Introduction: Space exploration has been a dream of mankind since ancient times, this dream became a reality with the launch of Sputnik in 1957. Since then, significant advances in space technology have enabled humans to travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere. Although some of the health risks are well known, the effect of changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs and their effectiveness is not yet fully understood. Aim and Method: This study aims to investigate the effect of space travel on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics. A scoping review method was employed to investigate the changes in the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics during space travel. A search of the PubMed database was performed using the relevant terms. Inclusion criteria included available English full-text articles. A three-step selection process was employed, followed by data analysis and evaluation, to select relevant original scientific articles. Results: The findings suggest that the pharmacokinetics of some antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin penicillin and benzylpenicillin, may not be significantly altered in microgravity environments. Further research is needed to better understand the implications of space travel on antibiotic efficacy and safety. Conclusion: Current research on the pharmacokinetic changes of antibiotics in microgravity simulations shows little change compared to Earth. However, further research is crucial to understand their bioavailability, durability, and performance in space environments, ensuring the health and safety of space travelers.

Yes / Background: Understanding and countering the well-established negative health consequences of spaceflight remains a primary challenge preventing safe deep space exploration. Targeted/personalized therapeutics are at the forefront of space medicine strategies, and cross-species molecular signatures now define the 'typical' spaceflight response. However, a lack of direct genotype-phenotype associations currently limits the robustness and, therefore, the therapeutic utility of putative mechanisms underpinning pathological changes in flight. Methods: We employed the worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a validated model of space biology, combined with 'NemaFlex-S' microfluidic devices for assessing animal strength production as one of the most reproducible physiological responses to spaceflight. Wild-type and dys-1 (BZ33) strains (a Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) model for comparing predisposed muscle weak animals) were cultured on the International Space Station in chemically defined media before loading second-generation gravid adults into NemaFlex-S devices to assess individual animal strength. These same cultures were then frozen on orbit before returning to Earth for next-generation sequencing transcriptomic analysis. Results: Neuromuscular strength was lower in flight versus ground controls (16.6% decline, p