In conclusion, the present study successfully demonstrate BJ as a potent anti-pancreatic cancer herb; BD is the main ingredient for its cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on the pancreatic cancer cells through activation of the redox-sensitive p38-MAPK signaling pathway and reduction of anti-apoptotic activity by inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in pancreatic cancer cells. The in vivo efficacy and low toxicity of BD render this chemical compound to be a potential for its further development into an anti-pancreatic cancer agent. / In recent decades, the application of Chinese herbal medicine has become an increasingly popular approach and alternative to treating cancer. Moreover, Chinese herbal medicine is the source for the discovery of novel anti-cancer drugs. For example, irinotecan and topotecan, the analogues of camptothecin which is isolated from the bark and stem of Camptotheca acuminate are found to be effective in ovarian, lung and colon cancers. Given that Chinese medicine is commonly used in the treatment of cancers, we postulate that Chinese herbs are a valuable source to possess anti-pancreatic cancer compounds. Accordingly, the aims of the present project are: (1) to screen Chinese medicinal herbs which has the most potent cytotoxic activity in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro; (2) to isolate and identify the effective compound in Brucea javanica (BJ) which mediates apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines; (3) to study the mechanistic pathways involved in brucein D - (BD, a quassinoid found in abundance in BJ) mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer in vitro; and (4) to evaluate the efficacy of BD in pancreatic cancer using an xenograft animal model of pancreatic cancer. / In vivo study demonstrated that daily administration of BD through intravenous injection for ten days in nude mice bearing pancreatic cancer cells effectively reduced tumor growth in terms of tumor weight and size, while showing no significant toxicity in heart, liver and kidney tissues of the mice. / Nine Chinese medicinal herbs were selected for the screening experiment and, among them, BJ exhibited the most potent cytotoxic action on the three pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, namely PANC-1, SW-1990 and CAPAN-1, with IC50 values of 2.5mug/ml, 5.1mug/ml and 1.5mug/ml, respectively. BD, one of the main chemical compounds found in BJ was found to possess strong apoptogenic effect in PANC-1 cells, as evidenced by DNA condensation and fragmentation, sub-G1 phase formation, proteolytic activation of caspase 3, 8 and 9, and attenuation of bcl-2 activity. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the apoptotic signals generated by BD were transduced from the cell membrane to nucleus via the mediation of p38-MAPK signaling pathway while the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to accumulate in BD-treated PANC-1 cells. The activation p38-MAPK phosphorylation was inhibited by pretreatment with an antioxidant. However, the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and downregulation of anitapoptotic genes in BD-treated cells was independent of the ROS changes. / Pancreatic cancer is the forth and sixth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and Hong Kong, respectively. The morbidity of pancreatic cancer is almost equal to its mortality rate. Poor diagnosis and intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy are the major characteristics for pancreatic cancer. Therefore, new therapeutic strategy is urgently warranted to overcome the drug-resistance challenge in the management of pancreatic cancer. / Lau Sin Ting Cynthia. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 228-271). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Eleven known compounds were separated from Oldenlandia diffusa using the bioassay-guided methods. Among which, heptatriacontane and stearic acid (SA) were isolated from this herb for the first time. The anti-proliferative activities of ursolic acid (UA) and SA, as well as the anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory activities of quercetin, kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-D-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-D-galactoside, are responsible for the anti-hepatomatic effect of OD, to which UA might be the major contributor due to relatively high content in OD and potent cytotoxicity. / In conclusion, our findings provided a better elucidation on phytochemical basis responsible for the anti-cancer activities of OD and AU, and also suggested the potential of UA, SB and SD as new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of liver cancer in further studies. / Mechanistic study indicated that anti-proliferative effects of SB and SD due to induction of apoptosis on both HepG2 and R-HepG2 cells were established by sub-G1 accumulation in cell cycle profile and cell population with PS externalization, which were confirmed by activation of apoptosis mediators PARP and caspase-3. The induction of apoptosis was suggested to be mediated by both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, as evidenced by activation of caspase-8 and -9, up-regulation of Bcl-XS, dysfunction of mitochondria and release of cytochrome c during SB and SD treatment. Besides, Bcl-2 and Bax expression levels were notably different on SB/SD-treated HepG2 and R-HepG2 cells, which implied that Bcl-2 and Bax might play a role in SB and SD modulation of drug resistance on R-HepG2 cells. / Motivated by the serious health hazard worldwide caused by hepatoma and side effects of chemotherapeutic agents in clinical treatment, we have initiated a research project to isolate and characterize bioactive compounds from Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) and Androsace umbellata (AU) as well as to study the molecular mechanisms of their anti-proliferative effects on human hepatoma cells. / On the other hand, phytochemical study of Androsace umbellata led to isolation of two novel triterpenoid sapogenins and five known compounds (3-O-D-glucosyl-(1→2)-L-arabinosyl cyclamiretin A, primulanin, saxifragifolin B, saxifragifolin C and saxifragifolin D). Their anti-tumor effects were firstly reported here, where saxifragifolin B (SB) and saxifragifolin (SD) showed the most potent cytotoxicities on human hepatoma cells. Structure-activity relationship study revealed that introduction of glucosyl moiety might be useful for the enhancement of cytotoxicity of this chemotype. / The action mechanism of UA has been intensively investigated. Our results showed that UA was not a substrate of p-glycoprotein, and it could bypass multidrug resistance of R-HepG2 cells. Furthermore, UA treatment also resulted in apoptotic cell death which was indicated by cell morphology observation, cell cycle analysis, DNA fragmentation and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assay. UA-induced apoptosis was associated with the extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) pathway, which was suggested by increase of FasL expression, activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 as well as cleavage of PARP. Besides, changes implying the intrinsic (mitochondria-mediated) apoptotic pathway, including up-regulation of p53 and Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, cleavage of Bid, collapse of Deltapsi m, leakage of cytochrome c and AIF as well as activation of caspase-9, were also observed on R-HepG2 cells after UA treatment. Moreover, elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration, generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of MAPKs pathway were involved in UA-induced apoptosis. Proteomic analysis exhibited significant changes in the expression level of twelve proteins which were involved in tumor cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. / Zhang, Dongmei. / "September 2007." / Adviser: Kwok-Pui Fung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-08, Section: B, page: 4744. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-263). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Tsang Kit Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-188). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ABSTRACT IN CHINESE (摘要） --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xvi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Multidrug Resistance of Tumor Cells --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Therapeutic Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Human Hepatoma --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Sophora flavescens Ait --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Biological Activities of Sophorae Radix --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Antitumor Activities --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- "Antibacterial, Antimalarial and Antiviral Activities" --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives and Significance of Study --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Bioassay-guided Isolation of Active Compounds from Sophora flavescens --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Action Mechanisms of the Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Sophora flavescens --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cell Culture Media --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Sophora flavescens --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- MTT assay --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cell Cycle Analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5 --- Detection of Phosphatidylserine Externalization with Annexin V-FITC and PI --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- DNA Fragmentation Assay --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7 --- Western Blot Analysis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Extraction of Total Cellular Protein --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Extraction of Cytosolic Protein --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Determination of Protein Concentration --- p.33 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Electroblotting of Protein --- p.36 / Chapter 2.7.6 --- Probing of Proteins with Antibodies --- p.37 / Chapter 2.7.7 --- Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) Assay --- p.39 / Chapter 2.8 --- Detection of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential by JC-1 Fluorescent dye --- p.39 / Chapter 2.9 --- cDNA Microarray Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Isolation of Total RNA --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Microarray Hybridization and Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.9.3 --- Validation of Candidate Genes --- p.44 / Chapter 2.9.3.1 --- Determination of RNA Concentration --- p.44 / Chapter 2.9.3.2 --- First-Strand cDNA Synthesis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.9.3.3 --- Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) of Candidate Genes --- p.45 / Chapter 2.10 --- Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoretic Analysis (2D-PAGE) --- p.47 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Extraction of Total Cellular Protein for 2-D Gel Electrophoresis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Determination of Protein Concentration --- p.47 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- First-Dimension Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) --- p.49 / Chapter 2.10.4 --- Second-Dimension SDS-PAGE --- p.49 / Chapter 2.10.5 --- Visualization of 2-D Gel by Silver Staining --- p.50 / Chapter 2.10.6 --- Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.11 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- BIOASSAY-GUIDED ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM SOPHORA FLAVESCENS --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1 --- Bioassay-guided Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Sophora flavescens --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Structure Identification of the Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Sophora flavescens --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- In Vitro Anti-tumor Effect of the Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Sophora flavescens --- p.71 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- MECHANISTIC STUDY OF SOPHORAFLAVANONE G IN THE INDUCTION OF APOPTOSIS IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELLS --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1 --- In Vitro Anti-tumor Effect of Sophoraflavanone G --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Cell Cycle Analysis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Multidrug Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- Induction of Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Sophoraflavanone G --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Induction of Phosphatidylserine Externalization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Sophoraflavanone G --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Induction of DNA Fragmentation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Sophoraflavanone G --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Induction of Caspase-3 activation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Sophoraflavanone G --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- Underlying Mechanisms of Sophoraflavanone G-induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Involvement of Death Receptor Pathway in Sophoraflavanone G- induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.103 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Involvement of Bid protein in Sophoraflavanone G-induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Involvement of Mitochondrial Pathway in Sophoraflavanone G- induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Induction of Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Sophoraflavanone G --- p.112 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Involvement of Caspase-independent Pathway in Sophoraflavanone G-induced Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.116 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- MECHANISTIC STUDY OF SOPHORAFLAVANONE G ON HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELLS BY USING cDNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS --- p.119 / Chapter 5.1 --- Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Sophoraflavanone G- treated Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by cDNA Microarray Analyasis --- p.120 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- MECHANISTIC STUDY OF SOPHORAFLAVANONE G ON HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELLS BY USING TWO-DIMENSIONAL POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS --- p.136 / Chapter 6.1 --- Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Sophoraflavanone G- treated Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis --- p.137 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN: --- DISCUSSION --- p.150 / Chapter 7.1 --- Bioassay-guided Isolation of Bioactive Compounds from Sophora flavescens --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2 --- Induction of Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma cells and Multidrug Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.154 / Chapter 7.3 --- Differential Gene Expression Induced by Sophoraflavanone G in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.161 / Chapter 7.4 --- Differential Protein Expression Induced by Sophoraflavanone G in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Multidrug Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells --- p.164 / Chapter 7.5 --- Toxicity of Sophoraflavanone G against Normal Liver Cells --- p.170 / Chapter CHAPTER EIGHT: --- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.173 / Chapter 8.1 --- Conclusion --- p.174 / Chapter 8.2 --- Future Prospects --- p.176 / REFERENCES --- p.179

Yau Wai Lok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-205). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.vii / 撮要 --- p.x / PUBLICATIONS --- p.xii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Hematopoiesis & Leukemia --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- An Overview on Hematopoiesis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- An Overview of Leukemia --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Classification and Epidemiology of Leukemia --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Conventional Approaches to Leukemia Therapy --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Novel Approaches to Leukemia Therapy --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.2.4.1 --- Differentiation Therapy --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2.4.2 --- Induction of Apoptosis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2.4.3 --- Natural Products as a Source of Anti-leukemia Drug --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cytokinins --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Historical Development and Occurrence of Cytokinins --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Functions of Cytokinins and the Signal Transduction of Cytokinins in Plants --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Phytochemistry and Metabolism of Cytokinins --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Chemical Structures of Cytokinins --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Biosynthesis of Cytokinins in Plants --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Metabolisms of Cytokinins in Plants and Animals --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Cytokinins in Animals --- p.23 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Anti-aging Effect --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Anti-thrombosis Effect and Inhibition of Blood Platelet Aggregation --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Anti-tumor Effect --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3 --- Aims and Scopes of This Investigation --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cell Lines --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Cell Culture Medium, Buffers and Other Reagents" --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Reagents and Buffers for Flow Cytometry --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Reagents for DNA Extraction --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Cellular DNA Fragmentation ELISA Kit --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Reagents for Total RNA Isolation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Reagents and Buffers for Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Reagents and Buffers for Gel Electrophoresis for Nucleic Acids --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.10 --- Reagents for Measuring Caspase Activity --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of the Tumor Cell Lines --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Isolation, Preparation and Culture of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of Cell Proliferation by [ 3H]-TdR Incorporation Assay --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Cytotoxicity Measurement by LDH Release Assay --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of Cell Viability --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of Anti-leukemic Activity In Vivo --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Analysis of Cell Cycle Profile/DNA Content by Flow Cytometry --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Measurement of Apoptosis --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Assessment of differentiation-associated characteristics --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Gene Expression Study --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Measurement of Caspase Activity --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.70 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- STUDIES ON THE ANTI-PROLIFERATIVE EFFECT OF CYTOKININS ON LEUKEMIA CELLS / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of Various Cytokinins and Their Riboside Derivatives on the Proliferation of Murine Myelomonocytic Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cytotoxicity of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on the WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effects of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on the Proliferation of Various Leukemia Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Cytotoxicity of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on Non-tumor Cell Lines and Primary Myeloid Cells In Vitro --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Kinetic and Reversibility Studies of the Anti-proliferative Effect of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on the WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Effects of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on the Cell Cycle Profile of WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.115 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Expression of Cell Cycle Related Genes in Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Effects of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on the In Vivo Tumorigenicity of WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- In Vivo Anti-tumor Effect of Kinetin and Kinetin Riboside on WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.126 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.129 / Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- STUDIES ON THE APOPTOSIS-INDUCING EFFECT OF CYTOKININS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.134 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Induction of DNA Fragmentation of Cytokinins in the Murine Myeloid Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.136 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Mitochondrial Membrane Potential of Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.144 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Caspase Activities of Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.147 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species in Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.154 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Expression of Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells In Vitro --- p.157 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.163 / Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- STUDIES ON THE DIFFERENTIATION-INDUCING EFFECT OF CYTOKININS / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.168 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.170 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Morphology of Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.170 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Cell Size and Granularity of Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.175 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Changes in Surface Antigen Expression of Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.178 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Monocytic Serine Esterase Activity in Kinetin- and Kinetin Riboside-treated WEHI-3B JCS Cells --- p.185 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.188 / Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES --- p.190 / REFERENCES --- p.195

Wong Sze Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-144). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Cancer treatment and potential novel antitumor agents --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- History of mushroom polysaccharides in medical uses --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Life cycle of mushroom --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Classification of antitumor mushroom polysaccharides --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- (3-glucans --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Heteropolysaccharides --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Structure-activity relationship of mushroom polysaccharides --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Lentinan as typical example --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Molecular weight --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Conformation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Chemical modification --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Degree of branching --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Antitumor mushroom polysaccharides obtained from different developmental stages --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7 --- Mechanisms of in vitro antitumor activity of mushroom polysaccharides: cell cycle arrest and apoptotic induction --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Cell cycle regulation --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Induction of apoptosis --- p.24 / Chapter 1.8 --- The novel strategies for cancer treatment --- p.27 / Chapter 1.9 --- Literature Review on Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.30 / Chapter 1.10 --- Objectives --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Assay kits --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Mushroom samples --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cell lines and their subculture --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Antibodies --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Extraction of mushroom polysaccharides --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Hot-water extracts from mushroom fruiting body --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Hot-water extracts from mushroom mycelia --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Exo-polysaccharides from submerged fermentation medium --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chemical and physio-chemical composition of PTR extracts --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Neutral monosaccharides --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Acid Depolymerization --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Neutral sugar derivatization --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Determination of neutral sugar composition by GC- --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Uronic acid (acidic monosaccharides) content --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Total carbohydrate content --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Protein content --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Molecular weight and the homogeneity --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- In vitro growth inhibitory effects --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Trypan blue dye exclusion method --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- "Colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay" --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- In vitro cell proliferation assay --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- Cell-cycle analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7 --- Apoptotic determination --- p.52 / Chapter 2.8 --- Expression of proteins involved in apoptosis and cell-cycle --- p.52 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Preparation of cell lysates --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Determination of protein concentrations --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Western blot --- p.54 / Chapter 2.9 --- Statistics --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Yield of extract samples isolated from different developmental stages of PTR --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chemical characteristics of hot-water extracts isolated from different stages of PTR --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The total carbohydrate and protein content of PTR extracts- --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The monosaccharide composition of PTR extracts --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Molecular weight distribution of PTR extracts --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4 --- Chemical characterization of PTR extracts --- p.69 / Chapter 3.5 --- Cytotoxic effect of PTR extracts on various cell line in vitro --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of PTR extracts on HL-60 cell viability --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of PTR extracts on K562 cell viability --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effect of PTR extracts on MCF-7 cell proliferation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of PTR extracts on HepG2 cell proliferation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of PTR extracts on normal cell proliferation --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6 --- Effect of PTR extracts on the proliferation rate of various cell lines in vitro --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effect of PTR extracts on HL-60 cell proliferation --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Effect of PTR extracts on K562 cell proliferation --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Effect of PTR extracts on MCF-7 cell proliferation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Effect of PTR extracts on HepG2 cell proliferation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Effect of PTR extracts on normal cell proliferation --- p.84 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary of the cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities exhibited by PTR extracts --- p.84 / Chapter 3.8 --- Analysis of the effect of PTR extracts on the cell-cycle phases of HL-60 and K562 cells --- p.87 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Effect of CEP on cell-cycle phases of HL-60 and K562 cells --- p.87 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Effect of EDP on cell-cycle phases of HL-60 and K562 cells --- p.92 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- Effect of HWE1 on cell-cycle phases of HL-60 and K562 cells --- p.95 / Chapter 3.8.4 --- Effect of HWE2 on cell-cycle phases of HL-60 and K562 cells --- p.98 / Chapter 3.8.5 --- Effect of HWE3 on cell-cycle phases of HL-60 and K562 cells --- p.102 / Chapter 3.8.6 --- Summary --- p.105 / Chapter 3.9 --- The effect of PTR extracts on expression of cellular proteins involved in cell-cycle control and apoptotic pathway in HL-60 cells --- p.106 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in HL-60 cells treated with PTR extracts --- p.106 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Expression of cyclins and Cdks in HL-60 cells by PTR extracts --- p.115 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- The plausible antiproliferative mechanism(s) involved in PTR extracts on HL-60 cells --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusions and Future works --- p.120 / Chapter 4.1 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 4.2 --- Future works --- p.122 / References --- p.124 / Related Publications --- p.144

Ganoderma lucidum is one of most popular medicinal mushrooms in oriental countries. The medicinal properties of Ganoderma lucidum in the treatment of various diseases have been documented for hundreds of years. In recent years, more and more attentions are paid on the studies of the action mechanisms of bioactive compounds purified from this mushroom. / In conclusion, the Ganoderma steroids EP and 9(11)-DHEP can induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in susceptible cancer cells via the mitochondria-mediated pathway. In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that these two fungal steroids have the potential to be used as natural chemopreventive agents. / Keywords: Ergosterol peroxide, 9(11)-dehydroergosterol peroxide, Ganoderma lucidum, Mycelia, Antitumor activity, Apoptosis / The antiproliferative activities of EP and 9(11)-DHEP were studied by flow cytometry. Exposure of cancer cells with these two fungal steroids resulted in an accumulation of cell population at the subG1 phase in a dosage- and time-dependent manner, indicating the induction of apoptotic cell death. Morphological apoptotic changes in HepG2 cells and A375 cells were observed using TUNEL assay and Annexin-V-FLUOS assay. The signaling pathway in apoptotic cell death induced by EP and 9(11)-DHEP involved the activation of caspase 3, 7 and 9, followed by the cleavage of PARP. In Colo201 cells, a change in the ratio of expression levels of Bcl-2/Bax was observed in cells treated with EP and 9(11)-DHEP. In A375 cells, exposure to EP and 9(11)-DHEP resulted in the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, the down-regulation of Mcl-1 and a slight up-regulation of Bak in a dosage-dependent manner. All these results indicated that apoptotic cell death in susceptible cancer cells induced by EP and 9(11)-DHEP was via the mitochondria-mediated pathway. / The in vivo antitumor activity of EP was demonstrated. EP was shown to suppress the growth of A375 cells in a nude mice xenograft model. Further studies showed that EP induced the cleavage of PARP and enhanced the total caspase 7 gene expression in the tumor cells. / Triterpenes and steroids are two important classes of Ganoderma lucidum metabolites of low molecular mass that are responsible for the antitumor activities of the mushroom. In this study, two fungal steroids, namely, 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (ergosterol peroxide (EP)) and 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3beta-ol (9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide (9(11)-DHEP)) were purified from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum grown under submerged culture using activity-guided purification procedures against human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. In addition to MCF-7 cells, both of these two fungal steroids showed antiproliferative activities against other human cancer cells including hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, colorectal carcinoma Colo201 cells, esophageal squamous carcinoma KYSE cells and malignant melanoma A375 cells. However, EP and 9(11)-DHEP were less toxic to MCF-10-2A, non-tumorigenic human epithelial cells, and the normal human skin fibroblast Hs68 cells. / Zheng, Lin. / Adviser: Y. S. Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 71-01, Section: B, page: 0253. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-176). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

胰腺癌是一種死亡率極高的癌症, 據統計在所有的種族和性別中能達到五年存活的胰腺癌患者僅有5.5%。在現有醫學的治療方法中，除了手術切除之外，化學療法依然是主要的應對之策。接受胰腺癌切除術後的無瘤患者的生存期中位數和以現代一線化療藥吉西他濱治療的胰腺癌患者的生存期分別為13.4和6.9月。因此, 臨床上迫切需求更有效治療胰腺癌的新藥物。 / 我們從中藥鴉膽子中分離出了10種不同的化學單體。經過在人類胰腺癌細胞Capan-2上進行的細胞毒性篩選後, 發現Brucein D （BD）擁有最強的胰腺癌細胞毒性作用。我們目前的體外與體內實驗的目標是對BD可能具備的抗胰腺癌活性進行深入評估, 並進一步揭示其作用機理。 / 體外實驗研究表明BD可以極大程度上抑制Capan-2細胞生長, 同時對於人類肝細胞WRL68和人類胰腺幹細胞PPC僅存在很輕微的毒性作用。BD的抑制細胞生長作用和喜樹堿相當, 但顯著強於一線抗胰腺癌藥吉西他濱作。實驗中我們發現在BD作用的Capan-2細胞的線粒體膜電位被減弱, 其減弱程度與BD的濃度存在一定的劑量依賴性。另外, 被BD處理後的Capan-2細胞中的Bcl-2表達減弱, 與此同時capase 9和caspase 3的表達呈顯著性加強。除此之外, BD可以導致基因DNA破碎, 增加Capan-2細胞處於細胞凋亡期的數量, 而且處於凋亡期細胞的數量與BD存在劑量依賴性。 / 我們建立起原位型胰腺癌裸鼠模型並利用其進行體內實驗研究。研究結果顯示, BD治療組裸鼠的存活率遠遠大於吉西他濱治療組。此外, 與磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水注射組比較, BD治療組可以極大程度的減輕腫瘤的重量和減小腫瘤的體積。與此同時, 血液生化分析結果表明BD可以明顯降低CA19-9在血液中的表達。螢光免疫檢驗法結果揭示BD能夠調低CA19-9和Ki-67在胰腺腫瘤組織中的表達。蛋白質印記分析的結果也顯示BD治療後可以增強胰腺腫瘤組織中caspase 3, 8, 9的表達, 而減弱IKKα和NF-κB p65的表達。另外, 通過ELISA分析後顯示, BD治療明顯降低了NF-κB p65在細胞質與細胞核中的表達, 其表達程度與BD的濃度成反比。 / 綜上所述, 我們目前的體外和體內研究表明, BD作為一種存在于天然中藥中的化學單體具有很好的抗胰腺癌的潛質, 值得進一步研究和開發, 使之成為臨床治療胰腺癌的一種安全有效的新藥物。 / Pancreatic adenocarcinoma has a high morbidity and mortality rate in cancers as it possesses only 5.5% of 5-year survival rate for all races and both sexes. The median disease-free survival following complete resection of the pancreatic tumor and adjuvant chemotherapy with the first-line chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine is 13.4 and 6.9 months, respectively. There issued an urgent need for alternative effective agents to producing a better clinical outcome for the management of this deadly disease. / Previous studies in our research group have shown that the fruit of Brucea javanica L. exhibited potent anti-pancreatic cancer activity. In the current project, ten chemical compounds were isolated from this Chinese herb and screened for their cytotoxicity against cultured Capan-2 cells, a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. Among these compounds, Brucein D (BD) exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity. Further in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the potential anti-pancreatic cancer activity of BD and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. / In the In vitro study, BD was found to significantly inhibit the growth of Capan-2 cells, while exerting only modest cytotoxicity on human hepatocyte WRL68 cells and human pancreatic progenitor PPC cells. The anti-proliferative effects of BD were comparable to those exhibited by camptothecin and gemcitabine. We found a dose-dependent decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential in BD-treated Capan-2 cells. In addition, BD exposure was able to attenuate the expression of Bcl-2 and significantly accentuate the expression of both caspase 9 and caspase 3. Moreover, BD was capable of inducing the fragmentation of genomic DNA while increasing the percentage of Capan-2 cells in the apoptotic phase and the quantity of apoptosis cells was observed in a dose- dependent manner. / A mouse model of orthotopic pancreatic cancer was established for the in vivo experiments. The results demonstrated that the BD-treated groups had a higher survival rate than that the gemcitabine-treated groups. Moreover, it was found that BD treatments significantly reduced the tumor weight and volume when compared with those of PBS injected group. Meanwhile, blood biochemistry analyses showed that BD significantly decreased the expression of CA19-9 (a tumor mark). Immunofluorescence study also revealed that BD could down-regulate the expression of both CA19-9 and Ki-67 in pancreatic tumor tissues. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that BD treatments could accentuate the expression of caspases 3, 8, 9 and decreased the expression of IKKα and NF-κB p65 in total. Moreover, BD attenuated the expression of NF-κB p65 in both cytoplasmic and nuclear factions of the tumor tissues as detected by ELISA kit, and the expression rate was inversely proportional to the doses of BD used. / Taken these data together, our in vitro and in vivo studies have successfully demonstrated that BD, a naturally occurring chemical compound from Fructus Bruceae, is a promising anti-pancreatic cancer agent worthy of further development into pharmaceutical agent for pancreatic cancer. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Liu, Ling. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-253). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.IV / PUBLICATIONS --- p.VI / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.X / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.XI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XIX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XXIII / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XXV / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Pancreas --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Gross anatomy --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Microscopic anatomy --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Acini cells --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Duct cells --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Stroma --- p.14 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Islets cells --- p.15 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pancreatic diseases --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2 --- Pancreatic Cancer --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Risk factors --- p.32 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and staging --- p.34 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Types of pancreas tumor --- p.42 / Chapter 1.3 --- Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer --- p.47 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Treatment for localized disease --- p.49 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Treatment for locally advanced disease --- p.50 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Treatment for metastatic disease --- p.52 / Chapter 1.4 --- Molecular Targets for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy --- p.56 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Mechanisms of apoptosis --- p.56 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Roles of mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis --- p.58 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- NF-κB activation on cancers --- p.59 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- CA19-9 as a therapeutic target for Pancreatic Cancer --- p.62 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Ki-67 is associated with for cellular proliferation --- p.64 / Chapter 1.5 --- Applications of Chinese Medicine in Cancer Treatment --- p.66 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Background of traditional Chinese medicine --- p.66 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chinese medicine herbs commonly used for cancer treatment --- p.67 / Chapter 1.6 --- Mouse Models of Pancreatic Cancer --- p.75 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Anatomy of pancreas in mouse --- p.75 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Pancreatic cancer models --- p.77 / Chapter 1.7 --- Hypothesis and Objectives of the Study --- p.83 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- ANTI-PANCREATIC CANCER EFFECTS OF TEN CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM FRUCTUS BRUCEAE ON CULTURED CAPAN-2 CELLS / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Brucea javanica L. Merr --- p.86 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The fruit of Brucea javanica --- p.88 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Used of Fructus Bruceae to treat cancers by Chinese medicine practitioners --- p.90 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Biological activities of some chemical compounds from Brucea javanica --- p.90 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Chemical structure of ten compounds isolated from Fructus Bruceae --- p.92 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.96 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Plant material --- p.96 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extratcion, fractionation, isolate and characterization --- p.96 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- General procedures on structural elucidation and phytochemical work --- p.100 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Preparation of solutions of tern chemical compounds derived from Fructus Bruceae --- p.101 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- General cell culture methods --- p.101 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Selection of appropriate seeding density of Capan-2 cells --- p.102 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Cytotoxicity evaluation by SRB assay --- p.102 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical analyses --- p.103 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.105 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Seletion of appropriate seeding density of Capan-2 cells --- p.105 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- IC₅₀ values of ten tested compounds and chemical structures --- p.107 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.111 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- INVOLVEMENT OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL PATHWAY IN BRUCEIN D-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN CAPAN-2 CELLS / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.116 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.117 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General cell culture --- p.117 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cytotoxicity assay --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Proliferation assay --- p.120 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Hoechest fluorescence staining for morphological evaluation --- p.121 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry --- p.122 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Quantitative analysis of apoptosis by Annexin V-PI staining assay --- p.122 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Estimation of the changes of MMP on BD-treated Capan-2 cells --- p.123 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Western blot analysis --- p.124 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Statistical analyses --- p.125 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.126 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- BD significantly inhibited the proliferation of Capan-2 cells --- p.126 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- BD was less cytotoxic on cultured WRL68 and PPC cells than that of controls --- p.128 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- BD induced DNA condensation in Capan-2 cells --- p.131 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- BD induced an increase in the percentage of subG1 phase (apoptotic cells) --- p.133 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- BD dose-dependently induced cellular apoptosis to Capan-2 cells --- p.136 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- The MMP of Capan-2 cells were significantly attenuated by BD treatment --- p.139 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- BD increased the expression of apoptotic caspases in Capan-2 cells --- p.142 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.144 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- BRUCEIN D SUPPRESSES PANCREATIC TUMOR GROWTH IN AN ORTHOTOPIC MOUSE MODEL THROUGH THE CASPASE 3, 8, 9 AND NF-κB PATHWAYS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.150 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Ethics statement and animal holdings --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Cell culture --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Establishment of an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model --- p.154 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Treatment of orthotopic pancreatic cancer mice with BD --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Necropsy procedure and histological studies --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Hematoxylin-eosin staining --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Determination of CA19-9 and Ki-67 by immunofluorescence staining --- p.160 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- CA 19-9 expression in blood --- p.161 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Western blot analysis of Caspase 3,8,9, IKKα and NF-κB p65 --- p.162 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Extraction of the nucleus and cytoplasm from pancreatic tumor tissues --- p.163 / Chapter 4.2.11 --- Detection of the expression of NF-κB p65 in both cytoplasm and nuclear parts of pancreatic cancer cells --- p.165 / Chapter 4.2.12 --- Statistical analyses --- p.166 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- BD treatment enhanced the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice and significantly attenuated the tumor weight and volume --- p.167 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Histological evaluation of the pancreas and pancreatic tumor after BD treatment --- p.175 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- BD significantly decreased the expression of CA19-9 in the blood samples of the experimental mice --- p.178 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- BD down regulated the expression of CA19-9 in pancreatic tumor tissues --- p.180 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- BD down regulated the expression of Ki-67 in pancreatic tumor tissues --- p.183 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- BD accentuated the expression of Caspase3, 8, 9 and decreased the expression of NF-κB p65 --- p.186 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- BD decreased the expression of NF-κB p65 in both cytoplasm and nucleus of pancreatic tumor cells --- p.189 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.191 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE STUDIES / Chapter 5.1 --- General Discussion --- p.200 / Chapter 5.2 --- General Conclusions --- p.209 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitation of Study --- p.211 / Chapter 5.4 --- Clinical Significance of Study Results --- p.212 / Chapter 5.5 --- Future Studies --- p.214 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Investigation of the possible synergistic effect of combination of BD with gemcitabine on orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model --- p.214 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Testing BD on different animal models --- p.215 / REFERENCES / References by Alphabetical Order --- p.217

微小RNA是内源性小非编码RNA，在肿瘤生成中扮演重要角色。Brucein D(BD)是一种B. javanica果实提取物，已被报道在胰腺癌中具有抗肿瘤作用。在此研究中，我们证明了BD在体内和体外均可抑制肝癌细胞生长。为了研究BD是否通过调节微小RNA来执行其抗肿瘤功能，我们进行了一个肿瘤微小RNA定量PCR阵列谱分析。此阵列包括95个已被报道与肿瘤有关的微小RNA。通过对比BD处理前后微小RNA谱的变化，我们发现微小RNA-95在BD处理后被显著下调了。其后促凋亡的CUGBP2被确定为微小RNA-95的下游靶基因。 / 胰腺癌是一种预后很差的恶性肿瘤，常常在确诊时已发生转移。为了找出在胰腺癌转移过程中发挥决定性作用的基因，我们进行了全基因组范围的RNA干扰筛选。一个包含针对全部人类基因的shRNA文库被导入胰腺癌细胞系capan-2.然后将这些细胞移植到裸鼠的胰腺中来建立一个原位胰腺癌小鼠模型。我们的假设是下调某个基因会促使低转移潜力的capan-2细胞转移到肝脏。通过从肝转移结节中回收shRNA模板，我们找到了几个推定的转移抑制基因。其中之一，SOX9，通过体内实验验证，证明下调SOX9基因的表达可促进胰腺癌转移。 / 化疗适用于进展期胰腺癌病人。然而他们对一线化疗药吉西他滨的反应并不乐观，这进一步使胰腺癌的预后变差。我们展开了一个全基因组范围的RNA干扰筛选来确定一些在化疗耐药过程中起关键作用的基因。携带上述shRNA文库的capan-2细胞被用于吉西他滨药物处理之下的筛选。通过微阵列分析，一些基因被筛选成为可影响癌细胞对药物敏感性的潜在的靶基因。通过进一步验证，LLGL1基因被确定为在调节癌细胞对化疗敏感性过程中起重要作用的基因。 / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to play important roles in tumorigenesis. Brucein D (BD), a chemical compound isolated from Brucea javanica fruit, has previously been reported to have anti-cancer effect in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we showed that BD also inhibited the growth of liver cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate whether BD exerts its anti-cancer effect through regulation of miRNAs, we performed a cancer miRNA qPCR array profiling. From the profiling, miR-95 was found to be significantly down-regulated after BD treatment. Subsequently, a pro-apoptotic gene CUGBP2 was identified as a direct downstream target of miR-95. These findings suggested BD suppressed liver cancer cell growth through down-regulation of miR-95 and reinforcing CUGBP2. / Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy with extremely poor prognosis. It is usually diagnosed when metastases are already present. To identify genes that play critical roles in the processes of pancreatic cancer metastasis, a whole genome RNAi screening was performed. An shRNA library targeting all human genes was introduced into a human pancreatic cancer cell line capan-2. The infected cells were then transplanted into the pancreas of nude mice. Because capan-2 is of low metastatic potential, we hypothesized that knocking down of metastasis suppressor genes would facilitate capan-2 cells to spread to the liver. By retrieving shRNA templates from the liver metastatic nodules, several candidate genes were found. One of them, SOX9, has been validated as metastasis suppressor gene in vivo, implying that loss of expression of SOX9 promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis. / Chemotherapy is recommended for patients of pancreatic cancer in advanced stage. However, their response to the first-line chemotherapy drug gemcitabine is not satisfactory. A genome-wide RNAi screening was conducted to identify genes that were critical in chemotherapy resistance. Capan-2 cells containing the above shRNA library were applied for the screening under gemcitabine treatment. Through microarray analysis, a number of genes were screened as potential gemcitabine sensitivity genes. Validation experiments implied that the gene LLGL1 may play an important role in modulating pancreatic cancer cells’ sensitivity to gemcitabine. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Xia, Tian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-134). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter Abstract --- p.I / Chapter Acknowledgements --- p.V / Chapter Abbreviations --- p.VI / Chapter List of Figures --- p.XV / Chapter List of Tables --- p.XVI / Chapter Part I: --- Brucein D-modulated microRNA-95 expression inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatocellular carcinoma --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Definition and classification --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiology --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Etiology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Molecular pathogenesis of HCC --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Genomic instability --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Deregulation of key signaling pathways --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Epigenetic changes of HCC --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4.4 --- Two models of HCC pathogenesis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Therapeutic methods and prognosis of HCC --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Apoptosis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Types of cell death --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Apoptosis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Morphological features of apoptosis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Apoptosis and cancer --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- Imbalance of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- Impaired caspases activity --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- Deregulated death receptor signaling --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Cancer therapy targeting apoptotic defects --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- microRNA --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Overview --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Biogenesis and maturation of microRNA --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Gene silencing by microRNA --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- MicroRNA and cancers --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- MicroRNA’s involvement in HCC --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Involvement of miR-95 in cancer --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4 --- Brucein D --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aims of study --- p.23 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mammalian Cell Culture --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Preparation of cell stock --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cell recovery from liquid nitrogen stock --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Preparation of drugs for treatments --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Drug treatment --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Transfection of siRNA --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- MTT Assay --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.8 --- Luciferase reporter assays --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.9 --- Annexin V Assay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- In vivo mouse model --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Tunel Assay (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling Assay) --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- RNA manipulation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- RNA Isolation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Synthesis of cDNA from miRNA --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Synthesis of cDNA from RNA and quantitative PCR --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- miRNA qPCR array --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- DNA manipulation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Agarose gel electrophoresis and purification of DNA --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Restriction enzymes digestion --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Ligation of DNA fragments --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Preparation of competent E. coli cells --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Transformation of E. coli cells --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Small scale plasmid isolation from E. coli (mini-prep) --- p.38 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Brucein D inhibited the growth of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- BD induced apoptosis in HCC cells --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- miR-95 is an target of BD to modulate cell growth --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Identification of CUGBP2 as a downstream target of miR-95 --- p.55 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.60 / Chapter Part II: --- Genome-wide RNAi screening identifies tumor metastasis suppressor genes and drug sensitivity genes in pancreatic cancer --- p.65 / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.65 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pancreatic cancer --- p.65 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Overview --- p.65 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) --- p.67 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Molecular basis of PDAC --- p.67 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- KRAS --- p.67 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- TP53 --- p.68 / Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- CDKN2A --- p.69 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Gemcitabine treatment in PDAC --- p.69 / Chapter 1.2 --- Metastasis --- p.71 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Overview --- p.71 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The stepwise process of metastasis --- p.72 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Metastasis of pancreatic cancer --- p.74 / Chapter 1.3 --- SOX9 --- p.75 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of study --- p.77 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Method --- p.78 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.78 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mammalian Cell Culture --- p.78 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- MTT Assay --- p.78 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Colony formation assay --- p.79 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Wound healing assay --- p.79 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Transwell migration chamber assay --- p.80 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Immunocytochemistry --- p.80 / Chapter 2.1.7 --- Transient transfection of siRNA --- p.81 / Chapter 2.2 --- Establishment of in-vivo and in-vitro models --- p.82 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- shRNA library introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Establishment of the orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model --- p.82 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Package of lentivirus expressing shRNA --- p.83 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Generation of stable cell line expressing shRNA --- p.84 / Chapter 2.3 --- DNA manipulation --- p.84 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Large scale plasmid isolation from E. coli (maxi-prep) --- p.84 / Chapter 2.4 --- Analysis of Protein --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Preparation of protein cell lysates --- p.85 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Protein concentration determination --- p.86 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- SDS-PAGE --- p.86 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Immunoblotting (Western blotting) --- p.87 / Chapter 2.5 --- RNA manipulations --- p.88 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- RNA Isolation --- p.88 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Synthesis of cDNA from RNA and quantitative PCR --- p.89 / Chapter 2.6 --- Analysis of Clinical Samples --- p.90 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Clinical specimens --- p.90 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Immunohistochemistry --- p.90 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1 --- Genome-wide RNAi screening identifies genes as metastasis suppressors in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2 --- SOX9 is a metastasis suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3 --- Investigation into cellular functions of SOX9 --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- SOX9’s effect on cell growth --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- SOX9’s effect on cell migration --- p.105 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implication of SOX9 in human pancreatic cancer samples --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5 --- Genome-wide RNAi screening for the identification of gemcitabine sensitivity genes --- p.113 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.120 / Chapter General conclusions --- p.125

Chin, Chi Hou. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [165]-178). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract in Chinese (摘要） --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.vii / List of Figures and Tables --- p.xi / Publications --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Hematopoiesis --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Leukemia --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.2.1. --- Overview of leukemia --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.2.2. --- Symptoms and diagnosis of leukemia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.2.3. --- Classification of leukemia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.2.4. --- Epidemiology of leukemia --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.2.5. --- Conventional treatments for leukemia --- p.15 / Chapter 1.1.2.6. --- Novel approaches to leukemia treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2. --- Statins --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Overview of statins --- p.22 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Chemical structures of statins --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Pharmacokinetics of statins --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Pleiotropic effects of statins --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4.1. --- Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4.2. --- Anti-angiogenic effects of statins --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.4.3. --- Anti-tumor effects of statins --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3. --- Objectives and scope of the present study --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1. --- Materials --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Animals --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Cell lines --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- "Cell culture media, buffers and other reagents" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.1. --- Cell culture media and reagents --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.2. --- Drugs and chemicals --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.3.3. --- Reagents and buffers for primary culture --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3.4. --- Dye solutions --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.3.5. --- Reagents for cell proliferation assays --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.3.6. --- Reagents and buffers for flow cytometry --- p.44 / Chapter 2.1.3.7. --- Reagents for Hoechst staining --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.3.8. --- Reagents and buffers for DNA isolation --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.3.9. --- Reagents and buffers for DNA agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.1.3.10. --- Reagents and buffers for Cell Death ELISA --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.3.11. --- Reagents and buffers for measuring caspase activity --- p.51 / Chapter 2.1.3.12. --- Reagents and buffers for Western blotting --- p.55 / Chapter 2.1.3.13. --- Reagents for determining nitric oxide production --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2. --- Methods --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Culture of tumor cell lines --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- "Isolation, preparation and culture of murine peritoneal macrophages" --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity studies --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- In vivo tumorigenicity study --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- Cell cycle profile and flow cytometric analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.6. --- Hoechst staining --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.7. --- DNA fragmentation analysis --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.8. --- Cell Death ELISA --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.9. --- Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.10. --- Measurement of caspase activity --- p.73 / Chapter 2.2.11. --- Protein expression study --- p.75 / Chapter 2.2.12. --- Cell morphological staining --- p.80 / Chapter 2.2.13. --- Cell size and granularity analysis by flow cytometry --- p.81 / Chapter 2.2.14. --- Determination of nitric oxide production by macrophages --- p.81 / Chapter 2.2.15. --- Statistical analysis --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Anti-Proliferative Effect of Statins on Myeloid Leukemia Cells / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2. --- Results --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Anti-proliferative effect of statins on various murine and human myeloid leukemia cells --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Cytotoxicity of fluvastatin on murine myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Cytotoxicity of fluvastatin on primary murine myeloid cells --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Kinetic and reversibility studies on the anti-proliferative effect of fluvastatin on WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.5. --- Relationship between the anti-proliferative effect of fluvastatin and the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.102 / Chapter 3.2.6. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the in vivo tumorigenicity of WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.7. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the cell cycle profile of WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.108 / Chapter 3.2.8. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins inWEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3. --- Discussion --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Apoptosis- and Differentiation-inducing Effects of Fluvastatin on Murine Myelomonocytic Leukemia WEHI-3B JCS Cells / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2. --- Results --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Induction of chromatin condensation in WEHI-3B JCS cells by fluvastatin --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Induction of DNA fragmentation in WEHI-3B JCS cells by fluvastatin --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the mitochondrial membrane potential in WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.134 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the caspase activities in WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.5. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the expression of pro-apoptotic protein AIF in WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.144 / Chapter 4.2.6. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the morphology of WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.147 / Chapter 4.2.7. --- Effect of fluvastatin on the cell size and granularity of WEHI-3B JCS cells --- p.149 / Chapter 4.2.8. --- Immunomodulation of murine peritoneal macrophages by fluvastatin --- p.151 / Chapter 4.3. --- Discussion --- p.153 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future Perspectives --- p.160 / References --- p.165

Chau, Hiu Yan Anita. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction on mushroom life cycle --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction of mushroom sclerotium --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Different extraction methods of mushroom polysaccharides --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Bioactivities of mushroom polysaccharides and factors affecting their biological activities --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Molecular weight --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Linkages --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Branching rate --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Conformation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Mechanisms for antitumor activites of mushrooms polysaccharides.… --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Cancer-preventing activity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Immuno-enhancing activity (BRM) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Direct tumor inhibition activity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Cell cycle regulation and induction of apoptosis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- The cell cycle machinery --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Cell cycle arrest and regulation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Apoptosis and regulation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7 --- Literature review on Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Introduction of Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Antitumor effect of mushroom polysaccharides isolated from different developmental stages of Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7.2.1 --- Sclerotium --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7.2.2 --- Mycelium --- p.19 / Chapter 1.7.2.3 --- Culture medium --- p.19 / Chapter 1.7.2.4 --- Fruiting body --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8 --- Literature review on Size reduction process --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Introduction of micron technology --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.1.1 --- Ball milling --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8.1.2 --- Jet milling --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8.1.3 --- High-pressure micronizing --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8.1.4 --- Oscillatory milling --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Effect of particle sizes on physicochemical properties and biological activities of plant materials --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8.2.1 --- Physicochemical properties --- p.24 / Chapter 1.8.2.2 --- Biochemical activities --- p.24 / Chapter 1.9 --- Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mushroom sclerotia --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Micronisation --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cell lines --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Antibodies --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Animal model --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Micronisation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Hot water extraction for mushroom sclerotia --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Measurement of monosaccharide profile --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Acid deploymerisation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Neutral sugar derivatization --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Gas chromatography (GC) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Total sugar content by Phenol-sulphuric acid Method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Acidic sugar content by measuring uronic acid content --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Protein content by Lowry-Folin Method --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Size exclusion chromatography by high pressure liquid chromatograhy (HPLC) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- In vitro antitumor assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.8.1 --- Trypan blue exclusion assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.8.2 --- MTT Assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Cell cycle analysis by Flow Cytometry --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Protein expression involved in apoptosis --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Cell lysates preparation --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- Determination of protein concentrations --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Western blot --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- In vivo antitumor assay --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.11.1 --- BALB/c mice --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.11.2 --- Athymic nude mice --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Statistical methods --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1 --- Yield of hot water-soluble extracts from Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chemical composition of hot water-soluble extracts from PTR --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Total carbohydrate content --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Uronic acid content --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Protein content --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- Monosaccharide profiles of hot water-soluble extracts from PTR by gas chromatography (GC) --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4 --- Molecular weight profile of hot water-soluble extracts from PTR by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5 --- Antitumor effects of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- In vitro antiproliferation study --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- In vitro antiproliferation study by HL-60 --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- In vitro antiproliferation study by THP-1 --- p.75 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- In vitro antiproliferation study by MCF-7 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- In vitro antiproliferation study by K562 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5.1.5 --- In vitro antiproliferation study by SI80 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.1.6 --- In vitro antiproliferation study by normal cells --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.1.7 --- Dose-response relationship between hot water-soluble extract from PTR and tumor cell inhibition --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- In vivo antitumor study --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- BALB/c mice --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Athymic nude mice --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6 --- Flow cytometric analysis of tumor cells treated by various hot wter-soluble extracts from PTR --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Antiproliferative effect of various hot water-soluble extracts from 10PTR on HL-60 --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Antiproliferative effect of various hot water-soluble extracts from 10PTR on THP-1 --- p.93 / Chapter 3.7 --- Effects of various hot water-soluble extracts from 10PTR on expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in HL-60 cells --- p.99 / Chapter 3.8 --- "Correlation between particle size, structure and antitumor activity of mushroom sclerotial extracts" --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Conclusions and Future Works --- p.105 / List of References --- p.109 / Related Publications --- p.123