Híbridos poliuretano-acrílicos foram sintetizados via polimerização em emulsão, utilizando uma dispersão de poliuretano base poliol poliéster como semente para a polimerização dos monômeros acrílicos, no caso, acrilato de butila e ácido metacrílico. As propriedades das dispersões híbridas resultantes foram avaliadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz, teor de sólidos, pH e potencial Zeta. Os polímeros resultantes da secagem das dispersões aquosas foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, calorimetria exploratória de varredura, análise dinâmico-mecânica, dureza, microscopia ótica do processo de cristalização, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A influência do método de síntese na morfologia dos híbridos foi avaliada. / PU-acrylic hybrids were prepared via emulsion polymerization, using an aqueous polyurethane dispersion as a seed for the acrylic monomers polymerization. Different quantities of acrylic monomers (butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid) were polymerized. The properties of the resulting hybrid dispersions were evaluated through dynamic light scattering, solid content, pH and Zeta potential. The resulting polymers obtained from dried dispersions were characterized via size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, optical microscopy of the crystallization process, atom force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the synthetic method on the morphology of the hybrids was evaluated.

Un des objectifs majeurs de la neuroimagerie moderne est l'identification de nouveaux marqueurs qui puissent aider au diagnostic et au suivi des pathologies neurologiques. L'imagerie par résonnance magnétique multimodale (IRMm) est une approche permettant l'évaluation de plusieurs biomarqueurs complémentaires au cours d'un seul examen d'IRM. Cette approche a montré son efficacité dans de nombreuses études récentes et notamment dans la maladie de Parkinson. A l'approche IRMm précédemment utilisée, nous avons introduit un nouveau biomarqueur i.e. les changements de forme des structures sous-corticales à partir d'images pondérées en T1. Ce dernier marqueur vient enrichir l'approche IRMm composée de la quantification de : (i) la volumétrie à partir d'images pondérées en T1 (ii) de l'intégrité et l'orientation microstructurales à partir des images pondérées en diffusion et (iii) des dépôts de métaux à partir de la relaxométrie T2*. Nous avons appliqué l'approche IRM multimodale à une autre maladie neurodégénérative, la maladie d'Alzheimer à un stade précoce. Les résultats de cette étude préliminaire nous ont permis de suggérer la présence de processus physiopathologiques différents à la phase prodromique de la maladie d'Alzheimer. En effet nous avons observé pour l'hippocampe et l'amygdale une atrophie avec modification de l'intégrité microstructurale alors que seule une atrophie a été observée pour le thalamus et le putamen. Ces résultats nous ont aussi permis de confirmer l'importance d'une approche multimodale pour les études portant sur les maladies neurodégénératives. Parmi les marqueurs de l'IRMm, la quantification du fer intracérébral par relaxométrie T2* est une des méthodes qui a été développé ces dernières années à l'unité Inserm U825. Le dérèglement du métabolisme du fer et son accumulation sont en effet impliqués dans la physiopathologie de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives telles que la maladie de Parkinson. L'expérience acquise à travers les différentes validations cliniques de cette méthode ces dernières années nous a conduit à améliorer cette dernière. Nous avons dirigé nos travaux sur l'amélioration de la méthode de relaxométrie R2* en optimisant l'acquisition d'une part et le traitement des images d'autre part. Nous avons donc comparé différentes résolutions, antennes, facteurs d'accélération, et nombres d'acquisitions par temps d'écho afin de déterminer les paramètres permettant d'obtenir le plus haut rapport signal sur bruit. Pour la partie traitement des images nous avons comparé la méthode utilisée comme référence, la méthode des moindres carrés par algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt, à une autre méthode, la décomposition en valeur singulière pour estimer avec le plus de justesse le taux relaxation R2*. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre au point une séquence de relaxométrie T2* optimisée que nous avons comparé à celle utilisée lors de la première étude, dans le modèle du vieillissement physiologique. Au final en plus de permettre la discrimination entre sujets âgés et jeunes, les résultats obtenus avec cette nouvelle séquence se sont révélés être beaucoup moins sensibles au bruit. / One of the main goals of modern neuroimaging is the identification of new markers that can help in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological pathologies. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRIm), is an approach allowing the evaluation of several complementary biomarkers within one MRI. This approach has already demonstrated its efficiency in several recent studies, and in particular in Parkinson's disease. We added a new biomarker to the MRIm approach previously used i.e. shape changes of subcortical structures based on T1 images. This marker is now a part of our MRIm approach along with: (i) volumetry from T1 images, (ii) microstructural integrity and orientation from diffusion images and (iii) metal deposits from T2* relaxometry. We applied this multimodal MRI approach to an other neurodegenerative disease, the Alzheimer's disease at a prodromal stage. Results of this preliminary study gave us the opportunity to suggest the existence of two different physiopathological processes at the prodromal phase of the Alzheimer's disease. In fact we observed atrophy with modification of the microstructural integrity for the hippocampus and the amygdala, while only atrophy has been observed for the thalamus and the putamen. Those results also confirmed the necessity of studying neurodegenerative diseases in a multimodal way. Among MRIm markers, the T2* relaxometry for the quantification of intracerebral iron is one of the methods which has been developed lately at the Inserm U825. Dysregulation of iron metabolism and its accumulation are involved in the physiopathology of several neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease. The experience gained through the different clinical validation of this method in recent years has led us to improve it. Our work was to improve T2* relaxometry by optimizing the acquisition of the images on one hand, and the processing of the images on the other hand. We compared several resolutions, acquisition antennas, number of acquisition by echo time, to determine which parameters gave the higher signal to noise ratio. For the part about the process of the images, we compared the method used as a reference, the least square method using a Levenberg-Marquard algorithm, to an other method, the singular value decomposition to obtain the best estimation of the relaxation rate R2*. Then we were able to develop an optimized T2* relaxometry sequence, which we compared to the one used in the first study, but in the physiological ageing model. Finally in addition to allowing discrimination between elderly and young people, the results obtained with this new sequence were found to be much less sensitive to noise.

Híbridos poliuretano-acrílicos foram sintetizados via polimerização em emulsão, utilizando uma dispersão de poliuretano base poliol poliéster como semente para a polimerização dos monômeros acrílicos, no caso, acrilato de butila e ácido metacrílico. As propriedades das dispersões híbridas resultantes foram avaliadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz, teor de sólidos, pH e potencial Zeta. Os polímeros resultantes da secagem das dispersões aquosas foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, calorimetria exploratória de varredura, análise dinâmico-mecânica, dureza, microscopia ótica do processo de cristalização, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A influência do método de síntese na morfologia dos híbridos foi avaliada. / PU-acrylic hybrids were prepared via emulsion polymerization, using an aqueous polyurethane dispersion as a seed for the acrylic monomers polymerization. Different quantities of acrylic monomers (butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid) were polymerized. The properties of the resulting hybrid dispersions were evaluated through dynamic light scattering, solid content, pH and Zeta potential. The resulting polymers obtained from dried dispersions were characterized via size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, optical microscopy of the crystallization process, atom force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the synthetic method on the morphology of the hybrids was evaluated.

Híbridos poliuretano-acrílicos foram sintetizados via polimerização em emulsão, utilizando uma dispersão de poliuretano base poliol poliéster como semente para a polimerização dos monômeros acrílicos, no caso, acrilato de butila e ácido metacrílico. As propriedades das dispersões híbridas resultantes foram avaliadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz, teor de sólidos, pH e potencial Zeta. Os polímeros resultantes da secagem das dispersões aquosas foram caracterizados por cromatografia por exclusão de tamanho, calorimetria exploratória de varredura, análise dinâmico-mecânica, dureza, microscopia ótica do processo de cristalização, microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A influência do método de síntese na morfologia dos híbridos foi avaliada. / PU-acrylic hybrids were prepared via emulsion polymerization, using an aqueous polyurethane dispersion as a seed for the acrylic monomers polymerization. Different quantities of acrylic monomers (butyl acrylate and methacrylic acid) were polymerized. The properties of the resulting hybrid dispersions were evaluated through dynamic light scattering, solid content, pH and Zeta potential. The resulting polymers obtained from dried dispersions were characterized via size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, optical microscopy of the crystallization process, atom force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the synthetic method on the morphology of the hybrids was evaluated.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Entre os polímeros considerados promissores para a remoção seletiva de CO2, destacam-se aqueles que contêm os grupos glicol etilênico (EG). Nesta dissertação, foram obtidos filmes a partir de dispersões aquosas de poliuretano (PU), sintetizadas em trabalho anterior, à base de poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG), copolímero em bloco à base de poli(glicol etilênico) (PEG) e PPG (EG-b-PG), ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA), diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI) e etilenodiamina (EDA). PPG, EG-b-PG e DMPA formaram as regiões flexíveis nas proporções de: PPG 100% e 0% EG-b-PG, PPG 75% e 25% EG-b-PG, PPG 50% e 50% EG-b-PG e PPG 25% e 75% EG-b-PG em termos de equivalentes-gramas. A influência da quantidade dos segmentos de PEG foi avaliada por ensaios de permeação com os gases CO2, CH4 e N2. Os filmes obtidos das dispersões foram caracterizados por espectrometria de infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios x (DRX) e espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Espectros de FTIR mostraram que os segmentos de EG influenciaram a frequência da banda de carbonila. Curvas de perda de massa (TG) mostraram perfis semelhantes de degradação, enquanto que as curvas derivadas apresentaram diferenças. DRX e SAXS mostraram que os segmentos de PEG promoveram uma maior ordenação na estrutura da membrana. Testes de permeação de gases mostraram que o aumento do teor de PEG aumentou o valor da permeabilidade para o CO2, indicando que os segmentos de PEG interagiram favoravelmente com este gás. Em relação ao CH4 e N2, houve uma diminuição na permeabilidade quando comparados com os valores encontrados para o CO2, sendo atribuído a perda de mobilidade segmental. Em termos de seletividade, para o par CO2/CH4 foi obtido um valor médio de 61,7 para a membrana contendo o maior teor de PEG, e o par CO2/N2 um valor médio de 121,5, sendo superior aos valores encontrados na literatura, tornando o material promissor / Among the polymers considered promising for the selective removal of CO2 from natural gas, those containing ethylene glycol groups (EG) are the most distinguished. In this study cast films were obtained from aqueous dispersions of polyurethane (PU), synthesized in a previous work with poly (propylene glycol) (PPG), block copolymer based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PPG, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and ethylenediamine (EDA). Segments of PPG, EG-b-PG and DMPA formed the flexible domains in the proportions of: PPG 100% and 0% EG-b-PG, PPG 75% and 25% EG-b-PG, PPG 50% and 50% EG-b-PG and PPG 25% and 75% EG-b-PG, in terms of equivalent-grams. The influence of the amount of PEG segments in permeation properties of CO2, CH4 and N2 was verified by permeability essays. The membranes were obtained as cast films from the dispersions and was characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), termogravimetric analysis (TGA), X ray diffractometry (XRD) and small angle X ray scattering (SAXS). FTIR spectra showed that PEG segments influenced carbonyl band frequency. Loss of mass curves with temperature (TG) showed similar profiles of degradation, whereas DTG curves presented more stages. PEG segments conferred higher thermal stability for the materials. XRD and SAXS analysis showed that PEG promoted ordination to the membranes. In gas permeation tests, it was verified that the increase in copolymer amount increased permeability value for CO2, being attributed to the fact that the segments of poly(ethylene glycol) interacted favorably with this gas. In relation to CH4 and N2, there was a significant decrease in permeability when compared to the values found for CO2, being assigned to a loss of segmental mobility with increasing content of EG. In terms of selectivity, the pair CO2/CH4 had a mean value of 61,7 for the membrane containing the highest amount of EG groups, and the pair CO2/N2 produced a mean value of 121,5 for the same one, being superior than those found in the literature, making a promising material

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Entre os polímeros considerados promissores para a remoção seletiva de CO2, destacam-se aqueles que contêm os grupos glicol etilênico (EG). Nesta dissertação, foram obtidos filmes a partir de dispersões aquosas de poliuretano (PU), sintetizadas em trabalho anterior, à base de poli(glicol propilênico) (PPG), copolímero em bloco à base de poli(glicol etilênico) (PEG) e PPG (EG-b-PG), ácido dimetilolpropiônico (DMPA), diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI) e etilenodiamina (EDA). PPG, EG-b-PG e DMPA formaram as regiões flexíveis nas proporções de: PPG 100% e 0% EG-b-PG, PPG 75% e 25% EG-b-PG, PPG 50% e 50% EG-b-PG e PPG 25% e 75% EG-b-PG em termos de equivalentes-gramas. A influência da quantidade dos segmentos de PEG foi avaliada por ensaios de permeação com os gases CO2, CH4 e N2. Os filmes obtidos das dispersões foram caracterizados por espectrometria de infravermelho com transformadas de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), difração de raios x (DRX) e espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Espectros de FTIR mostraram que os segmentos de EG influenciaram a frequência da banda de carbonila. Curvas de perda de massa (TG) mostraram perfis semelhantes de degradação, enquanto que as curvas derivadas apresentaram diferenças. DRX e SAXS mostraram que os segmentos de PEG promoveram uma maior ordenação na estrutura da membrana. Testes de permeação de gases mostraram que o aumento do teor de PEG aumentou o valor da permeabilidade para o CO2, indicando que os segmentos de PEG interagiram favoravelmente com este gás. Em relação ao CH4 e N2, houve uma diminuição na permeabilidade quando comparados com os valores encontrados para o CO2, sendo atribuído a perda de mobilidade segmental. Em termos de seletividade, para o par CO2/CH4 foi obtido um valor médio de 61,7 para a membrana contendo o maior teor de PEG, e o par CO2/N2 um valor médio de 121,5, sendo superior aos valores encontrados na literatura, tornando o material promissor / Among the polymers considered promising for the selective removal of CO2 from natural gas, those containing ethylene glycol groups (EG) are the most distinguished. In this study cast films were obtained from aqueous dispersions of polyurethane (PU), synthesized in a previous work with poly (propylene glycol) (PPG), block copolymer based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PPG, dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and ethylenediamine (EDA). Segments of PPG, EG-b-PG and DMPA formed the flexible domains in the proportions of: PPG 100% and 0% EG-b-PG, PPG 75% and 25% EG-b-PG, PPG 50% and 50% EG-b-PG and PPG 25% and 75% EG-b-PG, in terms of equivalent-grams. The influence of the amount of PEG segments in permeation properties of CO2, CH4 and N2 was verified by permeability essays. The membranes were obtained as cast films from the dispersions and was characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), termogravimetric analysis (TGA), X ray diffractometry (XRD) and small angle X ray scattering (SAXS). FTIR spectra showed that PEG segments influenced carbonyl band frequency. Loss of mass curves with temperature (TG) showed similar profiles of degradation, whereas DTG curves presented more stages. PEG segments conferred higher thermal stability for the materials. XRD and SAXS analysis showed that PEG promoted ordination to the membranes. In gas permeation tests, it was verified that the increase in copolymer amount increased permeability value for CO2, being attributed to the fact that the segments of poly(ethylene glycol) interacted favorably with this gas. In relation to CH4 and N2, there was a significant decrease in permeability when compared to the values found for CO2, being assigned to a loss of segmental mobility with increasing content of EG. In terms of selectivity, the pair CO2/CH4 had a mean value of 61,7 for the membrane containing the highest amount of EG groups, and the pair CO2/N2 produced a mean value of 121,5 for the same one, being superior than those found in the literature, making a promising material