The main objectives of this study are to determine how various physical and chemical properties of geologic samples can be investigated by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectral analyses, and determine how each of these individual properties uniquely alter the mid-infrared spectrum. Of particular interest is how extraterrestrial samples differ (spectrally) from terrestrial samples, and how such findings can be applied to current and future missions to airless planetary bodies (such as Diviner Lunar Radiometer, aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the Mercury Thermal Radiometer on BepiColombo). As such, a range of geological samples have been analysed including terrestrial rocks (anorthosite, granite, grabbro etc.), mineral standards (common rock-forming minerals), lunar meteorites (from Miller Range, Antarctica), and Apollo 14, 15, and 16 soils. A new technique to analyse such samples has been developed and implemented as part of this study: FTIR spectral imaging of unconsolidated samples (powders and soils) to obtain modal mineralogy estimates. Such estimates are comparable to QEMSCAN analyses and spot point counting of the same samples. This is particularly relevant for the non-destructive analysis of Apollo soil samples (bulk and sieved fractions). Individual spectra of polished terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples have been obtained in preparation for the creation of a spectral database. Such samples also have coupled chemical composition information via Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA). To have a spectrum and an associated chemical composition for each mineral in a database is unique compared to other spectral databases. Analyses of lunar meteorites resulted in an understanding of how shock (caused by hypervelocity impacts) alters the physical and spectral properties of lunar minerals. FTIR microscopy of individual minerals and phases in the meteorites were coupled with optical and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging to identify the level of shock obtained by each mineral and phase. The FTIR reflectance bands of plagioclase merge with increasing shock pressure until a single, low-reflectance broad peak is displayed by the most highly shocked plagioclase (>45 GPa), and a dark-red colour is present in CL images. FTIR and QEMSCAN analyses of Apollo regolith samples have provided an understanding of the spectral effects of bulk mineralogy, maturity (a measure of the time spent at the lunar surface), grain size, and mineral chemistry. Using such information, the modal mineralogy of each sample has been estimated, one of which had not previously been analysed for its modal mineralogy. Samples from the same Apollo missions present similar spectral features, meaning FTIR spectroscopy can be used to identify the origin of lunar soils. A weak correlation in maturity with a spectral feature termed the Christiansen Feature has been found for lunar samples. Related to maturity, FTIR spectra of individual agglutinates (a product of space weathering) have been obtained and the spectral properties of agglutinates (decreased %Reflectance values of the region sensitive to geological materials) resemble those of highly mature lunar soils.

Under consideration are the temple layouts at Delphi and the Athenian Acropolis which were shaped in completely different ways. What they have in common, however, is that both represent an architecture on two hierarchic levels: the upper or sacred level as symbolised by the eternal principle expressed in both elevated Doric temples, which are placed in dramatic juxtaposition with features in their natural settings (earth, horizon, sky); and the lower, human level which is represented by the auxiliary buildings of the approach areas of these temple complexes. The latter buildings are smaller than the main temples and are marked by complexity and ambiguity in that they are imperfect, of varied design and not oriented to a geometric axis, which is in complete contrast to the serenity of the fully articulated superior Doric order exemplified by the Temple of Apollo at Delphi and the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. In both cases the focus will be on the perceptual totality of the group designs.

Augustan propaganda surrounding Apollo provided the perfect literary device through which Augustan poets could express their sentiments about the new regime. Augustus transformed Apollo from a relatively insignificant god in the Roman pantheon to his own multi-faceted god whose various attributes were meant to legitimize his new position within the Roman Empire. In this thesis I discuss how Ovid uses Augustus’ political affiliation with Apollo to comment on Augustan marriage legislation in two of his texts. In Ovid’s manual on seduction, the Ars Amatoria, he denies poetic inspiration from Apollo at the beginning of his work, preferring instead to draw from his own experiences. However, Ovid seemingly contradicts himself by having Apollo appear later on to offer him advice. In his Metamorphoses, Ovid ridicules Apollo’s failed pursuit of Daphne. However, Apollo is seemingly victorious after all, since he uses Daphne’s laurel as his perpetual victory symbol. In both these instances, Ovid veils his political commentary by initially ridiculing Apollo in matters of love, only to seemingly glorify him shortly after. By excluding Apollo from matters of love, Ovid indirectly is disapproving of Augustus’ involvement in social affairs in Rome. Ovid proves to be a master of language yet again as he plays with the literary tradition and political implication of Apollo in these two texts to convey his discontent regarding Augustan marriage legislation.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2007. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard, 1981. / Summary in pocket. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [467-490]).

La présente thèse tend à démontrer l’existence d’une langue oraculaire, spécifique au sanctuaire apollinien de Delphes ; elle s’appuie sur un corpus de deux cent vingt et un oracles conçus dans l’esprit de la divination chresmologique delphique. Ces textes recueillis par les inscriptions, et surtout par la littérature qui les cite abondamment, servent de supports d’analyse pour dégager les traits caractéristiques de la formulation oraculaire, linguistiques, stylistiques et poétiques au sens large du terme. L’étude part des recueils d’oracles qui se sont constitués dès l’époque classique, avec des buts divers, et ont perduré jusqu’à l’époque impériale romaine. La première partie, qui analyse la présence de la chresmologie dans les textes, vise à y retrouver des traces de la divination delphique et à établir toutes les étapes de la production et de la réception oraculaire. Une fois ces données présentées, la deuxième partie fait une étude systématique des recueils d’oracles delphiques, de l’Antiquité à nos jours ; elle envisage aussi les oracles cités. La troisième partie a pour but de travailler les seuls textes dans le seul contexte de leur production et de révéler ce qui fait à la fois l’unité et la diversité du corpus : en relevant des procédés de langue et de style, l’étude définit une langue spécifique à l’Apollon de Delphes : la langue d’Apollon. / The study of 221 oracles from the Delphic sanctuary shows how a language has been created, specific to the sanctuary of Delphi : it is the voice of the god Apollo and his own language. The oracular texts, conceived in the spirit of the Delphic chresmologic divination, collected by inscriptions and especially by the literature which quotes them abundantly, are used as supports to analyse the linguistic, stylistic and poetic aspects and processes of the Delphic oracular language. The first part, which analyses the presence of the Delphic divination in the texts, shows that linguistically the oracles are exchanges between an enquirer and the god ; it is possible to find all the stages of their production and reception. The second part analyses the setting up of the Delphic collections, from Antiquity to our times. The third part shows a strong propensity for establishing linguistical codes, when it offers examples of meticulous, argumentative constructions. It also underlines the importance of the images (metaphors), puns, plays on syntactic or lexical antitheses, frequent riddles which the god subjects to the clearsightedness of the enquirers. The Delphic oracles are considered to be quoted texts which vary less in their enunciation than in their functions. We can tell that an oracular genre really exists, but the particular genre cannot exist without the others genres and depends on them. A Delphic oracular genre really exists, because the Delphic shrine was very powerful and very well known in the ancient Greek civilization as a cultural center, because we find in the Greek literature imitations of the oracles (pastiche and parody). Even if the texts do not belong to a specific and independent work, they present many linguistic and stylistic common marks : La langue d’Apollon (Apollo’s language).

Grains on the surfaces of airless bodies are continually being modified due to their exposure to interplanetary space, a phenomenon known as space weathering. This dissertation uses a multi-faceted approach to understanding space weathering of the lunar and asteroidal surfaces. Chapters 1 and 2 provide an introduction to space weathering and a discussion of the methods employed in this work, respectively. Chapter 3 focuses on the analysis of returned samples from near-Earth asteroid Itokawa using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and contributes to the first-ever comparison of microstructural and chemical features of space weathering in returned samples from two different airless bodies. This research uses high-resolution imaging and quantitative energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements to analyze space weathering characteristics in an Itokawa soil grain. These analyses confirm that space weathering is operating on the surface of Itokawa, and that many of the resulting features have similarities to those observed in lunar soils. Results show that while there is evidence that both major constituent space weathering processes are operating on the surface of Itokawa, solar wind irradiation, not micrometeorite impacts, appears to be the dominant contributor to changes in the microstructure and chemistry of surface material. Chapter 4 presents a detailed study of nanophase Fe (npFe) particles in lunar soil samples. For the first-time, the oxidation state of individual npFe particles was directly measured using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the TEM. The results show that npFe particles are oxidizing over their time on the lunar surface, and that the amount of oxidized Fe in the nanoparticles is correlated with soil maturity. The EELS data are also coupled to atomic-resolution imaging, which is used to determine the structure of the nanoparticles, confirming their mineral phase. This work challenges the long-standing paradigm that all npFe particles are composed of metallic Fe and that the chemical composition of these features remains static after their formation. A theoretical modeling investigation of the influence that npFe particles of different oxidation states have on the spectral properties of the material is also presented. The model results show that varied Fe-oxidation states of the nanoparticles can produce subtle changes in the optical properties of the soils, including the degree of reddening and the attenuation of characteristic absorption bands. These findings should be accounted for in future modeling of reflectance spectra. Chapter 5 presents a novel technique for simulating space weathering processes inside the TEM. Using an in situ heating holder, lunar soils were subjected to both slow- (~minutes) and rapid-heating (<seconds) events to simulate micrometeorite impacts. The slow-heating experiments show that npFe forms at ~575 ºC, providing a temperature constraint on initial npFe formation. Lunar soil grains that were subjected to a single, rapid, thermal pulse show the development of npFe particles and vesiculated textures near the grain rim. The vesicles were imaged and the npFe particles were imaged and then mapped with EDS. The oxidation state of the npFe particles was confirmed to be Fe^0 using EELS. Several lunar soil grains were subjected to multiple thermal shocks to simulate longer exposure times on the lunar surface. With each heating cycle, the number and size distribution of the npFe particles changed. The average size of npFe particles increased, and the size distribution became more gaussian after multiple heating events, versus the asymmetric distribution present after only one heating event. These results provide insight into the particle growth dynamics for space weathered soils and could offer a new way to place relative age constraints on grains in lunar soil.Chapter 6 provides a summary of the work presented here, discusses its implications for understanding space weathering processes across the solar system, and presents a perspective on the future of space weathering studies.

No description available.

Les mesures de réactivité par la technique d'oscillation, comme celles effectuées dans le réacteur Minerve, permettent de tester de nombreux paramètres neutroniques sur des matériaux, des combustibles ou des isotopes spécifiques. Généralement, les effets attendus sont très faibles, tout au plus de l'ordre de la dizaine de pcm. La modélisation de ces expériences doit donc être particulièrement précise, afin d'obtenir un retour fiable et précis sur les paramètres ciblés. En particulier, les biais de calcul doivent être clairement identifiés, quantifiés et maîtrisés afin d'obtenir des informations pertinentes sur les données nucléaires de base. L'enjeu de cette thèse est le développement d'un schéma de calcul de référence, dont les incertitudes sont clairement identifiées et quantifiées, permettant l'interprétation des mesures par oscillation. Dans ce document plusieurs méthodes de calcul de ces faibles effets en réactivité sont présentées, basées sur des codes de calculs neutroniques déterministes et/ou stochastiques. Ces méthodes sont comparées sur un benchmark numérique, permettant leur validation par rapport à un calcul de référence. Trois applications sont ici présentées dans le détail : une méthode purement déterministe utilisant la théorie des perturbations exacte pour la qualification des sections efficaces des principaux produits de fission en REP, dans le cadre d'études sur l'estimation de la perte du réactivité du combustible au cours du cycle ; une méthode hybride, basée sur un calcul stochastique et la théorie des perturbations exacte, permet d'obtenir un retour précis sur les données nucléaires de bases d'isotopes, dans notre cas l'241Am; et enfin, une troisième méthode, reposant sur un calcul perturbatif Monte Carlo, est utilisée pour une étude de conception. / Reactivity measurements by the oscillation technique, as those performed in the Minerve reactor, enable to access various neutronic parameters on materials, fuels or specific isotopes. Usually, expected reactivity effects are small, about ten pcm at maximum. Then, the modeling of these experiments should be very precise, to obtain reliable feedback on the pointed parameters. Especially, calculation biases should be precisely identified, quantified and reduced to get precise information on nuclear data. The goal of this thesis is to develop a reference calculation scheme, with well quantified uncertainties, for in-pile oscillation experiments. In this work are presented several small reactivity calculation methods, based on deterministic and/or stochastic calculation codes. Those method are compared thanks to a numerical benchmark, against a reference calculation. Three applications of these methods are presented here: a purely deterministic calculation with exact perturbation theory formalism is used for the experimental validation of fission product cross sections, in the frame of reactivity loss studies for irradiated fuel; an hybrid method, based on a stochastic calculation and the exact perturbation theory is used for the readjustment of nuclear data, here 241Am; and a third method, based on a perturbative Monte Carlo calculation, is used in a conception study.

Il est établi que la Lune a eu par le passé un champ généré par une dynamo interne. Cependant, les mécanismes à l’origine et permettant le maintien de la dynamo sont encore mal connus. La durée de ce champ magnétique est encore débattue. Mon travail de thèse a consisté tout d’abord à une caractérisation magnétique (aimantation naturelle et susceptibilité magnétique) d’une grande partie de la collection Apollo avec l’étude de 161 roches. J'ai utilisé le rapport aimantation naturelle sur susceptibilité comme indicateur grossier de la paléointensité. Ces résultats, cohérents avec les deux grandes époques du champ magnétique lunaire (époque de fort champ avant ~3.5 Ga et champ faible ensuite), ont permis de sélectionner des échantillons pour des analyses paléomagnétiques détaillées en laboratoire qui ont constitué la suite de mon travail. J’ai ainsi étudié l’aimantation naturelle de 25 échantillons Apollo et 2 météorites lunaires. Différentes techniques ont permis d’obtenir 8 valeurs de paléointensités (1-47 µT) et 7 limites supérieures de paléointensité (< 30 µT). Ces données, couplées aux âges radiométriques (existants et nouvellement acquis), retracent l’évolution du champ de surface lunaire au cours du temps. Les résultats corroborent l’existence d’une période de champ fort (4-3.5 Ga) et prolongent cette période jusqu’à environ 3 Ga. Les paléointensités > 1 µT que nous obtenons jusqu’à 0.1 Ga indiquent un arrêt très tardif de la dynamo. De plus, de faibles paléointensités sont obtenues dans l’époque de champ fort, suggérant une valeur de champ moyen plus faible que proposé dans la littérature. Cette étude permet de mieux contraindre l'évolution de ce champ lunaire. / It is admitted that the Moon used to have a magnetic field, generated by an internal dynamo. However, the mechanisms responsible for the dynamo and its preservation are still poorly known today. The lifetime of the magnetic field is also debated. My thesis was focused first on the magnetic characterization (natural magnetization and magnetic susceptibility) of a large part of the Apollo collection, with the study of 161 Apollo rocks. I used the ratio of the natural magnetization to the magnetic susceptibility to obtain an approximate indicator of paleointensity. Results of this ratio were coherent with the two major epochs determined in the lunar magnetic field (high field epoch before ~3.5 Ga and a weak field epoch after) and allowed me to select samples for detailed paleomagnetic analyses in another part of my thesis. Then, I studied in laboratory the natural magnetization of 25 Apollo samples and 2 lunar meteorites. Different methods were used to obtain 8 paleointensities values (between 1 and 47 µT) and 7 upper limits of paleointensity (< 30 µT).These data were coupled with radiometric ages to trace the evolution of the lunar surface field over time. These results corroborate the existence of a strong field epoch (4-3.5 Ga) and extend this epoch until ~3 Ga. Paleointensities of values > 1 µT obtained until 0.1 Ga indicates a very late interruption of the dynamo. Weak paleointensities were obtained in the high field epoch, suggesting a value of average field lower than previously proposed in literature. This study allows to better constrain the temporal evolution of the lunar magnetic field.