Les matériaux composites sont depuis plusieurs décennies un domaine d’innovation dans le contexte de l’allégement des structures. Néanmoins, ils subsistent encore certains points d’amélioration concernant l’assemblage de ceux-ci entre eux ou sur des pièces métalliques. Le collage dit « structural » est alors une technologie incontournable pour l’assemblage de structure multi-matériaux. L’intégration du collage dans le processus de développement et de dimensionnement des structures requiert l’utilisation de modèles numériques adaptés ainsi qu’une approche de caractérisation fiable. De plus, dans le domaine du crash (code explicite), le modèle doit être compatible avec les contraintes de temps de calcul. Ces travaux de thèse proposent de définir une démarche de caractérisation et de modélisation des assemblages par collage soumis à des sollicitations dynamiques. L’objectif final est de proposer un modèle capable de simuler des structures sous sollicitations de types crash. Pour cela, un modèle phénoménologique (modèle à l’échelle mésoscopique) est caractérisé à l’aide d’essai de type bulk. Ce modèle permet une description fine du champ mécanique au sein d’un assemblage. Ce modèle combiné avec des essais réalisés sur un dispositif de type Arcan spécialement adapté pour des sollicitations dynamiques permet une identification d’un critère de rupture intrinsèque. À l’aide de ce modèle et du critère de rupture, un élément cohésif (modèle à l’échelle macroscopique) compatible avec les contraintes de temps de calcul est identifié. Finalement, ce modèle est validé par des essais dynamiques de sous-structure multi-matériaux. / Since few decades, composite material is an innovative field for the reduction of structure weight. However, assemblies of composite together or with metallic part are still a challenging point. Structural bonding is an unavoidable technology for the assemblies of multi-materials structures. Within the development and dimensioning procedure, the use of bonding requires the definition of numerical models and characterization methods. Furthermore, in crashworthiness (explicit code), models must be in agreement of time calculation limitations. The present work propose to define a modelling and characterisation approach for bonding assemblies under dynamic loading. The final aim is to provide a model able to modelling multi-materials structure under crash loading. For it, a characterisation of a phenomenological model (mesoscopic scale) is proposed. This model allow a fine description of the mechanical field in the bonded joint. With test carried out with an Arcan test device specially developed for dynamic loading, the mesoscopic model is used for the identification of an intrinsic failure criteria. Using mesoscopic model and the intrinsic failure criteria, a cohesive model (macroscopic model) in agreement of time calculation limitations is identified. Finally, this model is validated through dynamic tests on multi-materials substructures.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 4 mai 2008). In ProQuest dissertations and theses. Publié aussi en version papier.

Mémoire (M.A.) - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2005. / Comprend des réf. bibliogr.: f. [84]-93. Également disponible en format microfiche et PDF.

Cette &#x00E9;tude analyse la dynamique de la prostitution et de la politique sexuelle telle que d&#x00E9;peinte dans Putain de Nelly Arcan dans le but de cerner l'exp&#x00E9;rience prostitutionnelle int&#x00E9;grale du sujet narratif, une prostitu&#x00E9;e nomm&#x00E9;e Cynthia. Notre analyse s'&#x00E9;tend sur trois plans dont l'ordre pr&#x00E9;sente une gradation menant de l'espace priv&#x00E9; du rapport prostitutionnel &#x00E0; la sph&#x00E8;re publique sociale. Ainsi, nous examinons d'abord le statut que la narratrice occupe dans le cadre du milieu de la prostitution. Nous sondons ensuite les divers ph&#x00E9;nom&#x00E8;nes socio-culturels et psychologiques qui servent comme force motrice du choix de m&#x00E9;tier de prostitu&#x00E9;e chez Arcan. Pour ce faire, nous analysons en premier lieu le microcosme social de la famille qui a d&#x00E9;clench&#x00E9; chez la narratrice la d&#x00E9;marche prostitutionnelle. Finalement, nous comptons rep&#x00E9;rer le rapport entre l'&#x00E9;tat soumis de la prostitu&#x00E9;e dans Putain et l'oppression historique de la femme dans l'ensemble de la soci&#x00E9;t&#x00E9; patriarcale du type capitaliste. Compte tenu des divers discours patriarcaux abord&#x00E9;s dans Putain et de l'attitude contestataire adopt&#x00E9;e par la narratrice elle-m&#x00EA;me envers ces discours, nous avons jug&#x00E9; essentiel d'orienter notre recherche ainsi que l'&#x00E9;tude du texte d'Arcan selon une perspective interdisciplinaire d'ordre f&#x00E9;ministe. </P><P> This study analyzes the dynamics of prostitution and sexual politics as depicted in Putain, by Nelly Arcan, in order to explore the integral prostitutional experience of the narrator, a prostitute named Cynthia. Our threefold analysis presents a gradation that leads from the private place of the prostitutional relationship to the public social sphere. Thus, we examine first the status that the narrator occupies in the framework of the milieu of prostitution. Then, we probe the diverse socio-cultural and psychological phenomenon that serve as motivational forces to the choice of becoming a prostitute, as depicted in Arcan's work. In order to do this, we firstly analyze the family as a social microcosm that has provoked the narrator's path to prostitution. Finally, we seek to identify the relationship between the submission of the prostitute in Putain and the historic oppression of women in patriarchal capitalist society. Given the diverse patriarchal discourses addressed in Putain and the questioning attitude that the narrator herself adopts towards these discourses, it was deemed appropriate to conduct our research, as well as the study of Arcan's text, according to an interdisciplinary feminist perspective.</P>

Cette &#x00E9;tude analyse la dynamique de la prostitution et de la politique sexuelle telle que d&#x00E9;peinte dans Putain de Nelly Arcan dans le but de cerner l'exp&#x00E9;rience prostitutionnelle int&#x00E9;grale du sujet narratif, une prostitu&#x00E9;e nomm&#x00E9;e Cynthia. Notre analyse s'&#x00E9;tend sur trois plans dont l'ordre pr&#x00E9;sente une gradation menant de l'espace priv&#x00E9; du rapport prostitutionnel &#x00E0; la sph&#x00E8;re publique sociale. Ainsi, nous examinons d'abord le statut que la narratrice occupe dans le cadre du milieu de la prostitution. Nous sondons ensuite les divers ph&#x00E9;nom&#x00E8;nes socio-culturels et psychologiques qui servent comme force motrice du choix de m&#x00E9;tier de prostitu&#x00E9;e chez Arcan. Pour ce faire, nous analysons en premier lieu le microcosme social de la famille qui a d&#x00E9;clench&#x00E9; chez la narratrice la d&#x00E9;marche prostitutionnelle. Finalement, nous comptons rep&#x00E9;rer le rapport entre l'&#x00E9;tat soumis de la prostitu&#x00E9;e dans Putain et l'oppression historique de la femme dans l'ensemble de la soci&#x00E9;t&#x00E9; patriarcale du type capitaliste. Compte tenu des divers discours patriarcaux abord&#x00E9;s dans Putain et de l'attitude contestataire adopt&#x00E9;e par la narratrice elle-m&#x00EA;me envers ces discours, nous avons jug&#x00E9; essentiel d'orienter notre recherche ainsi que l'&#x00E9;tude du texte d'Arcan selon une perspective interdisciplinaire d'ordre f&#x00E9;ministe. </P><P> This study analyzes the dynamics of prostitution and sexual politics as depicted in Putain, by Nelly Arcan, in order to explore the integral prostitutional experience of the narrator, a prostitute named Cynthia. Our threefold analysis presents a gradation that leads from the private place of the prostitutional relationship to the public social sphere. Thus, we examine first the status that the narrator occupies in the framework of the milieu of prostitution. Then, we probe the diverse socio-cultural and psychological phenomenon that serve as motivational forces to the choice of becoming a prostitute, as depicted in Arcan's work. In order to do this, we firstly analyze the family as a social microcosm that has provoked the narrator's path to prostitution. Finally, we seek to identify the relationship between the submission of the prostitute in Putain and the historic oppression of women in patriarchal capitalist society. Given the diverse patriarchal discourses addressed in Putain and the questioning attitude that the narrator herself adopts towards these discourses, it was deemed appropriate to conduct our research, as well as the study of Arcan's text, according to an interdisciplinary feminist perspective.</P>

Afin de limiter les impacts environnementaux, les industries du transport (automobile, aéronautique, etc.) cherchent à alléger leurs produits. Cette recherche de gain de masse peut conduire à l'utilisation des adhésifs dans la réalisation des structures assemblées. Dans les situations de crash, les joints de colle introduits peuvent jouer un rôle critique sur la tenue globale de l'assemblage. Par conséquent, la maîtrise de leur comportement mécanique devient un point clef de développement. Notamment en vue du « virtual testing », il est essentiel de disposer de lois de comportement fiables dans le but de fournir des outils de calcul prédictifs à l'ingénieur. Les travaux de thèse portent sur le développement d'une démarche expérimentale permettant de caractériser le comportement mécanique d'adhésifs sous sollicitations dynamiques combinées. Le développement d'une éprouvette Arcan et d'un dispositif de sollicitation dédiés à la caractérisation des adhésifs en dynamique constituent le coeur du travail de thèse. Après une phase de validation, le moyen d'essais développé a été utilisé afin de caractériser le comportement dynamique de trois adhésifs structuraux. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à des essais « structures » de type TAST. En parallèle de ces travaux expérimentaux, une ouverture sur la modélisation numérique des adhésifs est proposée. La stratégie de modélisation se base sur l'utilisation d'éléments cohésifs et d'une loi de comportement développée suivant la méthode de l'état local. L'identification des paramètres matériaux est réalisée par méthode directe et inverse à partir des résultats issus d'essais Arcan. La stratégie de modélisation développée a été transposée à des essais TAST et simple recouvrement. Les prédictions faites par les modèles sont proches des résultats expérimentaux validant ainsi l'approche numérique mise en oeuvre. / In order to limit environmental impacts, the transport industries (automotive, aeronautics, etc.) are seeking to reduce the weight of their products. This search for mass gain can lead to the use of adhesives in the manufacturing of assembled structures. In crash situations, introduced bonded joints can play a critical role in the overall strength of the assembly. Consequently, their mechanical behaviour becomes a key development point. Especially for virtual testing, it is essential to have reliable behaviour laws in order to provide predictive computing tools to the engineer. The thesis work focuses on the development of an experimental approach to characterize the mechanical behaviour of adhesives under combined dynamic loadings. The development of an Arcan specimen and a test rig dedicated to the dynamic characterization of adhesives is the core of the thesis work. After a validation step, the developed test mean was used to characterize the dynamic behaviour of three structural adhesives. The results obtained were compared with "structural" TAST tests. In parallel of this experimental work, a first study on the numerical modelling of adhesives is proposed. The modelling strategy relies on the use of cohesive elements and a behaviour law developed according to the local state method. The identification of material parameters is carried out by direct and inverse methods from the results of Arcan tests. The modelling strategy developed has been transposed to TAST and single lap joint tests. The predictions made by the models are close to the experimental results and therefore validate the implemented numerical approach.

Le collage par adhérence moléculaire consiste à joindre deux surfaces entre elles sans l'utilisation de matière adhésive. Cette technologie est particulièrement utilisée pour la fabrication de systèmes optiques comme les découpeurs d'images ou les interféromètres qui sont utilisés en optique terrestre. L'objectif final dans le développement de cette technologie est d'intégrer ces assemblages dans des systèmes optiques spatiaux. Or l'environnement spatial est totalement différent de l'environnement terrestre. Un satellite peut subir des chocs, des vibrations ou de la fatigue thermique. Il est nécessaire de caractériser avec précision l'adhérence moléculaire sous ces sollicitations pour respecter les exigences de l'Agence Spatiale Européenne. Cette thèse s'attache à caractériser la tenue aux chocs de l'adhérence moléculaire. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle machine d'essais a été développée pour mener une campagne d'essais. Ce nouveau banc d'essais consiste à générer un choc dans une éprouvette placée dans un système de type Arcan. Les premiers essais sont réalisés sur des assemblages en aluminium collé avec trois différentes colles afin de valider le comportement du banc d'essais. Puis, une campagne expérimentale est effectuée sur des éprouvettes en verre de silice adhérées par adhérence moléculaire avec différentes procédures de traitement de l'adhérence. L'énergie de rupture aux chocs est définie pour chaque type d'interface avec les essais dynamiques. Suite aux essais statique, une simulation par éléments finis permet de définir la contrainte critique à l'aide d'un critère en contrainte. Pour finir, une étude de choc sur un Coin de Cube optique est réalisée. / The fused silica glass direct bonding consists in joining two surfaces without using any adhesive. This technology is used in particular to manufacture optical systems like optical slicers or interferometers used in terrestrial optics. The final aim in the development of this technology is to integrate these assemblies in spatial optics systems. However the spatial environment is totally different from the terrestrial one. A satellite may undergo shocks, vibrations or thermal fatigue. It is necessary to characterize with accuracy the direct bonded interface under these solicitations to respect the European Space Agency requirements. The aim in this works consists to characterize the direct bonding shock resistance. In this context, a new test machine has been developed to lead on an experimental campaign. This new machine design consists to generate a shock in a specimen placed in modified Arcan device. The first tests are performed on adhesively-bonded assemblies in aluminium with three different adhesives to validate the bench behaviour. After, an experimental campaign is performed on silica glass direct bonding samples with different bonded procedure. The shock fracture energy is defined for each type of interface with dynamic tests. Following static tests, a simulation by finite elements is used to define the critical stress with a stress criterion. To finish, a shock study on a representative structure, in our case a Corner cube optic, is performed.

Esta tese tem por objetivo a aplicação do processamento por atrito linear na liga de titânio Ti-6Al-4V. Derivado da solda por atrito linear, é um processo recente desenvolvido na década de 90 para união de alumínio. Sua aplicação em outros tipos de materiais como aços e ligas de alto desempenho, em especial o titânio, tem interessado a industria. A metodologia utilizada nesta tese para avaliar o processamento por atrito linear, consistiu na execução de ensaios mecânicos de tração em condições mistas em chapas da liga de titânio Ti-6Al-4V. A máquina utilizada para o processamento das chapas foi um centro de usinagem CNC convencional, adaptado com dispositivos especiais. Além dos ensaios de tração em condições mistas, foram executadas medições de microdurezas nas regiões atingidas pelo processo, avaliação das microestruturas resultantes e medições de tensão residual para uma caracterização mais ampla do processo. As microestruturas na região processada são caracterizadas por uma estrutura totalmente transformada. As temperaturas de pico na região processada excederam a temperatura -transus durante o processamento e a transformação da fase + ocorreu durante a fase de resfriamento. A transformação da fase para resultou na formação de agulhas de fase nos contornos e pelo interior dos grãos da fase . Pequenas regiões com estrutura equiaxial de grãos ( globular) foram observados na zona de processamento. A abordagem dos resultados quantitativos foi feita de forma estatística, visando identificar os parâmetros de maior interação com os resultados observados. Foi identificado nesta tese que a rotação da ferramenta apresentou a maior influência nos resultados de tensão residual, microdureza e tensão de escoamento. Uma importante contribuição à modelagem da tensão de escoamento para materiais anisotrópicos é proposta, baseado em um critério de escoamento ortotrópico. Equações complementares baseadas nos testes mistos de tração e cisalhamento são propostas para modificar o modelo ortotrópico. O intuito deste modelo é indicar em que condições o material tem seu regime de escoamento atingido, podendo servir de base para simulações práticas de peças em condições similares. / This thesis aims at the application of friction stir processing (FSP) in Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Derived from friction stir welding (FSW), it is a recent process developed in the 90s for aluminum joining. Its application to other types of materials such as steel and high performance alloys, in particular titanium, has interested industry. The methodology applied in this thesis to evaluate FSP, consisted in the execution of tensile test at mixed conditions to Ti-6Al-4V sheets 4. The machine used for processing the sheet was a conventional CNC milling machine, assembled with special fixture devices. In addition to tensile tests, measurements have been performed to the regions affected by the process such as evaluation of microhardness, microstructure and residual stress condition. The microstructures at the processed region are characterized by a transformed structure. The peak temperatures, in the processed region, exceeded the -transus temperature during the processing and transformation of the phase + occurred during the cooling phase. This transformation resulted in the formation of boundary and intergranular phase (Widmanstätten) at the grains. Small regions of equiaxed grain structure (globular ) were observed in the processed zone. The approach to the quantitative results was made in statistical form aiming to identify the parameters interaction with the observed results. It was identified in this thesis that the tool spinning rotation showed the highest influence on the results of residual stress, hardness and yield strength. An important contribution to the modeling of anisotropic materials yield stress is proposed based on an orthotropic yield criterion. Additional equations based on the mixed tests for tensile and shear are proposed to modify the orthotropic model. The purpose of this model is to indicate the conditions under which the material has reached its yield regime, and may be a basis for practical simulations in similar conditions.

Esta tese tem por objetivo a aplicação do processamento por atrito linear na liga de titânio Ti-6Al-4V. Derivado da solda por atrito linear, é um processo recente desenvolvido na década de 90 para união de alumínio. Sua aplicação em outros tipos de materiais como aços e ligas de alto desempenho, em especial o titânio, tem interessado a industria. A metodologia utilizada nesta tese para avaliar o processamento por atrito linear, consistiu na execução de ensaios mecânicos de tração em condições mistas em chapas da liga de titânio Ti-6Al-4V. A máquina utilizada para o processamento das chapas foi um centro de usinagem CNC convencional, adaptado com dispositivos especiais. Além dos ensaios de tração em condições mistas, foram executadas medições de microdurezas nas regiões atingidas pelo processo, avaliação das microestruturas resultantes e medições de tensão residual para uma caracterização mais ampla do processo. As microestruturas na região processada são caracterizadas por uma estrutura totalmente transformada. As temperaturas de pico na região processada excederam a temperatura -transus durante o processamento e a transformação da fase + ocorreu durante a fase de resfriamento. A transformação da fase para resultou na formação de agulhas de fase nos contornos e pelo interior dos grãos da fase . Pequenas regiões com estrutura equiaxial de grãos ( globular) foram observados na zona de processamento. A abordagem dos resultados quantitativos foi feita de forma estatística, visando identificar os parâmetros de maior interação com os resultados observados. Foi identificado nesta tese que a rotação da ferramenta apresentou a maior influência nos resultados de tensão residual, microdureza e tensão de escoamento. Uma importante contribuição à modelagem da tensão de escoamento para materiais anisotrópicos é proposta, baseado em um critério de escoamento ortotrópico. Equações complementares baseadas nos testes mistos de tração e cisalhamento são propostas para modificar o modelo ortotrópico. O intuito deste modelo é indicar em que condições o material tem seu regime de escoamento atingido, podendo servir de base para simulações práticas de peças em condições similares. / This thesis aims at the application of friction stir processing (FSP) in Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Derived from friction stir welding (FSW), it is a recent process developed in the 90s for aluminum joining. Its application to other types of materials such as steel and high performance alloys, in particular titanium, has interested industry. The methodology applied in this thesis to evaluate FSP, consisted in the execution of tensile test at mixed conditions to Ti-6Al-4V sheets 4. The machine used for processing the sheet was a conventional CNC milling machine, assembled with special fixture devices. In addition to tensile tests, measurements have been performed to the regions affected by the process such as evaluation of microhardness, microstructure and residual stress condition. The microstructures at the processed region are characterized by a transformed structure. The peak temperatures, in the processed region, exceeded the -transus temperature during the processing and transformation of the phase + occurred during the cooling phase. This transformation resulted in the formation of boundary and intergranular phase (Widmanstätten) at the grains. Small regions of equiaxed grain structure (globular ) were observed in the processed zone. The approach to the quantitative results was made in statistical form aiming to identify the parameters interaction with the observed results. It was identified in this thesis that the tool spinning rotation showed the highest influence on the results of residual stress, hardness and yield strength. An important contribution to the modeling of anisotropic materials yield stress is proposed based on an orthotropic yield criterion. Additional equations based on the mixed tests for tensile and shear are proposed to modify the orthotropic model. The purpose of this model is to indicate the conditions under which the material has reached its yield regime, and may be a basis for practical simulations in similar conditions.

Dans des contextes industriels spécifiques, coller un revêtement épais élastomère à des canalisations en acier constitue le meilleur moyen de les protéger de la corrosion en milieu marin. Ce travail de thèse a principalement pour objectif de mieux appréhender le comportement à long terme de ces assemblages acier/colle/revêtement en milieu marin. Deux approches complémentaires ont été définies. La première se base sur des outils statistiques pour traiter les données de caractérisations physico-chimiques des matériaux issus des assemblages utilisés en service depuis plus de trente ans. A partir de ces données hétérogènes (les assemblages sont différents en termes de formulations des matériaux, de procédé de collage et de conditions de vieillissement); des groupes homogènes présentant des scénarios de vieillissement identiques ont été identifiés et les mécanismes majeurs de dégradation du revêtement ont été établis. La seconde approche se focalise sur les assemblages actuellement utilisés dans les opérations de rénovation. Une démarche expérimentale a donc été mise en place en laboratoire afin d’accélérer de manière contrôlée le vieillissement des matériaux et assemblages. Les objectifs sont multiples. Pour chaque matériau (revêtement et colle), il s’agissait de comprendre les mécanismes de dégradation et les cinétiques d’absorption d’eau qui expliquent les évolutions de propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques observées au cours du vieillissement. De même, les interfaces ont été caractérisées et les paramètres de procédé qui influent sur la tenue de l’interface métallique ont été identifiés. Cette approche découplée a permis de mieux comprendre le comportement en milieu marin de l’assemblage d’étude à partir de celui des matériaux et interfaces présentes. / In some industrial applications, bonding rubber coatings to metallic pipelines is a suitable solution to protect them from marine corrosion. This study deals with the long term behavior of such metallic coated pipelines in a marine environment. Two different approaches have been developed. The first focuses on degradation data of pipelines used for around thirty years in normal service conditions. As these bonded assemblies are different in terms of material formulations, manufacturing processes and aging conditions, statistical tools were used to identify homogeneous groups with identical aging mechanisms. Also, based on these results, the main degradation mechanisms of the rubber coating were established. The second approach focused on pipelines used currently in renovation operations. An experimental methodology was developed in the laboratory to accelerate aging processes. The bulk materials, surfaces and interfaces were characterized physically, chemically and mechanically before and after natural sea water ageing. This enabled an understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics governing adhesion and degradation to be developed. It also allowed the influence of sea water aging on the failure strength of the assembly of interest to be investigated.