Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / GCN5 is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that remodels chromatin by acetylating lysine residues of histones. The GCN5 HAT identified in Toxoplasma gondii (TgGCN5) contains a unique N-terminal “extension” that bears no similarity to known proteins and is devoid of known protein motifs. The hypothesis of this thesis is the N-terminal extension is critical to the function of TgGCN5. Three possible roles of the N-terminus were investigated: nuclear localization, protein-protein interactions, and substrate recognition. Subcellular localization was determined via immunocytochemistry using parasites expressing recombinant forms of TgGCN5 fused to a FLAG tag. Initial studies performed with parasites expressing full length FLAG-TgGCN5 were positive for nuclear localization. Without the N-terminal extension (FLAG-ΔNT-TgGCN5) the protein remains cytoplasmic. Additional studies mapped a six amino acid motif (RKRVKR) as the nuclear localization signal (NLS). When RKRVKR is fused to a cytoplasmic protein, it gains access to the nucleus. Furthermore, we have established the NLS interacts with Toxoplasma importin α, a protein involved in nuclear trafficking. Interaction with importin α provides evidence that the TgGCN5 N-terminal extension is involved in mediating protein-protein interactions. In order to identify additional interacting proteins, FLAG affinity purification was performed on parasites expressing full length FLAG-TgGCN5 and FLAG-ΔNT-TgGCN5. Upon comparing the results of the two purifications, proteins captured with only full length TgGCN5 may be interacting with the N-terminal extension. Full length TgGCN5 affinity purification indicates an interaction with histone proteins, two different homologues of Ada2 (adapter protein reported to interact with GCN5 homologues), and several heat shock proteins. With regard to substrate recognition, the N-terminal extension of TgGCN5 is dispensable for the acetylation of non-nucleosomal histones in vitro. However, the lysine acetylated by TgGCN5 is surprisingly unique. Other GCN5 homologues preferentially acetylate lysine 14 in histone H3, but TgGCN5 exclusively acetylates lysine 18 in histone H3 and has no activity on lysine 14. Taken together, these results argue that the N-terminal extension of TgGCN5 is critical for mediating protein-protein interactions, including those responsible for trafficking the HAT to the parasite nucleus but does not appear to be required for the acetylation of non-nucleosomal histones.

There is little information on the distribution and diversity of Apicomplexan protozoal infections in the tissues of raptors in the United States. Protozoan encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis species and Toxoplasma gondii is being increasingly reported in raptors from various locations in the United States. To better determine the exposure of raptors to these Apicomplexan parasites, we examined breast and heart muscle tissue of raptors from the Carolina Raptor Center for the presence of Sarcocystis species, T. gondii and Neospora caninum via histology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) using DraI and HinfI enzymes (Sarocystis only). Of 187 available HandE stained tissue sections, 33 contained sarcocysts. Nineteen of these slides had a matching DNA sample to compare via PCR. Nine of these 19 were positive for Sarcocystis via ITS PCR. Using ITS PCR, we detected Sarcocystis DNA in 24 of 114 birds (21.1%). Further molecular differentiation using JNB primers showed that 9 of the 24 birds were positive for either S. neurona or S. falcatula. RFLP analysis of these 9 indicated that 4 were S. falcatula samples, and 3 were S. falcatula Arg samples that cut with both enzymes. Our Sarcocystis positive samples were also tested for S. calchasi, S. columbae and Sarcocystis sp. Ex. A. nisus using PCR primers designed for these species. These species are emerging in Europe and have already shown an expansion of their distribution. Two samples (14567 and 15203) suggestive of Sarcocystis sp. Ex. A. nisus were identified, as well as one sample (14567), which suggested the presence of S. columbae. None of these samples were confirmed by sequencing the amplicons and the other 22 samples were all negative for these parasites. Recent reports have demonstrated DNA of S. falcatula in the brain and muscles of great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) with encephalitis in rehabilitation centers in Indiana, Minnesota, and Virginia using PCR. DNA of S. calchasi has been found in CNS tissue of several species of birds suffering encephalitis in an aviary in California. Hawks (Accipiter species) are believed to be the source of infection. The prevalence of T. gondii was 18.4% (21 of 114) in these birds by PCR, but none were positive by histopathology. N. caninum prevalence in raptors has been poorly discussed in the literature. This parasite uses canids as the definitive host in its life cycle, and is considered to have a much more restricted host range than T. gondii. Thirty-five of 114 birds (30.7%) were found to be PCR positive for N. caninum, but no tissue cysts of N. caninum were observed in histological sections. Co-infection of 2 or all 3 species was detected in 16 of 114 birds (14%). This study demonstrates that there may be a higher prevalence of S. falcatula in raptors than was previously known, including more, as yet unknown, species of Sarcocystis capable of infecting raptors as intermediate hosts. Our PCR prevalence for T. gondii is similar to the serological prevalence for this parasite in raptors. The high PCR prevalence of N. caninum needs to be confirmed by sequencing the amplicons and the use of additional PCR primers. Information from the present study may help to inform zoos, aviaries and wildlife rehabilitation centers about parasite host diversity and reinforce the importance of preventative measures, such as making sure opossums (S. falcatula and S. falcatula-like), feral cats (T. gondii), and wild raptors (S. calchasi) do not have access to facilities. Insect control should also be emphasized because of their ability to serve as phoretic hosts and carry oocysts/sporocysts into zoos, aviaries, and rehabilitation centers. / Master of Science

Neospora caninum é um parasita intracelular obrigatório do filo Apicomplexa, intimamente relacionado a Toxoplasma gondii e responsável por abortamento e perda da fertilidade em bovinos, o que acarreta prejuízos significativos na pecuária mundial. Como parte de seu ciclo intracelular, a primeira interação do parasita com a célula alvo é realizada por proteínas de superfície conhecidas como superfamília SRS (Surface Antigen Glycoprotein - Related Sequences). Proteínas SRS ou SAG tem sido alvo de intensas pesquisas devido ao seu padrão imunodominante, exibindo grande potencial como ferramenta de diagnóstico e/ou candidatos vacinais. Atualmente existem cinco genes pertencentes à extensa família de proteínas SRSs descritos na literatura científica para N. caninum, dos quais dois foram caracterizados de taquizoítas por serem altamente reconhecidos por soros de animais infectados: NcSRS29B (SAG1) e NcSRS29C (SRS2). Diante disso, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar as proteínas de superfície SRS, NcSRS57 e NcSRS67. Além disso, foi obtido um panorama geral de proteínas ancoradas por GPI de N. caninum na linhagem Nc-1. Dentre os homólogos apicomplexas, NcSRS67 apresentou maior identidade e similaridade com Hammondia hammondi (HHA_450490), enquanto NcSRS57 revelou maior identidade e similaridade com Toxoplasma gondii (TgSRS57). NcSRS67 e NcSRS57 apresentaram a terceira maior semelhança entre os homólogos envolvidos no alinhamento estrutural. Estas duas proteínas SRS possuem doze resíduos de cisteína conservados que por predição formam seis pontes dissulfeto distribuídas em dois domínios SRS (D1 e D2), formando sanduiches de folhas ? e ? hélices associadas entre si. A sequência codificadora de NcSRS67 (sem o peptídeo sinal e sem a âncora GPI) foi clonada e expressa constitutivamente no plasmídeo pCR-Blunt II-TOPO-His6x. A forma nativa de NcSRS67 apresentou massa molecular de 35 kDa (predito 30.6 kDa sem peptídeo sinal e sem âncora GPI). A sequência rNcSRS57 (sem o peptídeo sinal e sem a âncora GPI) foi clonada em pET32, entretanto apenas um fragmento de 92 pb foi traduzido em relação a sequência clonada de 1074pb, devido a presença de stop códon oculto. Este evento gerou rNcSRS57 com massa molecular abaixo do esperado (19,5 kDa). NcSRS57 nativa apresentou massa de 43 kDa (predito sem peptídeo sinal e sem âncora GPI 31.14 kDa). Os efeitos inibitórios dos anticorpos policlonais anti-rNcSRS67, anti-rNcSRS57 e a associação destes sobre a adesão/invasão de taquizoítas foram investigados in vitro, resultando em uma inibição de 20% para o anticorpo anti-rNcSRS67, 16% para o anticorpo anti-rNcSRS57 e 11% para a associação destes dois anticorpos. NcSRS67 foi localizada sobre parte da superfície de taquizoítas, ao contrário de NcSRS57, que abrangeu toda a área da superfície destes parasitas. Apesar das inúmeras tentativas, as formas nativas de NcSRS67 e NcSRS57 obtidas por eletroforese 2D não foram identificadas por MS/MS. O tratamento de taquizoítas de N. caninum com a enzima fosfolipase C fosfatidilinositol (PI-PLC) específica, seguido de análises por MS/MS também gerou a identificação de proteínas de N. caninum, ii dentre elas as proteínas mais abundantes já identificadas no secretoma de N. caninum, NcSRS29B (SAG1) e NcSRS29C (SRS2). Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos neste estudo agregam conhecimentos sobre o parasita N. caninum e revelam-se úteis na busca e seleção de novos alvos a serem investigados contra a neosporose. / Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite of the Apicomplexa phylum, closely related to Toxoplasma gondii and responsible for abortion and loss of fertility in cattle, resulting in significant losses in the worldwide livestock. As part of its intracellular cycle, the first interaction of the parasite with the target cell is performed by surface proteins known as SRS superfamily (Surface Antigen Glycoprotein - Related Sequences). SRS or SAG proteins have been subject of intensive research due to their immunodominant pattern, exhibiting great potential as a diagnostic tool and/or vaccine candidates. Currently there are five genes belonging to the SRS family of proteins described in the scientific literature for N. caninum. Two of these genes were isolated from tachyzoites due to their high sera reactivity of infected animals: NcSRS29B (SAG1) and NcSRS29C (SRS2). Therefore, this work was carried out with the aim of characterizing SRS surface proteins, NcSRS57 and NcSRS67. In addition, we have performed an overview of N. caninum GPI anchored proteins in the Nc-1 lineage. Our results showed that; among the apicomplexan homologues, NcSRS67 presented higher identity and similarity with Hammondia hammondi (HHA_450490), while NcSRS57 revealed greater identity and similarity with Toxoplasma gondii (TgSRS57). NcSRS67 and NcSRS57 presented the third major similarity between the homologues involved in the structural alignment. These two SRS proteins have twelve conserved cysteine residues predicted to form six disulfide bonds distributed in two SRS domains (D1 and D2), forming ?-sheet sandwiches and ?-helices associated with each other. The coding sequence of NcSRS67 (without the signal peptide and without the GPI anchor) was cloned and constitutively expressed in the plasmid pCR-Blunt II-TOPO-His6x. The native form of NcSRS67 has a molecular mass of 35 kDa (predicted 30.6 kDa without signal peptide and without the GPI anchor). The rNcSRS57 sequence (without the signal peptide and without the GPI anchor) was cloned into pET32, however only a 92 bp fragment was translated in contrast to the cloned sequence of 1074 bp, due to the presence of a hidden stop codon. This event generated rNcSRS57 with molecular mass lower than expected (19.5 kDa). Native NcSRS57 has 43 kDa mass (predicted without signal peptide and without GPI anchor 31.14 kDa). The inhibitory effects of the anti-rNcSRS67 polyclonal antibodies, anti-rNcSRS57 and the association of both on the adhesion/invasion of tachyzoites were investigated in vitro, resulting in a 20% inhibition for the anti-rNcSRS67 antibody, 16% rNcSRS57 and 11% for the association. NcSRS67 was localized on part of the surface of tachyzoites, unlike NcSRS57, which covered the entire surface area of these parasites. Despite of the iv numerous attempts, native forms of NcSRS67 and NcSRS57 obtained by 2D electrophoresis were not identified by MS/MS. The treatment of N. caninum tachyzoites with the specific phospholipase C phosphatidylinositol (PI-PLC) enzyme, followed by MS/MS analysis also generated the identification of N. caninum proteins, among them the most abundant proteins already identified in the secretome of N. caninum, NcSRS29B (SAG1) and NcSRS29C (SRS2). Thus, the results obtained in this study increase the knowledge of the parasite N. caninum and demonstrate to be useful in the search and selection of new targets to be investigated against neosporosis.

Toxoplasma gondii ist ein obligat intrazellulärer protozoischer Parasit, der Toxoplasmose beim Menschen und bei Warmblütern verursacht. Die Signalübertragung durch zyklische Nukleotide ist entscheidend für das erfolgreiche intrazelluläre Überleben und die Vermehrung der Parasiten. Hier haben wir die physiologische und biochemische Bedeutung der wesentlichen Phosphodiesterasen (PDEs) in Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoiten untersucht. Durch C-terminale Markierung von 18 PDEs konnten wir die Expression von 11 PDEs nachweisen. Die Immunogold-Färbung zeigte, dass TgPDE1, TgPDE2 und TgPDE9 im gesamten Parasitenkörper verteilt sind, einschließlich des inneren Membrankomplexes, des apikalen Pols, der Plasmamembran, des Zytosols, der dichten Granula und der Rhoptry, was auf eine räumliche Kontrolle der Signalübertragung innerhalb der Tachyzoiten hindeutet. Anschließend stellten wir fest, dass die meisten Enzyme berüchtigte dual-spezifische Phosphodiesterasen sind, wobei TgPDE2 anders als T.gondii cAMP-spezifisch ist, während T.gondii keine cGMP-spezifische Phosphodiesterase besitzt. Unsere enzymkinetischen Daten zeigen, dass TgPDE2 die höchste Affinität zu seinem Substrat aufweist, während die dualen PDEs (TgPDE1, TgPDE7 und TgPDE9) eine höhere Affinität zu cGMP als zu cAMP haben. Ein Screening der Hemmung gängiger PDE-Inhibitoren auf TgPDEs ergab, dass TgPDE1 das Ziel von BIPPO und Zaprinast ist. Darüber hinaus ergab die biologische Bedeutung, dass TgPDE1 und TgPDE2 einzeln für das Wachstum des Parasiten notwendig sind und ihr Verlust zum Tod des Parasiten führt, was auf ihre funktionelle Redundanz hindeutet. Darüber hinaus identifizierten wir Kinasen und Phosphatasen innerhalb der TgPDE1- und TgPDE2-Interaktome, die die enzymatische Aktivität über Protein-Protein-Interaktionen oder posttranslationale Modifikationen steuern könnten. Insgesamt unterstreichen unsere Erkenntnisse über die subzelluläre Lokalisierung, die katalytische Funktion, die medikamentöse Hemmung und die physiologische Bedeutung der wichtigsten Phosphodiesterasen die unvorhersehbare Plastizität und das therapeutische Potenzial der zyklischen Nukleotid-Signalübertragung in T. gondii. Der Datensatz der cAMP-bindenden Interaktoren, den wir in einem anderen Aspekt dieser Studie offengelegt haben, wird wertvolle Einblicke in die allgegenwärtige Natur der cAMP-vermittelten Signalübertragung in T. gondii Tachyzoiten liefern. / Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in human and warm-blood organisms. Cyclic nucleotide signaling is crucial for the successful intracellular survival and replication of the parasites. Here, we dissected the physiological and biochemical importance of the essential phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite. By C-terminal tagging of 18 PDEs, we detected the expression of 11 PDEs. Immunogold staining revealed that TgPDE1, TgPDE2 and TgPDE9 are distributed throughout the parasite body, including the inner membrane complex, the apical pole, the plasma membrane, the cytosol, dense granules, and rhoptry, suggesting the spatial control of signaling within tachyzoites. Subsequently, we identified that most enzymes are notorious dual-specific phosphodiesterases, and TgPDE2 is cAMP specific differently, whilst T.gondii lacks of cGMP specific phosphodiesterase. Our enzyme kinetic data demonstrated that the highest affinity to its substrate belongs to TgPDE2, while the dual PDEs (TgPDE1, TgPDE7 and TgPDE9) have higher affinity with cGMP than cAMP. Inhibition screening of commonly-used PDE inhibitors on TgPDEs, signifying TgPDE1 as the target of BIPPO and zaprinast. Furthermore, the biological significance revealed TgPDE1 and TgPDE2 are individually necessary for parasite growth, and their loss associatively results in parasite death, implying their functional redundancy. In addition, we identified kinases and phosphatases within the TgPDE1 and TgPDE2 interactomes, which may operate the enzymatic activity via protein-protein interactions or posttranslational modifications. Collectively, our findings on subcellular localization, catalytic function, drug inhibition, and physiological relevance of major phosphodiesterases highlight the unforeseeable plasticity and therapeutic potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling in T. gondii. The data set of cAMP-binding interactors, which we disclosed in another aspect of this study, will provide valuable insight into the pervasive nature of cAMP-mediated signaling in T. gondii tachyzoites.

Terrapins are one of the most endangered vertebrate groups, with almost half of the more than 300 extant species threatened with extinction. This study was conducted to investigate parasite host-switching from the invasive American Red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, to the native Mediterranean pond terrapin, Mauremys leprosa in natural environments in southern France and Spain. The study also included a risk assessment approach that was developed to assess the viability of the native M. leprosa terrapins in a small river of southern France. The diversity of haemogregarine parasites within South African terrapins was also explored. The thesis is structured as follows: CHAPTER 1 gives a broad introduction to reptiles and chelonians as well as the importance of chelonians in ecosystems with emphasis to the threats that are driving terrapins to decline. The various terrapin species examined during this study as well as the parasite groups of interest (Monogenea and Apicomplexa) are also discussed in detail. CHAPTER 2 documents the extent of platyhelminth invasions from T. s. elegans to natural M. leprosa populations in northern Spain and southern France. From DNA barcoding analysis based on the sequencing of the Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene, the inferred Minimum Evolution tree and p-distance comparisons of closely related haplotypes revealed a greater polystome richness within M. leprosa than expected, suggesting that host switching may take place in natural environments. T. s. elegans would serve as a carrier for a variety of polystomes that usually infest American turtles in their home range. These are transmitted to M. leprosa throughout the south of France, also suggesting that turtle polystomes are not strictly host-specific. CHAPTER 3 investigates polystome egg production under changing environmental conditions. The experimental procedure that was conducted on M. leprosa showed that environmental temperature has an effect on the egg laying rhythm of its parasite, i.e., Neopolystoma sp., with a two day lag of egg production in response to environmental temperature change. Results suggest the adaptability of the parasite to the physiology of their chelonian hosts which are ecthothermic animals. They also show that eggs production may be attributable to the release of host factors like hormones that once secreted may act and stimulate parasite reproduction. CHAPTER 4 relates risk assessment for the viability of the native Mediterranean pond terrapin (M. leprosa) in a natural environment by using the Relative Risk Model (RRM) method, taking into consideration various threats and environmental conditions that may impact this species. CHAPTER 5 examines the diversity of South African terrapin haemogregarines (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) as well as their phylogenetic placement among haemogregarines based on molecular and morphological evidences. CHAPTER 6 summarizes all findings of the study and explores new ways of Research. / PhD (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Terrapins are one of the most endangered vertebrate groups, with almost half of the more than 300 extant species threatened with extinction. This study was conducted to investigate parasite host-switching from the invasive American Red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, to the native Mediterranean pond terrapin, Mauremys leprosa in natural environments in southern France and Spain. The study also included a risk assessment approach that was developed to assess the viability of the native M. leprosa terrapins in a small river of southern France. The diversity of haemogregarine parasites within South African terrapins was also explored. The thesis is structured as follows: CHAPTER 1 gives a broad introduction to reptiles and chelonians as well as the importance of chelonians in ecosystems with emphasis to the threats that are driving terrapins to decline. The various terrapin species examined during this study as well as the parasite groups of interest (Monogenea and Apicomplexa) are also discussed in detail. CHAPTER 2 documents the extent of platyhelminth invasions from T. s. elegans to natural M. leprosa populations in northern Spain and southern France. From DNA barcoding analysis based on the sequencing of the Cytochrome c Oxidase I gene, the inferred Minimum Evolution tree and p-distance comparisons of closely related haplotypes revealed a greater polystome richness within M. leprosa than expected, suggesting that host switching may take place in natural environments. T. s. elegans would serve as a carrier for a variety of polystomes that usually infest American turtles in their home range. These are transmitted to M. leprosa throughout the south of France, also suggesting that turtle polystomes are not strictly host-specific. CHAPTER 3 investigates polystome egg production under changing environmental conditions. The experimental procedure that was conducted on M. leprosa showed that environmental temperature has an effect on the egg laying rhythm of its parasite, i.e., Neopolystoma sp., with a two day lag of egg production in response to environmental temperature change. Results suggest the adaptability of the parasite to the physiology of their chelonian hosts which are ecthothermic animals. They also show that eggs production may be attributable to the release of host factors like hormones that once secreted may act and stimulate parasite reproduction. CHAPTER 4 relates risk assessment for the viability of the native Mediterranean pond terrapin (M. leprosa) in a natural environment by using the Relative Risk Model (RRM) method, taking into consideration various threats and environmental conditions that may impact this species. CHAPTER 5 examines the diversity of South African terrapin haemogregarines (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) as well as their phylogenetic placement among haemogregarines based on molecular and morphological evidences. CHAPTER 6 summarizes all findings of the study and explores new ways of Research. / PhD (Zoology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Parasites of phylum Apicomplexa cause devastating diseases on a global scale. Toxoplasma gondii, the etiological agent of toxoplasmosis, and Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria, have the most substantial effects on human health and are the most widely studied. The success of these parasites is due in part to a sophisticated molecular arsenal that supports a variety of novel biological processes including a unique form of host cell invasion. Accessing the protective environment of the host cell is paramount to parasite survival and is mediated through an active invasion process: the parasite propels itself through a circumferential ring known as the moving junction (MJ) formed between its apical tip and the host cell membrane. The MJ ring is comprised of a parasite surface protein (AMA1) that engages a protein secreted by the parasite into the host cell and presented on the host cell surface (RON2). Thus, through an intriguing mechanism the parasite provides both receptor and ligand to enable host cell invasion. Prior to the studies described herein, the characterization of the AMA1-RON2 association was limited to low-resolution experiments that provided little insight into the functional and architectural details of this crucial binary complex. Towards elucidating the mechanism of AMA1-RON2 dependent invasion, I first structurally characterized T. gondii AMA1 bound to the corresponding binding region of RON2; analysis of the AMA1-RON2 interface along with biophysical data revealed an intimate association likely capable of withstanding the shearing forces generated as the parasite dives through the constricted MJ ring. To investigate the role of the AMA1-RON2 complex across genera, species and life-cycle stages, I next characterized the AMA1-RON2 complex from a distantly related genus within Apicomplexa (Plasmodium) and from a divergent pairing within T. gondii. By combining structural, biophysical and biological data, I was able to generate a detailed model describing the role of AMA1 and RON2 in MJ dependent invasion, which is currently supporting efforts to develop novel vaccines and cross-reactive small molecule therapeutics. / Graduate / 0487 / tonkin.ml@gmail.com

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web. (Restricted to UC campuses).

Eimeria tenella est l’un des parasites apicomplexes à l’origine de la coccidiose aviaire, l’une des plus importantes maladies parasitaires de l’industrie avicole. Dans le but de caractériser les facteurs de pathogénicité d’E. tenella, nous nous sommes intéressés aux protéases et plus particulièrement aux aminopeptidases N. Nous avons caractérisé Et-ApN1 et identifié Et-ApN3, deux aminopeptidases d’E. tenella. Et-ApN1 présente de fortes homologies avec PfA-M1, l’homologue de Plasmodium falciparum, au niveau des séquences, des structures, des propriétés biochimiques, du clivage et de la localisation. L’ensemble des résultats suggèrent qu’Et-ApN1 est impliquée dans le développement parasitaire. Pour évaluer son rôle de cible thérapeutique potentielle, nous avons criblé une bibliothèque de molécules et identifié une nouvelle molécule le C36, qui inhibe directement l’activité d’Et-ApN1 et entraîne un arrêt du développement d’E. tenella in vitro. Cet effet inhibiteur est également observé chez Toxoplasma gondii et P. falciparum. Dans le but d’améliorer la solubilité du C36 pour de futures études in vivo, le C36 a été pharmaco-modulé. Les perspectives de ces travaux viseront à prouver l’implication directe des Et-ApN dans le développement d’E. tenella. / Eimeria tenella is an apicomplexan parasite causing avian coccidiosis, one of the most important parasitic diseases in world poultry industry. To identify E. tenella pathogenesis factors, we were interested in proteases and more specifically in aminopeptidases N. We characterized Et-ApN1 and identified Et-ApN3, two aminopeptidases of E. tenella. We revealed strong homologies in the sequences, structures, biochemical properties, cleavage patterns and localization between Et-ApN1 and PfA-M1, the homologue from Plasmodium falciparum. Taken together, our results suggest that, as PfA-M1, Et-ApN1 is involved in parasite development and could be considered as a therapeutic target. To confirm this hypothesis, we screened a small molecule library and identified the compound C36. This molecule not only inhibits Et-ApN1 but also the in vitro development of E. tenella. This inhibition of parasite development was also observed for Toxoplasma gondii and P. falciparum. In perspectives, a pharmaco-modulation approach will be performed to improve chemical properties of the compound C36. New molecules derived from C36 will then be tested in vivo. Future studies will aim to prove the direct implication of Et-ApN in E. tenella development.

Les parasites du genre Eimeria sont des parasites apicomplexes provoquant des maladies graves, appelées coccidioses. Ce genre compte sept espèces qui envahissent spécifiquement les cellules épithéliales des intestins de poulet. L’espèce de choix étudiée dans notre laboratoire est Eimeria tenella. La prophylaxie repose sur les vaccins qui sont onéreux et les traitements anticoccidiens, qui sont administrés dans l’alimentation dès l’éclosion du poussin. Depuis 50 ans, l’utilisation massive de ces molécules s’accompagne de l’émergence de populations parasitaires résistantes. Les modes d’action des cibles parasitaires des anticcocidiens étant peu connus, il est difficile de mettre en place une stratégie de contournement de la résistance. Dans l’optique de répondre aux besoins des éleveurs, une collaboration entre le laboratoire de chimie organique et celui de parasitologie a été mise en place en utilisant la capacité de composés chimiques à inhiber l’invasion ou le développement des parasites. Notre stratégie repose sur la syntèse, le développement ainsi que l’évaluation de l’efficacité des composés pouvant potentiellement être utilisés en tant qu’inhibiteurs de la coccidiose aviaire. Un criblage de composés nous a permis d’identifier deux composés « chefs de files », inhibant le processus d’invasion et de développement des parasites au sein de la cellule hôte. Les pharmacomodulations entreprises ont engendrés la découverte de composés plus actifs avec des valeurs d’IC50 égales à 0,8 et 3,4 µM respectivement. / Intracellular developing parasites that belong to the apicomplexan phylum represent a great threat to both animal and human being health. Apicomplexan contains a genus of parasites called Eimeria. This genus is composed of seven species which cause avian coccidiosis such as E. tenella, the most virulent agent. Control of E. tenella is presently accomplished by a prophylaxis that uses vaccines and anticoccidial drugs. However, the rapid emergence of drug resisitant parasites coupled with the expense of most vaccines has led us to a search of new approaches to control coccidiosis via the synthesis of new compounds. In order to achieve that goal, collaboration between two laboratories has been established. Our strategy relies on the laboratories scientific knowledge in two complementary domains such as oraganic chemistry and parasitology. Our research is based on the effectiveness that synthesized compounds could have to inhibit parasites first steps of infection of the host cells. The screening of compounds has led us to the discovery of two lead compound inhibiting the invasion and development process of the parasites. Undertaken pharmacomodulations of these leads have allowed us to lower these concentrations values to 0,8 and 3,4 µM