This thesis studies various aspects of differential algebra, from fundamental concepts to practical computations. A characteristic feature of this work is the use of combinatorial techniques, which offer a unique and original perspective on the subject matter. First, we establish the connection between the n-jet space of the fat point defined by xm and the stable set polytope of a perfect graph. We prove that the dimension of the coordinate ring of the scheme defined by polynomial arcs of degree less than or equal to n is a polynomial in m of degree n + 1. This is based on Zobnin’s result which states that the set {x^m} is a differential Gr ̈obner basis for its differential ideal. We generalize this statement to the case of two independent variables and link the dimensions in this case to some triangulations of the p × q rectangle, where the pair (p, q) now plays the role of n. Second, we study the arc space of the fat point x^m on a line from the point of view of filtration by finite-dimensional differential algebras. We prove that the generating series of the dimensions of these differential algebras is m/(1 -mt) . Based on this we propose a definition of the multiplicity of a solution of an algebraic differential equation as the growth of the dimensions of these differential algebras. This generalizes the concept of the multiplicity of an ideal in a polynomial ring. Furthermore, we determine a full description of the set of standard monomials of the differential ideal generated by x^m. This description proves a conjecture by Afsharijoo concerning a new version of the Roger-Ramanujan identities. Every homogeneous linear system of partial differential equations with constant coef- ficients can be encoded by a submodule of the ring of polynomials. We develop practical methods for computing the space of solutions to these PDEs. These spaces are typically infinite dimensional, and we use the Ehrenpreis–Palamodov Theorem for finite encoding. We apply this finite encoding to the solutions of the PDEs associated with the arc spaces of a double point. We prove that these vector spaces are spanned by determinants of some special Wronskians, and we relate them to differentially homogeneous polynomials. Finally, we introduce D-algebraic functions: they are solutions to algebraic differential equations. We study closure properties of these functions. We present practical algorithms and their implementations for carrying out arithmetic operations on D-algebraic functions. This amounts to solving elimination problems for differential ideals.

A toute variété algébrique on peut associer différents objets algébrico-géométriques qui rendent compte en particulier des singularités de la variété. Cette thèse traite de l'interaction entre l'étude des singularités, le schéma des arcs et le module des dérivations dans le cadre des courbes algébriques affines planes. Elle démontre que les d-tissus quasi-homogènes incomplets sont linéarisables pour d > 3 en utilisant un théorème d'Alain Hénaut. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, cette thèse introduit le formalisme des fonctions zêta motiviques associées à une 1-forme locale. / To any algebraic variety one can associate several algebraic-geometric objets which in particular provide information on the singularities of the variety. This thesis deals with the interaction between the study of singularities, arc spaces and derivations module in the context of affine algebraic plane curves. Using a theorem of Alain Hénaut, we show that quasi-homogeneous incomplete d-webs are linearizable for d > 3. Finally, in the last chapter, this thesis intoduces the formalism of motivic zêta function of a local 1-form.