Grâce aux récents progrès dans le domaine de la nanofabrication, la réalisation de structures photoniques a été rendue possible, permettant le contrôle de rayonnements lumineux utiles en tant que vecteurs d'informations ou pour la collecte de l'énergie. Ce manuscrit de thèse rassemble les études menées en collaboration avec Thalès Optronique sur deux démonstrateurs du projet ANR NPOEM, dont l'objectif est de réaliser des structures photoniques sur substrats souples par nanoimpression. Le premier démonstrateur consiste en un antireflet utilisant le domaine de résonance de réseaux de diffraction bipériodiques composés de motifs pyramidaux. Des réseaux de structures coniques à méplat lisse, structuré ou rugueux ont été modélisés par FDTD et RCWA, réalisées en collaboration avec le LTM et le CEA Liten, puis caractérisés à l'IM2NP. Les performances antireflets obtenues sont remarquables (réflectivité inférieure à 2% en incidence normale) et s'étendent sur une très large gamme spectrale du visible à l'infrarouge. Le second démonstrateur présente une fonction de filtrage de type passe-bas dans le visible et l'infrarouge. Une étude de plusieurs structures résonnantes de type métamatériaux (croix métalliques, empilement métal-diélectrique-métal, cônes métalliques et plaque métallique perforée) a montré les phénomènes de propagation singuliers liées aux petites dimensions (modes de bord, ondes de surface et couplages de proximité) et a conduit à la réalisation finale d'un filtre flexible et de large surface présentant les propriétés souhaitées. Les composants photoniques réalisés dans cette thèse trouvent leurs applications dans les domaines de la furtivité et du solaire thermique. / Thanks to recent advances in nanofabrication, the realization of photonic structures was possible, allowing the control of light as an information vector or for energy harvesting. This PhD thesis adresses the studies carried out in collaboration with Thales Optronics on two demonstrators for the ANR NPOEM research project, whose objective is to fabricate photonic structures on flexible substrates by nanoimprint technology. The first demonstrator consists of an antireflective coating using resonance phenomena within biperiodic diffraction gratings. Conical structures with flat, rough or patterned tops were modeled by FDTD and RCWA, carried out in collaboration with the CEA Liten LTM and then characterized at the IM2NP institute. The antireflective performances obtained are remarkable (reflection coefficient lower than 2 % at normal incidence) and extend over a wide spectral range from the visible to the infrared region. The second demonstrator presents a low-pass type filtering function at optical and infrared frequencies. A study of several resonant structures such as metamaterials (metallic crosses, metal-dielectric-metal stack, metallic cones and perforated plates) showed singular propagation phenomena related to small dimensions (modes, surface waves and proximity coupling) and led to the completion of a large surface, flexible filter demonstrating the desired properties. The photonic components made during this thesis have applications in the stealth and thermal solar domains.

The self-assembly of isotropic and anisotropic colloidal particles into higher-ordered structures has been of great interest recently due to the promise of creating metamaterials with novel macroscopic properties. The physicochemical properties of these metamaterials can be tailored to achieve composites with tunable functionalities. The formation of these metamaterials can be used as a pathway to emulating advanced biological systems. In particular, synthetically mimicking the surface of a moth’s eye, which consists of arrays of ellipsoidal protuberances, can be used as a strategy for fabricating antireflective coatings. To enable this technology, it is necessary to design a synthesis scheme that produces micron-sized composite particles with tunable refractive index. In the future, the resulting composite microparticles can then undergo geometric and spatial modifications to form self-assemblies that have unique macroscopic material properties. This research work delineates a strategy of developing microparticles with a hybrid configuration that constitutes an inorganic and an organic part. The inorganic part comprises ~30 nm diameter titania (TiO2) nanoparticles, which are embedded within an organic polymer particle comprised of diethyl methylene malonate polymer [p(DEMM)]. Anionic polymerization is modified to controllably incorporate TiO2 nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. A design of experiments was identified and carried out to identify the major process variables that influence the final particle size. In particular, since DEMM polymerization may be initiated entirely by the presence of hydroxyl anions, pH was found to control the final overall particle diameter between 300 nm and 1 micrometer. The overall inorganic particle loading can be readily modified and is confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, allowing for the desired macroscopic refractive index to be controlled. Light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and zeta potential analysis reveals that the colloidal stability of the hybrid microparticles is dependent on the ligand coating the inorganic constituent. In addition, this synthetic scheme is applied to different inorganic constituents that have interesting functionalities, such as fluorescent CdTe quantum dots, in order to show the methods versatility method to produce composite particles for a wide spectrum of applications. These initial investigations provide a the synthetic groundwork to evaluating the coating properties of the microparticles and their self-assembly into novel materials in the future.

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In order to improve the efficiency of various optical surfaces, optical coatings are used. Optical coating is a process of depositing a thin layer of a material on an optical component such as mirror or lens to change reflectance or transmittance. There are two main types of coatings namely / reflective and antireflective (AR) Coatings. Reflective and antireflective coatings have long been developed for a variety of applications in all aspects of use / for optical and electro-optical systems in telecommunications, medicine, military products and space applications. In this thesis, the main properties of reflective and antireflective coatings, the thin film deposition techniques, suitable coating materials for space applications, space environment effects on coating materials and coating design examples which are developed using MATLAB for space applications will be discussed.