International regime theory assume s the hegemon's willingness and capability to be the necessary and sufficient conditions for creating regimes. The larger the power disparity between the hegemon and the subordinate countries, the better the conditions for regime formation will be. But in Asia-Pacific, regime formation has gained momentum since the U.S. hegemonic power began to decline. How do we explain the "anomaly" in Asia-Pacific cooperation? What distinct patterns of regime dynamics have demonstrated in this region? My central assumptions are first, Asia-Pacific regional cooperation is, to a great extent, determined by the respective postures of China and Japan as well as the nature of their bilateral relations; second, regime dynamics in this region can be better captured from the perspective of these two Asian indigenous major powers. I draw upon regime theory, constructivist arguments, and aspects of the traditional Chinese-dominated East Asian order to devise the theoretical frameworks for this study. These theoretical frameworks enable us to capture the fluidity and complexity that have characterized the process of Asia-Pacific regime creation. We find that China's great leap outward has facilitated an ideational change, bringing China closer to the rules, norms, and principles of regional economic regime. Yet China's cognitive support have been mixed and it has refrained from committing to any fora of regional cooperation. Similarly, Japan has adopted a minimalist approach to regional cooperation. Uncertainties and mixed feelings characterize Sino-Japanese relations. China and Japan have not formed and are unlikely to form a political partnership to forge an exclusively Asian bloc, nor have their bilateral relations evolved or are likely to evolve toward confrontation to effect the collapse of regional cooperation. Finally, I summarize how patterns of regime dynamics in Asia-Pacific can be identified and assessed by focusing on the category of the two Asian powers. I conclude that the embedded liberalism defining European-Atlantic regimes could never hold in Asia-Pacific. Regime dynamics in Asia-Pacific have proceeded and will continue to evolve in a fashion that reflects the distinctive power and cultural reality in this world arena.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 317-354).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-288).

In 1993, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) held the first APEC Economic Leaders Meeting (AELM). Raising APEC interaction to the top track, the level of leaders, proved to be an effective and powerful dynamic; the AELM continues to meet annually and to shape APEC policy. The focus on the AELM as the source of vision and direction reinforces the pivotal importance of this political assemblage, reassures the populace that leaders do prevail and all is well: essential ingredients, according to Clifford Geertz, of political theater. The role of journalists, the contemporary scribes or critics, is to inform the audience of this political drama. The objective of this research is to demonstrate that real political value exists in the 'Staging of APEC' in terms of effective economic and political integration of benefit to broad regional interests. The findings draw on the results of a content analysis of news reports covering the first six years of the AELM (1993-1998). Formally, the AELM is an opportunity for regional political leaders to engage in regional policy formation outlined by the pillars of APEC (trade liberalization, facilitation and cooperation) guided by the principals of open regionalism and concerted unilateralism. Activity on the formal, or main stage, also flows to the small stage where leaders merge in a neutral venue. On this stage, leaders are free to examine distinctly non-economic, yet intersecting interests including domestic agendas, human rights and pluri-lateral security concerns. Together, these dual stages, neither one complete without the other, form the political theatre of APEC and provide the value added for the leaders and ultimately for the Asia – Pacific region.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of South Carolina, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-279).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references.

In 1993, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC) held the first APEC Economic Leaders Meeting (AELM). Raising APEC interaction to the top track, the level of leaders, proved to be an effective and powerful dynamic; the AELM continues to meet annually and to shape APEC policy. The focus on the AELM as the source of vision and direction reinforces the pivotal importance of this political assemblage, reassures the populace that leaders do prevail and all is well: essential ingredients, according to Clifford Geertz, of political theater. The role of journalists, the contemporary scribes or critics, is to inform the audience of this political drama. The objective of this research is to demonstrate that real political value exists in the 'Staging of APEC' in terms of effective economic and political integration of benefit to broad regional interests. The findings draw on the results of a content analysis of news reports covering the first six years of the AELM (1993-1998). Formally, the AELM is an opportunity for regional political leaders to engage in regional policy formation outlined by the pillars of APEC (trade liberalization, facilitation and cooperation) guided by the principals of open regionalism and concerted unilateralism. Activity on the formal, or main stage, also flows to the small stage where leaders merge in a neutral venue. On this stage, leaders are free to examine distinctly non-economic, yet intersecting interests including domestic agendas, human rights and pluri-lateral security concerns. Together, these dual stages, neither one complete without the other, form the political theatre of APEC and provide the value added for the leaders and ultimately for the Asia – Pacific region. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Research, Institute of / Graduate

by Wong Tze-Kin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-199). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACTS --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAM --- p.ix / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.x / Chapter PART ONE: --- APEC AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background: the First APEC Meeting in 1989 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Statement --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Propositions of Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Premises --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- The Political Economy of Globalization and Regionalization --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- International Cooperation and the Differentiation between Strong Regimes and Weak Regimes --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- "Functions of Regimes: Information, Institutional Nesting and Cross Issues-Linkage" --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Sources of Materials and Organization of the Study --- p.20 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Concepts of Globalization and Regionalization --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theories of Cooperation Among States --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Realist Theories --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Neo-Liberal Institutional ism --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Remarks --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Study of APEC --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Objectives of APEC --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Constraints on APEC --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Theoretical Implications of APEC --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.39 / Chapter PART TWO: --- "INTERDEPENDENCE, INDIVIDUAL VISIONS AND THE BIRTH OF APEC" / Chapter III. --- THE CREATION OF APEC AND INCENTIVES OF ORIGINAL PLAYERS --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- Interdependence and the Development of Non-governmental Organizations in the Asia-Pacific Region --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Historical Development of Non-governmental Organizations --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Problems of Economic Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Interests of Founding Members in the Formation of APEC --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Australia: an Endeavor from a Middle-Power --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Japan: Easing Trade Tensions and Sustaining Growth Momentum --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The United States: Engagement and Economic Benefits --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- ASEAN: Changing Environment and Cautious Participation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- Concluding Remarks: Initial Demands on APEC --- p.57 / Chapter PART THREE: --- CHALLENGES OF COOPERATION AND DIVERGENT PREFERENCES OF THE MEMBERS / Chapter IV. --- FORMATION OF REGIONAL GROUPS AND POLITICO-STRATEGIC INTERDEPENDENCE --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- "The Participation of China, Taiwan and Hong Kong" --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- The East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC): Dividing the Asia-Pacific? --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Malaysia's Proposal for an ""Asian-only"" Core" --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Responses of Major Actors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Nesting of Issues and the Importance of U.S. Engagement --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.79 / Chapter V. --- THE INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF APEC AND THE PROVISION OF INFORMATION --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2 --- Structure of APEC and Facilitation of Communication --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Meetings and Working Groups --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The APEC Secretariat --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Advisory and Research Bodies --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- The Regime Function of APEC: Provision of Information --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- Controversies in the Institutional Development of APEC --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Nature of APEC: Consultative Forum vs. Negotiating Forum --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Decision-making Process in APEC: a Case Study of the Indonesian Meeting --- p.94 / Chapter 5.4 --- Concluding Remarks: the Choice of APEC Model --- p.97 / Chapter VI. --- POLITICS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION: VISION AND TIME-FRAME --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Initial Thrust of the First EPG Report (1993) --- p.103 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Open-Regionalism: From PECC to APEC --- p.104 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Turning Point of APEC: the 1994 Bogor Declaration of Common Resolve --- p.106 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Second EPG Report --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Reactions and Considerations of Major APEC Members --- p.107 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Implications of the Trade Liberalization Program --- p.117 / Chapter 6.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.121 / Chapter VII. --- POLITICS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION: IMPLEMENTATION --- p.123 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.123 / Chapter 7.2 --- Non-Discrimination --- p.125 / Chapter 7.3 --- Comprehensiveness --- p.130 / Chapter 7.4 --- Comparability --- p.135 / Chapter 7.5 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.139 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.142 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.142 / Chapter 8.2 --- Findings --- p.144 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Values of APEC to Developed Economies --- p.148 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Values of APEC to Developing Economies --- p.150 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Theoretical Functions Performed by APEC --- p.152 / Chapter 8.3 --- A Theoretical Discussion on APEC --- p.155 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- "The Significance of ""Open Regionalism""" --- p.155 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Theories of International Regimes --- p.157 / Chapter 8.4 --- "Limitations of this Thesis and Some Reflections from the ""Asian Financial Turbulence""" --- p.159 / APPENDICES / Chapter a. --- "A Brief Chronology of Related Events, 1989-1995" --- p.162 / Chapter b. --- The Structure of APEC (1995) --- p.165 / Chapter c. --- Seoul APEC Declaration --- p.166 / Chapter d. --- Guide to the Osaka Action Agenda --- p.169 / NOTES --- p.170 / SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.191

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Western Michigan University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-178).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Temple University, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-102).