No description available.

Thesis (D.Phil.) -- Universiteit van Pretoria, 2007. / Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

The relationship between architecture and defense during the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries in the portion of Hispanic Sonora that later became southern Arizona is examined. Included are a description and analysis of presidio fortifications, and a comparison of these defense works with other kinds of fortified and garrisoned places found in the region. Separate sections offer appraisals of how raw materials, labor, and tools, were used to plan and build frontier strongholds in northern New Spain and early Mexico. Also provided is a description of the weapons and tactics used in the defense of fortified places. An evaluation is made of the role of fortifications in grand strategy. Based on this evidence, it is argued that defense involved a wider variety of institutions than has traditionally been recognized. The survey of defensive sites also indicates that the presidios do not share certain important features. These differences reflect gradual changes in design concepts over time. It is argued that the causes of these modifications are principally the results of shifts in strategy.

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science in Building. / During the most recent period of man's transformation, the cultural evolution, man created many things. The latter part of this epoch was dominated by industry, when man created special structures solely for manufacturing purposes. The first stage was the Handicrafts or Eotechnic phase and was charecterlsed by the use of manpower and wind and water power. During the second stage, the Manufacturing or Paleotechnic phase, man made use of steam and electricity. This stage was regarded as functional in Europe and mechanised in the USA. The changes in form In these stages follow the same patterns as the technoloqlcal process, although the patterns are not unilinear, equal or similar in duration, the first stage evolutionary, the second stage more revolutionary. The changes were predominantly the result of technical pressures, but to a minor extent also of economical, aesthetical, philosophical and sociological pressures. Of late managerial pressures have contributed to the changes as well. A causality is thus revealed in that the changes in form are a consequence of holistic changes in these pressures. However, tho nature and essence of the industrial building as an enclosed space where something is produced remains constant, whatever the pressures. / Andrew Chakane 2019

No description available.

No description available.

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Master of Science in Building. / During the most recent period of man's transformation, the cultural evolution, man created many things. The latter part of this epoch was dominated by industry, when man created special structures solely for manufacturing purposes. The first stage was the Handicrafts or Eotechnic phase and was charecterlsed by the use of manpower and wind and water power. During the second stage, the Manufacturing or Paleotechnic phase, man made use of steam and electricity. This stage was regarded as functional in Europe and mechanised in the USA. The changes in form. In these stages follow the same patterns as the technological process, although the patterns are not unilinear, equal or similar in duration, the first stage evolutionary, the second stage more revolutionary. The changes were predominantly the result of technical pressures, but to a minor extent also of economical, aesthetlcal, philosophical and sociological pressures. Of late managerial pressures have contributed to the changes as well. A causality is thus revealed in that the changes in form are a consequence of hotlstlc changes in these pressures. However, tho nature and essence of the industrial building as an enclosed space where something is produced remains constant, whatever the pressures. / Andrew Chakane 2019

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

No description available.