Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1984. / "March 1984." "N0001484 WR24001"--P. 1. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-148).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_jps_dr_guara.pdf: 22860427 bytes, checksum: f429c89456cd5f54445e1cf96bf99ff7 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma teoria analítica com simulações numéricas para estudar o movimento orbital de satélites artificiais em torno de satélites planetários. Consideramos o problema de um satélite artificial perturbado pela distribuição não uniforme de massa do corpo principal e por um terceiro corpo (assume-se em uma órbita circular ou elíptica). Polinômios de Legendre são expandidos em potências da excentricidade até o quarto grau e são usados para o potencial perturbador devido ao terceiro corpo. As condições para obter órbitas congeladas são apresentadas. O modelo analítico de média, simples e dupla, é considerado para analisar o movimento orbital dos satélites artificiais. Uma comparação entre os modelos de média, simples e dupla, é apresentada. O método de perturbação de Lie-Hori, até a segunda ordem, é aplicado para eliminar os termos de curto período do potencial perturbador. Termos de acoplamento são analisados. É dada ênfase para o caso de órbitas congeladas, inclinação crítica e ressonâncias. Mostramos uma nova equação aproximada para calcular o semi-eixo maior crítico para a órbita do satélite. Uma abordagem para estudar o comportamento da longitude do nodo ascendente de uma órbita lunar quase polar, hélio-síncrona é apresentada. As simulações numéricas para satélites artificiais hipotéticos são feitas considerando as perturbações acopladas ou isoladas. / In this work, we present an analytical theory with numerical simulations to study the orbital motion of artificial satellites around planetary satellites. We consider the problem of an artificial satellite perturbed by the non-uniform distribution of mass of the main body and by a third-body (assumed to be in a circular or elliptical orbit). Legendre polynomials are expanded in powers of the eccentricity up to the degree four and are used for the disturbing potential due to the third-body. The conditions to get frozen orbits are presented. The average analytical model, simple and double, is considered to perform an analysis of the orbital motion of the artificial satellites. A comparison between the averaged models, simple and double, is presented. Lie- Hori perturbation method up to the second-order is applied to eliminate the terms of shortperiod of the disturbing potential. Coupling terms are analyzed. Emphasis is given to the case of frozen orbits, critical inclination and resonances. We show a new approximated equation to compute the critical semi-major axis for the orbit of the satellite. An approach to studying the behavior of the longitude of the ascending node for a near Sun-synchronous polar lunar orbit is presented. Numerical simulations for hypothetical artificial satellites are performed considering the perturbations combined or isolated.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma teoria analítica com simulações numéricas para estudar o movimento orbital de satélites artificiais em torno de satélites planetários. Consideramos o problema de um satélite artificial perturbado pela distribuição não uniforme de massa do corpo principal e por um terceiro corpo (assume-se em uma órbita circular ou elíptica). Polinômios de Legendre são expandidos em potências da excentricidade até o quarto grau e são usados para o potencial perturbador devido ao terceiro corpo. As condições para obter órbitas congeladas são apresentadas. O modelo analítico de média, simples e dupla, é considerado para analisar o movimento orbital dos satélites artificiais. Uma comparação entre os modelos de média, simples e dupla, é apresentada. O método de perturbação de Lie-Hori, até a segunda ordem, é aplicado para eliminar os termos de curto período do potencial perturbador. Termos de acoplamento são analisados. É dada ênfase para o caso de órbitas congeladas, inclinação crítica e ressonâncias. Mostramos uma nova equação aproximada para calcular o semi-eixo maior crítico para a órbita do satélite. Uma abordagem para estudar o comportamento da longitude do nodo ascendente de uma órbita lunar quase polar, hélio-síncrona é apresentada. As simulações numéricas para satélites artificiais hipotéticos são feitas considerando as perturbações acopladas ou isoladas. / Abstract: In this work, we present an analytical theory with numerical simulations to study the orbital motion of artificial satellites around planetary satellites. We consider the problem of an artificial satellite perturbed by the non-uniform distribution of mass of the main body and by a third-body (assumed to be in a circular or elliptical orbit). Legendre polynomials are expanded in powers of the eccentricity up to the degree four and are used for the disturbing potential due to the third-body. The conditions to get frozen orbits are presented. The average analytical model, simple and double, is considered to perform an analysis of the orbital motion of the artificial satellites. A comparison between the averaged models, simple and double, is presented. Lie- Hori perturbation method up to the second-order is applied to eliminate the terms of shortperiod of the disturbing potential. Coupling terms are analyzed. Emphasis is given to the case of frozen orbits, critical inclination and resonances. We show a new approximated equation to compute the critical semi-major axis for the orbit of the satellite. An approach to studying the behavior of the longitude of the ascending node for a near Sun-synchronous polar lunar orbit is presented. Numerical simulations for hypothetical artificial satellites are performed considering the perturbations combined or isolated. / Orientador: Rodolpho Vilhena de Moraes / Coorientador: Antonio Fernando Bertachini de Almeida Prado / Banca: Othon Cabo Winter / Banca: Decio Cardozo Mourão / Banca: Sandro da Silva Fernandes / Banca: Elbert Einstein Nehrer Macau / Doutor

It is a well documented fact that Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC’s) poses a significant threat to ground-based electric conductor networks like oil pipelines, railways and powerline networks. A study is undertaken to determine the feasibility of using artificial neural network models to predict GIC occurrence in the Southern African power grid. The magnitude of an induced current at a specific location on the Earth’s surface is directly related to the temporal derivative of the geomagnetic field (specifically its horizontal components) at that point. Hence, the focus of the problem is on the prediction of the temporal variations in the horizontal geomagnetic field (@Bx/@t and @By/@t). Artificial neural networks are used to predict @Bx/@t and @By/@t measured at Hermanus, South Africa (34.27◦ S, 19.12◦ E) with a 30 minute prediction lead time. As input parameters to the neural networks, insitu solar wind measurements made by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite are used. The results presented here compare well with similar models developed at high-latitude locations (e.g. Sweden, Finland, Canada) where extensive GIC research has been undertaken. It is concluded that it would indeed be feasible to use a neural network model to predict GIC occurrence in the Southern African power grid, provided that GIC measurements, powerline configuration and network parameters are made available.

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Most present day spacecrafts have large interconnected solar panels. The dynamic behavior of the spacecraft in orbit can be modeled as a free rigid mass with flexible elements attached to it. The natural frequencies of such spacecrafts with deployed solar panels are very low. The low values of the natural frequencies pose difficulties for maneuvering the spacecraft. The control torque required to maneuver the spacecraft is influenced by the flexibility of the solar arrays. The control torque sets up transient oscillations in the flexible solar panels which in turn induces disturbances in the rigid satellite body and the payload within. Therefore the payload operations can be carried out only after the disturbances die out. For any reduction of the above disturbances it is necessary to understand the dynamic behavior of such systems to an applied torque. The present work first studies the nature of the disturbances. The influence of structural parameters on these disturbances is then investigated. Finally, the use of passive damping treatment using viscoelastic material is investigated for the reduction of the disturbances. In order to understand the nature of vibrations induced in the flexible appendages of a satellite during maneuvers, we model the maneuver loads in terms of applied angular acceleration as well as varying torque. The transient decay of the disturbance of the rigid element is characterized by the dynamic characteristics of the flexible panels or appendages. It is shown that by changing the stiffness of the panel the response of the rigid element can be modified. A simple model consisting of an Euler-Bernoulli beam attached to a free mass is next considered. The influence of various parameters of the EulerBernoulli beam in mitigating vibration and thereby the disturbance in the rigid mass is investigated. As the response of the rigid system mounted with the large flexible panels are influenced by the dynamics of the flexible panels, reduction of these disturbances can be achieved by reducing the vibration in the flexible panels. Therefore application of viscoelastic materials for passive damping treatment is investigated. The loss factor of a structure is significantly improved by using constrained viscoelastic layer damping treatment. However providing a constrained layer damping treatment on the entire structure is very inefficient in terms of the additional mass involved. Therefore damping material is applied at suitable optimal locations. In previous studies reported in literature, modal strain energy distribution in the viscoelastic material as well as the base structure is used as a tool to arrive at the optimum location for the damping treatment. It is shown in this study that such locations selected are not the optimum. A new approach is proposed in this study by which both the above shortcomings are overcome. It is shown that use of a parameter that is the ratio of the strain in the viscoelastic material to the angle of flexure is a more reliable measure in arriving at optimal locations for the application of constrained viscoelastic layers. The method considers the deformations in the viscoelastic material and it is shown that significant values of loss factors are achieved by providing material in a small region alone. We also show that loss factor can be improved by providing damping material near the interface region. The loss factor can be further improved by incorporating spacers by using spacer material having higher extensional modulus. Also shown is the fact that loss factor is unaffected by the shear modulus of the spacer material. Experiments have been conducted to validate these results. In a related study we consider honeycomb type flexible structures since in most of the spacecraft applications honeycomb sandwich constructions are employed. But loss factors of sandwich panels with constrained layer damping treatment are seldom discussed in the literature. Use of viscoelastic layers to improve the loss factors of the honeycomb sandwich beams is explored. The results show that the loss factors are enhanced by increasing the inplane stiffness of the constraining layer. These conclusions too are validated by experimental results. Finally a typical satellite with flexible solar panels is considered, and the use of the viscoelastic material for improving the damping is demonstrated.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Geological remote sensing is a powerful tool for lithological discrimination, especially in arid regions with minimal vegetative cover to obscure rock exposures. Commercial multispectral imaging satellites provide a broad spectral range with which to target specific rock types. Landsat ETM+ (7), ASTER, and SPOT 5 multispectral images were acquired and digitally processed: band ratioing, principle components analysis, and maximum likelihood supervised classification. The sensors were evaluated on the ability to discriminate between sedimentary rocks in a structurally complex setting. The study focusses on the formations of the Naukluft Nappe Complex, Namibia. Previous work of the area had to be consulted in order to identify the main target rock types. Dolomite, limestone, quartzite, and shale were determined to make up the majority of rock types in the area. Landsat, ASTER, and SPOT 5 imagery were acquired and pre-processed. Each was subjected to transform techniques: band ratios and PCA. Band ratios were tailored to highlighted target rock types as well as a number of control ratios to ensure the integrity of important ratios. PCA components were inspected to find the most useful ones which were combined into FCCs. Transform results, expert knowledge, and a geological map were consulted to identify training and accuracy samples for the supervised classifications. All three classifications made use of the same set of training and accuracy samples to facilitate useful comparisons. Transform results were promising for Landsat and ASTER images, while SPOT 5 struggled. The limited spectral resolution of SPOT 5 limited its use for identifying target rock types, with the superior spatial resolution contributing very little. Landsat benefitted from good spectral resolution. This allowed for good performance with highlighting limestone and dolomite, while being less successful with shale. Quartzite was a real problem as the spectral resolution of Landsat could not cover this range as well. ASTER, having the highest spectral resolution, could distinguish between all four target rock types. Landsat and ASTER results suffered in areas where formations were relatively thin (smaller than sensor spatial resolution). The supervised classification results were similar to the transforms in that both Landsat and ASTER provided useful results, while SPOT 5 failed to yield definitive results. Accuracy assessment determined that ASTER performed the best at 98.72%. Landsat produced an accuracy of 93.29% while SPOT 5 was 80.17% accuracy. Landsat completely overestimated the amount of quartzite present, while all results classified significant proportions Quaternary sediments as shale. Limestone was well represented in even the poorest results, while dolomite usually struggled in areas where it was in close association with quartzite. Silica yields relatively strong responses in the TIR spectrum which could lead to misclassification of dolomite, which also has strong TIR signatures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geologiese afstandswaarneming is 'n kragtige tegniek vir litologiese diskriminasie, veral in droë streke met minimale plantbedekking om dagsome te verduister. Kommersiële multispektrale satelliete beelde bied 'n breë spektrale reeks waarmee spesifieke gesteentetipes geteiken kan word. Landsat ETM + (7), ASTER, en SPOT 5 multispektrale beelde was bekom en digitaal verwerk: bandverhoudings, hoofkomponente-ontleding, en maksimum waarskynlikheid klassifikasie. Die sensors is geëvalueer op hul vermoë om te onderskei tussen sedimentêre gesteentes in 'n struktureel komplekse omgewing. Die studie fokus op die formasies van die Naukluft Dekblad Kompleks, Namibië. Vorige werk van die area was geraadpleeg om die hoofgesteentetipes te identifiseer. Dit was bepaal dat dolomiet, kalksteen, kwartsiet, en skalie die oorgrote meerderheid van kliptipes in area opgemaak het. Landsat, ASTER, en SPOT 5 beelde is verkry en voorverwerk. Elke beeld was onderwerp aan transformasietegnieke: bandverhoudings en hoofkomponente-ontleding. Bandverhoudings is aangepas om teiken rotstipes uit te lig asook 'n aantal kontrole bandverhoudings om die integriteit van belangrike verhoudings te verseker. Hoofkomponente-ontleding komponente is ondersoek om die mees bruikbares te vind en dié was gekombineer in valse kleur samestellings. Transformasie resultate, deskundige kennis, en 'n geologiese kaart was geraadpleeg om opleidings- en verwysingsmonsters was verkry vanaf die beelde vir die klassifikasies. Al drie klassifikasies gebruik gemaak van dieselfde stel van die opleiding- en akkuraatheidsmonsters om sodoende betekenisvolle vergelykings te verseker. Transformasie resultate is belowend vir Landsat en ASTER beelde, terwyl SPOT 5 minder bruikbaar was. Die noue spektrale resolusie van SPOT 5 beperk die gebruik daarvan vir die identifisering van teiken gesteentetipes terwyl die hoë ruimtelike resolusie baie min bydra. Landsat het voordeel getrek uit goeie spektrale resolusie. Dit goeie resultate opgelwer met die klem op kalksteen en dolomiet, terwyl skalie aansienlik swakker resultate opgelewer het. Kwartsiet was 'n werklike probleem omdat die spektrale resolusie van Landsat nie breed genoeg was om hierdie kliptipe te onderskei nie. ASTER, met die hoogste spektrale resolusie, kon onderskei tussen al vier teiken rotstipes. Landsat en ASTER resultate was baie negatief beïnvloed in gebiede waar formasies relatief dun was (kleiner as sensor ruimtelike resolusie). Die klassifikasie resultate was soortgelyk aan die transformasies in dat beide Landsat en ASTER nuttige resultate opgelewer het, terwyl SPOT 5 misluk het. Akkuraatheids assessering het bepaal dat ASTER die beste gevaar het met 98,72%. Landsat het 'n akkuraatheid van 93,29% opgelewer, terwyl SPOT 5 80,17% akkuraat was. Landsat het die hoeveelheid kwartsiet heeltemal oorskat, terwyl al die resultate groot hoeveelhede Kwaternêre sedimente as skalie geklassifiseer het. Kalksteen is goed verteenwoordig in tot die armste resultate, terwyl resultate gewoonlik afgeneem het waar dolomiet in noue verband met kwartsiet was. Dit is moontlik asgevolg van silika se relatiewe sterk reaksies in die termiese infra-rooi spektrum wat kan lei tot die foutiewe klassifisering met dolomiet (wat ook sterk reageer in die TIR spektrum).