindo a inibição do crescimento de Saccharomyces cerevisiae sob estresse oxidativo induzido por peróxido de hidrogênio e paraquat. O extrato e o alcalóide purificado também apresentaram ótima atividade antioxidante in vitro, protegendo contra o ataque do radical hidroxila. Os índices de mutagênese induzida por peróxido de hidrogêncio foram significativamente reduzidos quando as células de S. cerevisiae foram co-cultivadas na presença tanto do extrato quanto de psicolatina. / Species of Psychotria founded in southern Brazil produce a set of novel monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs), several of which have interesting biological activities and originate from new metabolic pathways. P. leiocarpa Cham. & Schlecht. accumulates N, b-D-glucopyranosylvincosamide (GPV), the first N-glycosylated MIA described. Leaf extracts containing GPV display nonspecific analgesic activity and, in planta, its biosynthesis is regulated by development and light. P. umbellata Vell., in turn, produces psychollatine which has significant pharmacological potential, since it yields opioid-like analgesic, anxiolytic and antipsychotic activities, interacting with receptors of different neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system. In addition, psychollatine is an efficient peroxide reducing agent and a singlet oxygen chemical quencher in vitro. This work aimed at studying the photoregulation of GPV in P. leiocarpa seedlings, as well as at investigating the antimutagenic and antioxidant in vivo effects of the crude foliar extract of P. umbellata and purified psychollatine using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These last substances were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties against hydroxyl radicals.In light-dark transition assays with aseptic P. leiocarpa seedlings, GPV accumulation showed to be responsive to changes in light condition. The negative role of continuous dark on GPV biosynthesis was shown by reduction of the alkaloid contents when light growing seedlings were transferred to dark. On the other hand, dark growing seedlings increased GPV contents after light exposure, suggesting a positive light regulation of GPV production. Theseresults were more evident in seedlings cultivated in media without sucrose than in seedlings cultivated with carbohydrate supplementation. GPV biosynthesys is also regulated by different light qualities. Light in the blue and far-red regions increased GPV accumulation, whereas red ligh had no significant influence on GPV yield. These results are in agreement with the profile of VLFRs (Very Low Fluence Responses), mediated by PhyA with coaction of cryptochrome. Both the crude foliar extract of P. umbellata and psychollatine showed in vivo antioxidant effects by reducing the growth inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under hydrogen peroxide- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress. The extract and the purified alkaloid also showed strong in vitro antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals. The levels of hydrogen peroxide-induced mutagenicity were significantly reduced when S. cerevisiae cells were cocultivated with leaf crude extract or psychollatine.

<p>Ispitivanja hemijskog sastava etarskih ulja i<br />ekstrakata izvedena su na vrsti Myrtus communis<br />L. sa pet lokaliteta iz Crne Gore. Pored toga,<br />ispitana je njihova antioksidantna aktivnost u<br />razlicitim in vitro sistemima kako bi se utvrdio<br />uticaj pomenutih ekstrakata i etarskih ulja na<br />neutralizaciju DPPH, NO, OH i 2- radikala, kao<br />i njihov uticaj na lipidnu peroksidaciju u<br />lipozomima i inhibiciju enzima ksantin-oksidaze.<br />Takode, ispitana je i antibakterijska aktivnost<br />etarskih ulja i ekstrakata ove vrste na 9<br />bakterijskih sojeva, kao i njihov antimutageni<br />potencijal na bakterijskom soju Escherichia coli<br />IC 202.</p> / <p> In this tessis the chemical analysis of the<br /> essential oils and methanolic extracts<br /> from five plant samples of Myrtus<br /> communis L., collected from different<br /> localities in Montenegro, have been<br /> investigate. Beside that, their antioxidant<br /> activity in differwnt in vitro systems has<br /> been study to establish their scavenging<br /> potential towards DPPH, NO, OH, and<br /> O2- free radicals, as wel as their effects<br /> on lipid peroxidation in liposoma and<br /> inhibition enzyme XOD. Also, the<br /> antibacterial activity of the essential oils<br /> and methanolic extract has been study on<br /> 9 bacterial strains, as wel as their<br /> antimutagenic effects on bacterial strain<br /> E. Colli IC202.</p>

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji ispitan je hemijski sastav i biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti<br />ekstrakata deset&nbsp; samoniklih&nbsp; taksona roda&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>&nbsp; sect.&nbsp;<em> Codonoprasum:&nbsp; A. carinatum</em>&nbsp;subsp. <em>pulchellum,&nbsp; A. carinatum&nbsp;</em> subsp. <em>carinatum,&nbsp; A. fuscum&nbsp;</em> var. <em>gracile,&nbsp; A. fuscum&nbsp;</em> var.&nbsp;<em>fuscum,&nbsp; A. flavum</em> subsp. <em>flavum,&nbsp; A. melanantherum,&nbsp; A. paniculatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp;<em> marginatum,&nbsp;A. pallens</em>&nbsp; subsp. <em>tenuiflorum,&nbsp; A. oleraceum&nbsp; </em>i&nbsp;<em> A. rhodopeum</em>, sakupljenih na&nbsp; 27 lokaliteta&nbsp;u Srbiji. Cilj rada bio je da se dobiju podaci o sadržaju biolo&scaron;ki aktivnih jedinjenja u&nbsp;ovim, do sada veoma malo ispitanim vrstama roda&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>, i utvrdi njihova potencijalna&nbsp;lekovita vrednost.</p><p>Analiza hemijskog sastava obuhvatila je: analizu volatilnih komponenti svežih&nbsp;<br />lukovica primenom headspace GC-MS tehnike, kvalitativnu analizu metanolnih &nbsp;<br />ekstrakata primenom tečnohromatografskih metoda (LC-DAD-MS i LC-MS-MS), &nbsp;<br />kvantitativnu analizu odabranih fenolnih jedinjenja LC-MS-MS tehnikom,&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp;sadržaja ukupnih&nbsp; monomernih&nbsp; antocijana&nbsp; i određivanje aktivnosti aliinaze. Ispitivanja&nbsp;biolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti ekstrakata obuhvatila su: određivanje antioksidantne,&nbsp;antiinflamatorne, antimikrobne, antimutagene i genotoksične aktivnosti, kao i ispitivanje&nbsp;uticaja na rast zdravih i tumorskih ćelija i sposobnosti indukcije ćelijske smrti.&nbsp;</p><p>Sumiranjem dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da ispitivani predstavnici roda&nbsp;<br /><em>Allium&nbsp;</em> sect.&nbsp; <em>Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em> predstavljaju bogate izvore biolo&scaron;ki aktivnih jedinjenja sa&nbsp;&scaron;irokim spektrom biolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti. Sa hemotaksonomskog aspekta značajno je da se&nbsp;dimetil-disulfid&nbsp; izdvaja kao&nbsp; najdominantnija&nbsp; i često jedina&nbsp; isparljiva komponenta, da&nbsp;ekstrakti većine vrsta&nbsp; sadrže veliku količinu flavonoida (prvenstveno derivata&nbsp;kvercetina), da se vrste&nbsp;<em> A. pallens&nbsp;</em> i&nbsp; <em>A. oleraceum</em>&nbsp; izdvajaju od ostalih po tome &scaron;to ne&nbsp;sadrže rutin&nbsp; a sadrže&nbsp; hiperozid,&nbsp; da je vrsta&nbsp;<em> A. rhodopeum</em>&nbsp; siroma&scaron;na fenolnim&nbsp;jedinjenjima i da su sve vrste, osim vrste&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp; flavum</em>, bogate antocijanima. Aktivnost&nbsp;aliinaze je visoka u svim ispitivanim vrstama. Većina ispitivanih ekstrakata, izuzev&nbsp;ekstrakata vrsta&nbsp; <em>A. carinatum&nbsp;</em>i <em>A. melanantherum</em>, pokazala je izraženu antioksidantnu&nbsp;aktivnost, dok su ekstrakti vrsta <em>A. flavum</em>, <em>A. rhodopeum</em>, <em>A. oleraceum </em>i <em>A. paniculatum&nbsp;</em>snažni antiinflamatorni agensi. Ekstrakti ispitivanih predstavnika sect.&nbsp;<em> Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em>nisu pokazali antimikrobnu i antimutagenu aktivnost. Takođe, ovi ekstrakti nisu ispoljili&nbsp;genotoksični efekat na ćelije zdravog tkiva (izuzev slabog genotoksičnog efekta ekstrakta&nbsp;nadzemnih delova&nbsp;<em> A. flavum</em>), &scaron;to ukazuje na bezbednost upotrebe vrsta sect.&nbsp;<em>Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em> kao hrane ili u obliku lekova. Ekstrakti celih biljaka&nbsp;<em>A. paniculatum</em> i <em>A.&nbsp;rhodopeum</em>, kao i ekstrakt nadzemnih delova &nbsp;<em>A. melanantherum</em>&nbsp; pokazali su snažnu&nbsp;antiproliferativnu aktivnost sa povoljnim ne-tumor/tumor koeficijentima i indukovali&nbsp;apoptozu u tumorskim ćelijama, iz čega se može zaključiti da imaju visok potencijal&nbsp;primene u antitumorskoj terapiji.&nbsp;</p> / <p>In the present doctoral thesis the chemical composition and biological activities&nbsp; of&nbsp;<br />10 wild growing taxa of genus&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>&nbsp; sect. <em>Codonoprasum</em>&nbsp; (<em>A. carinatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp;<br /><em>pulchellum,&nbsp; A. carinatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp; <em>carinatum,&nbsp; A. fuscum&nbsp;</em> var.&nbsp; <em>gracile,&nbsp; A. fuscum</em>&nbsp; var.&nbsp;<br /><em>fuscum,&nbsp; A. flavum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp; <em>flavum,&nbsp; A. melanantherum,&nbsp; A. oleraceum,&nbsp; A. paniculatum</em><br />subsp. <em>marginatum, A. pallens</em> subsp. <em>tenuiflorum</em> and <em>A. rhodopeum</em>) were investigated.&nbsp;The samples were&nbsp; collected from 27 locations in Serbia. The aim of the study was to&nbsp;obtain data on the content of biologically active compounds in extracts of &nbsp;these&nbsp;unexplored species of the genus Allium and to determine their potential medicinal value.</p><p>Phytochemical caracterisation included: headspace GC-MS analysis of fresh bulb&nbsp;<br />volatiles, LC-DAD-MS and LC-MS-MS qualitative analysis of methanol extracts, LC-MS-MS quantitative analysis of 44 selected phenolic compounds in methanol extracts,&nbsp;determination of total monomeric anthocyanins content and alliinase activity. In order to&nbsp;assess the biological potential of methanol extracts, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,&nbsp;antimicrobial, antimutagenic, genotoxic and antiproliferative activities of &nbsp;the extracts&nbsp;were studied.</p><p>Summing up all the results obtained, it can be concluded that species of genus&nbsp;<em>Allium&nbsp;</em> sect.&nbsp; <em>Codonoprasum&nbsp;</em> are rich sources of biologically active compounds with a&nbsp;broad spectrum of biological activities. Dimethyl disulfide is the most dominant and&nbsp;often the only volatile component of most species, which is significant from&nbsp;chemotaxonomic point of view. The methanol extracts of investigated species contain&nbsp;high levels of flavonoids (primarily quercetin derivatives). Specificity of&nbsp; <em>A. pallens</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp;<em>A. &nbsp;oleraceum</em>&nbsp; extracts is that they do not contain rutin, but contain hyperoside, while&nbsp;small quantity of phenolic compounds&nbsp; is characteristic for&nbsp; <em>A. rhodopeum</em>&nbsp; extract. All&nbsp;investigated species, except of <em>A. flavum</em>, are rich in anthocyanins. Alliinase activity was&nbsp;high in&nbsp; all examined species. Most of the extracts, except&nbsp; <em>A. carinatum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp;melanantherum</em>&nbsp; extracts, express considerable antioxidant activity, &nbsp;while extracts of&nbsp;<em> A.&nbsp;flavum</em>,&nbsp; <em>A. rhodopeum</em>,&nbsp; <em>A. paniculatum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>A. oleraceum&nbsp;</em> are potent anti-inflammatory&nbsp;agents. The investigated&nbsp; <em>Allium</em>&nbsp; extracts did not show antimicrobial and antimutagenic&nbsp;activity. Also, the extracts did not express genotoxic effect on healthy tissue cells&nbsp;(except the weak genotoxic effects of aerial parts extract of&nbsp; <em>A. flavum</em>), indicating that&nbsp;the use&nbsp; of these species as a food or as a drug is safe. Whole plant extracts of&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp;paniculatum</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp;<em> A. rhodopeum</em>, as well as aerial parts extract of&nbsp;<em> A. melanantherum</em>&nbsp;showed strong antiproliferative activity (with a favorable &nbsp;non-tumor/tumor ratios) and&nbsp;induced apoptosis in tumor cells, suggesting that these plants have a high potential for&nbsp;application in antitumor therapy.</p>