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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Aspergillus sección Nigri: estudio fisiológico y molecular de especies ocratoxígenas

Esteban Franco, Alexandre 21 February 2006 (has links)
La presente Memoria de Tesis Doctoral, presentada en forma de compendio de publicaciones, recoge el estudio fisiológico y molecular realizado con especies del género Aspergillus sección Nigri productoras de ocratoxina A (OTA). Esta micotoxina está recibiendo una especial atención en todo el mundo debido a su marcado carácter nefrotóxico. Además, es una sustancia carcinógena, teratógena e inmunotóxica y desde el año 2002, la UE ha comenzado a establecer niveles máximos de esta micotoxina en algunos alimentos. Estudios muy recientes han puesto claramente de manifiesto la implicación de algunas especies del género Aspergillus de la sección Nigri (A. carbonarius y las incluidas en el "agregado A. niger") en la presencia de OTA en alimentos como la uva, las pasas y el vino, entre otros. No obstante, no se conocen hasta el momento las condiciones ambientales que favorecen la producción de la micotoxina por estas especies.En los modelos fisiológicos utilizados, se han incluido cepas de A. carbonarius y del agregado A. niger, seleccionadas en base a su diferente origen y capacidad ocratoxígena. Se ha estudiado el efecto del sustrato (medios CYA y YES), la temperatura (5-45ºC), la actividad de agua (aw) (0,78-0,99) y el pH (2-10) en el crecimiento y la producción de OTA. Asimismo, se ha analizado la relación filogenética de las cepas estudiadas mediante diferentes técnicas de biologíamolecular (RFLP, RAPD, secuenciación, ERIC-PCR, AFLP y microsatélites). Los resultados obtenidos han permitido determinar las condiciones óptimas para la producción de OTA en las cepas del agregado A. niger (medio YES a 20-25ºC en el intervalo 0,96-0,99 aw y pH 5-10) y en las de A. carbonarius (medio CYA a 15-20ºC en el intervalo 0,98-0,99 aw y pH 5-7). En relación a la caracterización molecular de las cepas estudiadas, las técnicas de RAPD y secuenciación confirman la separación del agregado A. niger en dos grupos que se corresponden con los patrones de RFLP (N y T) establecidos previamente. En el caso de A. carbonarius estas técnicas han permitido la diferenciación molecular de una de las cepas estudiadas. Esta cepa pertenecería a la nueva especie propuesta dentro de la sección Nigri, denominada "A. ibericus".Las técnicas ERIC-PCR, AFLP y microsatélites han resultado útiles para la caracterización molecular de las especies estudiadas. Los resultados más significativos se han obtenido mediante AFLP y el análisis de microsatélites, permitiendo ambos la diferenciación de las cepas del agregado A. niger en dos grupos que se corresponden con los patrones de RFLP N y T.Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la capacidad de las cepas del agregado A. niger y A. carbonarius para crecer y elaborar OTA en amplios márgenes de temperatura, pH y actividad de agua. Esta capacidad permite explicar el papel que juegan estas especies ocratoxígenas en la presencia de esta micotoxina en los alimentos y especialmente en aquellos donde constituyen la micobiota predominante. / The present work, presented as compendium of publications, is focused on the physiology and molecular study of species within Aspergillus section Nigri (black aspergilli) able to produce ochratoxin A (OTA). This mycotoxin is achieving an increasing attention worldwide due to its acute nephrotoxicity. It is also carcinogenic, teratogenic and is clearly an immunosuppressive agent. Since 2002 the European Commission has established limits for OTA in some food commodities. Recently, several studies have highlighted the involvement of several species of black aspergilli (A. carbonarius and A. niger aggregate) in the presence of OTA in food commodities such as grapes, raisins and wine. However, the environmental conditions which support the production of this mycotoxin by these species are still unknown.Strains of A. carbonarius and A. niger aggregate, selected to include different sources and ochratoxigenic abilities, have been included in the physiology study. The effect of substrate (CYA and YES media), temperature (5-45ºC), water activity (aw) (0.78-0.99) and pH (2-10) has been studied. Analysis of genetic relationships within the studied strains has been also performed through different molecular techniques (RFLP, RAPD, sequencing, ERIC-PCR, AFLP and microsatellites).The results obtained show the optimal conditions for the production of OTA in A. niger aggregate strains (YES medium, 20-25ºC, 0.96-0.99 aw and pH 5-10) and in A. carbonarius strains (CYA medium 0.98-0.99 aw and pH 5-7). With regard to the molecular characterization of the studied strains, RAPD and sequencing techniques confirm the division of the A. niger aggregate into two groups which correspond with the previously described RFLP patterns (N and T). In the case of A. carbonarius one strain differs from the rest and it may belong to the new species proposed in section Nigri, "A. ibericus". The molecular markers ERIC-PCR, AFLP and microsatellites have been useful to characterize the studied species. The most significant results have been obtained through AFLP and microsatellites. Both markers make possible the differentiation of the A. niger aggregate strains in two groups which correspond with the two RFLP patters N and T.The results obtained state the ability of A. niger aggregate and A. carbonarius strains to grow and produce OTA in wide ranges of temperature, pH, and water activity. This ability let understand the role of these ochratoxigenic species in the presence of this mycotoxin in food commodities, especially in those where they are the predominant isolated fungi.
2

Mycoflore post-récolte du café robusta et utilisation des bactéries lactiques pour le contrôle des moisissures mycotoxinogènes et de l'ochratoxine A / Post harvest mycoflore of coffee robusta in Ivory Coast and use of lactic acid bacteria for the control of the moulds and ochratoxine A

Djossou, Olga Noudehouenou 29 June 2011 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse a permis de décrire la contamination importante des grains du café de (Coffea canephora variété robusta) par des moisissures au cours des traitements post récolte des cerises de café par la voie sèche, dans une zone tropicale humide. La stratégie d’échantillonnage mise en place à consister à faire des prélèvements durant deux années successives (2008 et 2009) sur des sites localisés dans les principales zones de production du café en Côte d’Ivoire. A partir de 31 échantillons de cerises, grains et coques de café, 218 souches sauvages de moisissures ont été isolées sur milieu Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) et identifiées. Ces champignons filamenteux sont répartis comme suit : Aspergillus section Nigri (52%) ; Aspergillus verts (13%), Penicillium (10%), Mucor (16%), Fusarium (4%), autre (5%). Les Aspergillus section Nigri qui comptent le complexe Aspergillus niger agreggate et Aspergillus carbonarius représentent un peu plus de la moitié de la population fongique soit 52%, soit 30% en 2008 et 70% en 2009, de la flore fongique totale. Ce groupe a fait l’objet d’une caractérisation morphologique. L’étude du potentiel mycotoxinogène des Aspergillus section Nigri isolées du café robusta a démontré qu’en plus de l’OTA, certaines souches d’Aspergillus Nigri produiraient de l’aflatoxine. Cependant l’espèce Aspergillus carbonarius reste la plus ochratoxinogène (0,6 µg et 15µg d’OTA/g de milieu gélosé). En plus des moisissures 44 souches de bactéries lactiques (LAB) ont été isolées à partir de la pulpe fraîche de café. Les caractères morphologiques, biochimiques et culturaux ont été étudiés. L’identification moléculaire des bactéries a permis de les classer dans le groupe de Lactobacillus plantarum sp. Après un criblage orienté, deux souches de LAB avec un effet important d’inhibition de croissance des moisissures mycotoxinogènes ont été sélectionnées. Les deux souches de Lactobacillus plantarum ont démontré une activité antifongique contre les souches d’Aspergillus carbonarius hautement ochratoxinogènes. Par conséquent la prévention de la mycotoxinogenèse sur café robusta, pourrait passer par l’inhibition de la croissance de certaines moisissures ochratoxinogènes. Les résultats acquis au cours de ce travail de thèse serviront de base afin de poursuivre cette étude d’une part avec des essais in situ pour tester l’efficacité des LAB sélectionnées et d’autre part, rechercher les biomolécules actives contre la germination des spores contaminants naturels post récolte en particulier des cerises de café en Côte d’Ivoire et des fruits et légumes en général. / One of the objectives of this thesis was to describe the significant contamination of robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora) by moulds during the post-harvest processing of coffee cherries in the dry process. The sampling strategy was to take samples for two consecutive years (2008 and 2009) from different areas of coffee production in Ivory Coast and on the other hand, from the same area but from coffee producers using different methods of drying of coffee beans. From 31 samples, 218 wild strains of fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media and identified. These filamentous fungi were as follows: black Aspergilli (52%); green Aspergilli (13%), Penicillium (10%), Mucor (16%), Fusarium (4%) and others (5%). The black Aspergilli were found to include Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius representing 52% of the fungal population, with a proportion of 30% in 2008 and 70% in 2009 of the total fungal flora. This group was selected to study more about their mycotoxin production. Most strains grown on media and at specific incubation conditions, were capable of producing one or more kinds of mycotoxins. Analysis of mycotoxins from fungi isolated from less than a hundred robusta coffee showed that ochratoxin A (OTA) was not the only mycotoxin that may contaminate the robusta coffee in Ivory Coast. Indeed, several strains belonging to the species Aspergillus Nigri group had shown their ability to produce not only ochratoxin A but also aflatoxin. However, the species A. carbonarius remains as the most ochratoxigenic strain but it does not produce aflatoxin.In parallel to the isolation of fungi, 44 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were also isolated from fresh coffee cherries, harvested in Ivory Coast in 2009. The morphological, biochemical and growth characteristics were studied. Molecular identification of strains ranked them to be in the group of Lactobacillus plantarum sp. After a screening experiment, it was possible to select two strains of LAB with a significant effect of inhibiting fungal growth by producing mycotoxins. The two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum showed antifungal activity against strains of Aspergillus carbonarius which is highly ochratoxigenic. Therefore the prevention of mycotoxigenicity of robusta coffee, could be rised by inhibiting the growth of certain ochratoxigenic fungi. The results achieved in this thesis serve as a basis to continue the study on one hand with field trials to test the effectiveness of selected LAB on the other hand, look for active biomolecules against spore germination of contaminants especially the natural post-harvest coffee beans in Ivory Coast and fruits and vegetables in general.

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