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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The effects of pathogens, UV-B radiation, and introduced species on amphibians in the Pacific Northwest

Kiesecker, Joseph Michael 29 May 1997 (has links)
I examined two amphibian communities to assess factors that may impact amphibian biodiversity. The results suggest that the potential factors which influence the maintenance of amphibian biodiversity are multi-faceted and thus, attempts to understand these factors must reflect these complexities. I investigated factors that influenced the susceptibility of western toad (Bufo boreas), Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), and Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) embryos to infection with the fungal pathogen Saprolegnia ferax. I found that there were considerable interspecific differences in susceptibility of anuran embryos to infection with Saprolegnia. Interspecific differences can be attributed to differences in egg-laying behavior and sensitivity to ambient levels of ultraviolet radiation. I studied the effect of Saprolegnia on competitive interactions between larval R. cascadae and H. regilla. The presence of Saprolegnia differentially affected larval recruitment of the two species and mediated competitive interactions. These results suggest that pathogens may have strong effects on species interactions and thus, when present may have strong influences on community composition. I examined population differences in response of native red-legged frogs (R. aurora) to introduced bullfrogs (R. catesbeiana). Syntopic R. aurora tadpoles reduced their activity and increased their refuge-use when presented with the chemical cues of R. catesbeiana, whereas allotopic R. aurora did not. Predation by R. catesbeiana was lower for syntopic R. aurora compared with animals from allotopic populations. Individuals that are unfamiliar with novel, introduced organisms may not possess adaptations that would prevent a negative encounter. In field experiments I demonstrated that introduced R. catesbeiana, and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui, influenced the microhabitat use, growth, and survival of larval and metamorphic R. aurora. These results illustrate the potential complexities of interactions between native and exotic species. These results also stress the importance of understanding the mechanisms of interactions between native and exotic species to allow for the persistence of native biodiversity. / Graduation date: 1998
2

História natural de Rhinella jimi (Anura; Bufonidae) = uma espécie invasora em Fernando de Noronha / Natural histrory of Rhinella jimi (Anura; Bufonidae) : an invasive species in Fernando de Noronha

Santos, Julia Tolledo, 1987- 19 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Luís Felipe de Toledo Ramos Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:49:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_JuliaTolledo_M.pdf: 17254442 bytes, checksum: 38a8bae2fe25ecfb35c543984ef4a2aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A introdução de espécies exóticas de anfíbios é um fator que tem se mostrado preocupante por contribuir para o desequilíbrio de comunidades animais nativas. Estas espécies além de se alimentarem de espécies nativas, podem se multiplicar rapidamente devido à ausência de predadores e competidores, podem ainda transmitir doenças às espécies nativas e causar problemas devido à hibridização com espécies aparentadas. Rhinella jimi é um Bufonidae do grupo de R. marina que foi introduzido no arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha há, no máximo, 120 anos. Esta população apresenta alta prevalência de deformidades, sendo que quase 50 % dos indivíduos adultos apresentam alguma anomalia externa. Cerca de 20 % destes possuem problemas nos olhos, sendo alguns completamente cegos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar aspectos da história natural e biologia reprodutiva da população de Rhinella jimi de Fernando de Noronha, considerando a alta prevalência de deformidades nesta população.No primeiro capítulo foi feita a descrição do estágio larval de Rhinella jimi, necessária para a avaliação de deformidades, realizada no segundo capítulo. O terceiro capítulo trata-se de um estudo da dieta desta população, baseado em dados de conteúdo estomacal complementados por análises de composição isotópica. No quarto capítulo foi feita uma investigação da forma com que os indivíduos cegos localizam e capturam as presas, bem como das possíveis consequências que os problemas de visão podem trazer para as condições físicas dos animais. No quinto capítulo foi realizado um estudo de reprodução, com descrição das vocalizações e dos comportamentos observados. Os resultados mostraram uma alta prevalência de deformidades entre os girinos, com mais da metade dos indivíduos deformados. As deformidades no estágio larval ocorrem principalmente no disco oral e estão ligadas a um menor tempo de forrageio e uma menor eficiência na aquisição de alimento. Apesar da ausência de presas no estômago de indivíduos cegos, o estudo de dieta dos adultos mostrou que estes têm a dieta mais parecida com a dos indivíduos caolhos (com apenas um olho funcional). Indivíduos caolhos e indivíduos sem deformidades (normais) apresentaram formigas como as principais presas, mas Diplopoda foi um grupo importante na dieta de caolhos, enquanto para os indivíduos normais Coleoptera se mostrou mais abundante. O comportamento alimentar diferiu entre indivíduos cegos (que caçam por espreita com base em estímulos táteis) e normais (que caçam ativamente baseados em estímulos visuais). Os problemas de visão também influenciam a massa corporal, com indivíduos cegos tendo menor massa. No estudo de reprodução observamos a ocorrência de dimorfismo sexual de tamanho (fêmeas maiores que os machos) e uma tendência ao maior esforço reprodutivo e número de ovos em indivíduos normais. Foram observadas duas estratégias reprodutivas adotadas pelos machos (tanto normais como cegos), a de vocalização e a de procura ativa por fêmeas. No geral, tanto girinos como adultos são prejudicados pelas deformações, e estas deficiências poderiam implicar em eliminação de indivíduos menos adaptados no âmbito da sua distribuição geográfica natural. No entanto, a população invasora e ilhada está conseguindo sobrevier e reproduzir com sucesso, mantendo altos níveis de deformidade / Abstract: The introduction of alien amphibian species has shown concern as it may contribute to the imbalance of native animal communities, causing environmental damage. These species feed on native species, breed rapidly due to the absence of predators and competitors, may also transmit diseases to native species and cause problems associated to hybridization with related species. Rhinella jimi is a Bufonidae of R. marina species group that was introduced in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha near 120 years ago. This population presents a high prevalence of deformities, as almost 50% of adults have some external anomaly. About 20% of them present eye problems, some being completely blind. The main objective of this research was to study the natural history and reproductive biology of the population of Rhinella jimi from Fernando de Noronha, considering the high incidence of deformities among the individuals of this population. In the first chapter we described the tadpoles of R. jimi, necessary for the assessment of deformities evaluated in the second chapter. The third chapter was a study of the diet of this population, based on data from stomach contents complemented by isotopic composition analysis. In the fourth chapter we investigated the way that blind individuals locate and capture prey, as well as the possible consequences that vision problems may have on the physical conditions of animals. The fifth chapter is a study of reproduction, with descriptions of vocalizations and behaviors. The results showed a high prevalence of deformities among tadpoles, with more than half of them being deformed. Deformities in larval stage occur mainly in the oral disc and are connected to a shorter time foraging and a lower efficiency in the acquisition of food. Despite the absence of prey in the stomach of blind subjects, the study showed that these toads have a diet similar to the half blind individuals (with only one functional eye). Half blind individuals and individuals with no deformity (normal) had ants as the main prey, but Diplopoda was an important item in the diet of half blinds, while for normal individuals Coleoptera was more abundant. The feeding behavior differed between normal and blind individuals, with blind ones using tactile stimuli and a sit-and-wait foraging strategy, and normal ones using visual stimuli and active search foraging strategy. Vision problems also affect the body mass of the toads, as blind individuals had lower body mass. We observed the occurrence of sexual dimorphism in size, with females larger than males, and a trend of higher egg production and reproductive effort in normal individuals. We observed two reproductive strategies adopted by males, both blind and normal individuals, the vocalization and the active search for females. Deformed individuals (tadpoles and adults) present disadvantages in comparison to normal ones. In all cases half blind individuals presented intermediate patterns between normal and blind ones. The extent of disadvantages observed could imply in individual elimination in the natural range of this species. However, in the island the conditions may support their existence up to successful reproduction / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

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