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Multidimensional poverty and participation in family allowance program for households Cearà in 2012 / Pobreza multidimensional e participaÃÃo no programa bolsa famÃlia dos domicÃlios cearenses em 2012Nathiane Oliveira CeledÃnio MacÃdo de Andrade 25 February 2015 (has links)
nÃo hà / Neste estudo à realizada, inicialmente, uma discussÃo teÃrica acerca da pobreza
sob dois aspectos, monetÃria e multidimensional. Posteriormente, utilizou-se a
metodologia desenvolvida por Alkire e Foster (2009) para analisar
comparativamente, sob estas duas abordagens, a focalizaÃÃo do Programa Bolsa
FamÃlia entre os domicÃlios cearenses, referente aos dados da PNAD 2012. Estimouse,
tambÃm, dois modelos Logit visando identificar as caracterÃsticas
socioeconÃmicas destes domicÃlios que contribuem para a classificaÃÃo como pobre
por renda ou multidimensional. Constatou-se que, quando se considera a pobreza
como um fenÃmeno multidimensional, a focalizaÃÃo do PBF Ã pior do que sob o
aspecto renda. Observou-se, tambÃm, que cerca de 40% dos domicÃlios do CearÃ
sÃo pobres, independente da abordagem utilizada e que, quanto maior a populaÃÃo
de crianÃas e/ou idosos no domicÃlio, mais vulnerÃvel este fica a vivenciar uma
situaÃÃo de pobreza. / This research is initially based on a theoretical discussion about poverty in two
aspects: monetary and multidimensional. Furthermore it was used Alkire and Foster
methodology (2009) to analyze and compare the objectives of âBolsa Familiaâ
amongst households in Ceara with regards to the PNAD 2012 data. It was also
projected two Logit models to identify the socioeconomic characteristics of
households that contribute to the classification of poor by income or
multidimensional. It was found that , when considering poverty as a multidimensional
phenomenon the focus of GMP is worse than under the income aspect . In addition it
was estimated that about 40 % of Cearà 's households are poor regardless of the
approach used and the higher the population of children and/or elderly at the
domicile, the more vulnerable they are to experience a situation of poverty.
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The Need for a New Approach to Regulating Fixed NetworksBriglauer, Wolfgang, Vogelsang, Ingo January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
The increasingly observable excess capacity in the fixed networks calls into question the established long-standing pricing standards for wholesale services based on forward-looking long-run incremental costs (FL-LRAIC). The FL-LRAIC standard has worked quite well in expanding markets, although even there price-squeeze problems have appeared. In contracting markets the price-squeeze issue, however, becomes paramount and lower prices both at the wholesale and retail levels would be efficient. This would favor a retail-minus approach (RM) under long-term contraction. Because both expansion and contraction could be relevant in the future, we propose an optional approach based on the wholesale price formula p = min(FL-LRAIC, RM). This will generally protect alternative competitors against price-squeeze while at the same time allowing the fixed-network incumbent full downward price flexibility. It also protects alternative competitors and end users against excessively high prices. Hence, implementing this option successfully at wholesale level would eliminate the need to regulate retail markets. The combination of RM and FL-LRAIC seems to be most realistic, because it is relatively simple and internationally partly tested already. We show that this option is superior to FL-LRAIC or RM alone and to other approaches, such as short-run marginal costs. We also consider a possible combination with capacity-based charging, which may have particular merits for converged services in next generation networks (NGNs). / Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics
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