Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castilho_ig_me_botib.pdf: 337909 bytes, checksum: 0470c57c1b16f864f2fba4df4a772a2e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A piscicultura é o setor mais popular da aquicultura e o Brasil tem grande potencial para desenvolvimento da atividade devido às características do país e ao aumento no consumo de peixes. O reservatório de Chavantes, no Médio Rio Paranapanema, possui diversas pisciculturas de tanques-rede com criação de tilápias. No entanto, esses sistemas são intensivos com altas densidades de estocagem e de fornecimento de ração, o que pode ser prejudicial para a qualidade da água e saúde dos animais, trazendo conseqüências ecológicas, econômicas e sociais. Aeromonas e Pseudomonas estão entre os principais patógenos de peixes, porém, no ambiente e na produção de uma piscicultura, uma grande variedade de micro-organismos pode ser identificada sem provocar doenças nos animais, mas sendo via de transmissão de agentes patogênicos para o homem, como Salmonella sp e Staphylococcus aureus. A determinação de coliformes termotolerantes também é de grande importância na vigilância da contaminação por patógenos nos sistemas de criação de peixes. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de pescados tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criados em sistema de tanques-rede no reservatório de Chavantes (médio rio Paranapanema, SP), bem como a qualidade da água e da ração nesses sistemas. As análises foram feitas em quatro ciclos de produção, dois de verão e dois e inverno, através da pesquisa de Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp, S. aureus e coliformes termotolerantes (CTe) nos pescados, Salmonella sp e CTe na água e Salmonella na ração. No primeiro ciclo de verão, 8% das amostras de peixes estavam contaminadas com Aeromonas, 4% com Pseudomonas sp e 37,3% das amostras com NMP de CTe/g acima de 103. Não foram detectados Salmonella ou S. aureus. O primeiro ciclo... / Fish farming is the most popular modality of aquaculture and Brazil has great potential for this activity due to its characteristics and increased consumption of fish. The Chavantes reservoir, at Middle Paranapanema River has several fish farms using cages to create tilapia. However, these systems are intensive and therefore use high stocking and feeding densities, which can be detrimental to water quality and animal health. Aeromonas and Pseudomonas are among the main pathogens of fish, but a variety of micro-organism can be identified in the environment and in a fish farm without causing disease in animals, but them can act as a route of disease transmission to humans, as those caused by Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The fecal coliforms determination is also important in surveillance of the contamination by pathogens in fish farming systems. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of Nile-tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in cages in Chavantes reservoir (Middle Paranapanema River, SP) and water and feed quality in these systems. Analyses were done during four production cycles, two in the summer and two in the winter, by researching Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella, S. aureus and thermotolerant coliforms (TC) in fish, Salmonella and TC in water and Salmonella in feed samples. In the first summer cycle, 8% of the fish samples were contaminated with Aeromonas sp, 4% with Pseudomonas sp and 37.3% with over 103 MPN TC/g. There were no samples with Salmonella or S. aureus. The first winter cycle presented 10% of fish samples with Aeromonas sp, 6.1% with Pseudomonas sp, 1.1% with S. aureus, Salmonella in 0.5% and 58.9% above the allowed limit for TC/g. In the second cycle of summer, 10.6% of the samples were contaminated with Aeromonas sp, 8% with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Vera Lucia Mores Rall / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Reinaldo José da Silva / Resumo: A piscicultura é o setor mais popular da aquicultura e o Brasil tem grande potencial para desenvolvimento da atividade devido às características do país e ao aumento no consumo de peixes. O reservatório de Chavantes, no Médio Rio Paranapanema, possui diversas pisciculturas de tanques-rede com criação de tilápias. No entanto, esses sistemas são intensivos com altas densidades de estocagem e de fornecimento de ração, o que pode ser prejudicial para a qualidade da água e saúde dos animais, trazendo conseqüências ecológicas, econômicas e sociais. Aeromonas e Pseudomonas estão entre os principais patógenos de peixes, porém, no ambiente e na produção de uma piscicultura, uma grande variedade de micro-organismos pode ser identificada sem provocar doenças nos animais, mas sendo via de transmissão de agentes patogênicos para o homem, como Salmonella sp e Staphylococcus aureus. A determinação de coliformes termotolerantes também é de grande importância na vigilância da contaminação por patógenos nos sistemas de criação de peixes. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de pescados tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) criados em sistema de tanques-rede no reservatório de Chavantes (médio rio Paranapanema, SP), bem como a qualidade da água e da ração nesses sistemas. As análises foram feitas em quatro ciclos de produção, dois de verão e dois e inverno, através da pesquisa de Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp, S. aureus e coliformes termotolerantes (CTe) nos pescados, Salmonella sp e CTe na água e Salmonella na ração. No primeiro ciclo de verão, 8% das amostras de peixes estavam contaminadas com Aeromonas, 4% com Pseudomonas sp e 37,3% das amostras com NMP de CTe/g acima de 103. Não foram detectados Salmonella ou S. aureus. O primeiro ciclo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fish farming is the most popular modality of aquaculture and Brazil has great potential for this activity due to its characteristics and increased consumption of fish. The Chavantes reservoir, at Middle Paranapanema River has several fish farms using cages to create tilapia. However, these systems are intensive and therefore use high stocking and feeding densities, which can be detrimental to water quality and animal health. Aeromonas and Pseudomonas are among the main pathogens of fish, but a variety of micro-organism can be identified in the environment and in a fish farm without causing disease in animals, but them can act as a route of disease transmission to humans, as those caused by Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The fecal coliforms determination is also important in surveillance of the contamination by pathogens in fish farming systems. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of Nile-tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in cages in Chavantes reservoir (Middle Paranapanema River, SP) and water and feed quality in these systems. Analyses were done during four production cycles, two in the summer and two in the winter, by researching Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella, S. aureus and thermotolerant coliforms (TC) in fish, Salmonella and TC in water and Salmonella in feed samples. In the first summer cycle, 8% of the fish samples were contaminated with Aeromonas sp, 4% with Pseudomonas sp and 37.3% with over 103 MPN TC/g. There were no samples with Salmonella or S. aureus. The first winter cycle presented 10% of fish samples with Aeromonas sp, 6.1% with Pseudomonas sp, 1.1% with S. aureus, Salmonella in 0.5% and 58.9% above the allowed limit for TC/g. In the second cycle of summer, 10.6% of the samples were contaminated with Aeromonas sp, 8% with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Microbial pollution of surface waters and coastal zones is one of the foremost challenges facing the water industry and regulatory authorities. Yet despite the concern and increasing pressures on water resources in both developed and developing countries, understanding of microbial pollutants in the aquatic environment is fairly scattered. There is a need for an improved ability to quantify the processes that control the fate and distribution of enteric organisms to support decision - making and risk management activities. The aim of this thesis has been to advance the understanding of the dynamics of microbial pollution in aquatic systems through review, experimentation and numerical modelling. Initially, a new module for simulating the protozoan pathogen, Cryptosporidium, was developed and implemented within a three - dimensional ( 3D ) coupled hydrodynamic - water quality model ( ELCOMCAEDYM ). The coupled 3D model was validated against a comprehensive dataset collected in Myponga Reservoir ( South Australia ), and without calibration, performed to a high degree of accuracy. The investigation then sought to examine the experimental dataset in more detail and found a significant difference between protozoan pathogens and the bacterial and viral indicators. To examine the role of bacterial association with particles in more detail, a second experimental campaign was carried out in Sugarloaf Reservoir ( Victoria ). This campaign was used to gain insights into the association of coliform bacteria with suspended sediment and to quantify their sedimentation dynamics based on in situ measurements. Using an inverse technique, particle profile data was used to create a simple Lagrangian model that was applied to back - calculate the sedimentation rates of the coliform bacteria and the fraction that were attached to the particles. The results indicated that 80 - 100 % were associated with a small - sized clay fraction. This result was in contrast with the Cryptosporidium dynamics in Myponga Reservoir, where it was concluded that oocysts did not settle with the inorganic particles. These findings indicated the current models for simulating the array of organisms of interest to regulatory authorities are inadequate to resolve the level of detail necessary for useful predictions and risk management. Large differences between the protozoa, bacteria and phages were being observed due to different particle association rates and sedimentation dynamics, order of magnitude differences in natural mortality rates, and different sensitivity to sunlight bandwidths. The original model implemented within CAEDYM was therefore rewritten to be more complete and generic for all microbial pollutants and different types of aquatic systems. The model was built using a generic set of parameterizations that describe the dynamics of most protozoan, bacterial and viral organisms of interest. The parameterizations dynamically account for sensitivities to environmental conditions, including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, sunlight, nutrients and turbidity, on the growth and mortality of enteric organisms. The new model significantly advances previous studies in several areas. First, inclusion of the growth term allows for simulation of organisms in warm, nutrient rich environments, where typical die - off models tend to over - predict loss rates. Second, the natural mortality term has been extended to independently account for the effects of salinity and pH, in addition to temperature. The salinity - mediated mortality has also been adapted to account for the nutrient status of the medium to simulate the importance of nutrient starvation on the ability of an organism to survive under osmotic stress. Third, a new model for sunlight - mediated mortality is presented that differentially accounts for mortality induced through exposure to visible, UV - A and UV - B bandwidths. The new expression has capacity to simulate the photo - oxidative and photo - biological mechanisms of inactivation through included sensitivities to dissolved oxygen and pH. Fourth, the model allows for organisms to be split between free and attached pools, and sedimented organisms may become resuspended in response to high shear stress events at the water - sediment interface caused by high velocities or wind - wave action. Fifth, the enteric organism module has been implemented within the bio - geochemical model CAEDYM, thereby giving it access to dynamically calculated concentrations of dissolved oxygen, organic carbon, and suspended solids, in addition to pH, shear stress and light climate information. Without adjustment of the literature derived parameter values, the new model was validated against a range of microbial data from three reservoirs that differed in their climatic zone, trophic status and operation. The simulations in conjunction with the experimental data highlighted the large spatial and temporal variability in processes that control the fate and distribution of enteric organisms. Additionally, large differences between species originate from variable rates of growth, mortality and sedimentation and it is emphasized that the use of surrogates for quantifying risk is problematic. The model can be used to help design targeted monitoring programs, examine differences between species and the appropriateness of surrogate indicators, and to support management and real - time decision - making. Areas where insufficient data and understanding exist are also discussed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2007.

No description available.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Fecal coliform counts in relation to number of swimmers along with fecal streptococci counts of water samples from Canyon Lake in central Arizona are reported. The presence of swimmers was related to an increase in fecal coliforms which was attributed to organisms shed from the swimmers and from agitation of the bottom sediments, consequently dispersing much of the bacteria contained in the benthos. From sampling of the swimming areas it was determined that livestock waste was the primary source of pollution (a greater number of fecal streptococci was found than fecal coliforms), but this interpretation could be misleading due to the higher survival rate of fecal strep than that of fecal coliform organisms.