Neste trabalho resultados experimentais inéditos da taxas de perdas para o sistema Cs-K em função da intensidade do laser de aprisionamento foram obtidos. A análise dos resultados foi auxiliada pelo modelo tipo Gallagher-Pritchard que demonstrou possuir uma dependência muito forte com a velocidade de escape. Um estudo complementar ajudou na determinação dos mecanismos causadores de perdas, a catálise óptica, onde o principal resultado foi a obtenção de um resultado teórico que corresponde a observação experimental para o sistema Na-Rb, onde as perdas foram associadas a atuação do estado duplamente excitado. Compreender os mecanismos causadores de perdas pode ajudar na construção de armadilhas magneto-ópticas de grande eficiência, importantes em experimentos de medidas de propriedades atômicas. / We have investigated trap loss rate as a function of trap laser intensity for the Cs-K system. A model based on Gallagher-Pritchard type considerations, allow understand the obtained results. To correctly interpret the data, we have proposed new mechanisms, which can be proven with recent experiment in Na-Rb system.

Neste trabalho resultados experimentais inéditos da taxas de perdas para o sistema Cs-K em função da intensidade do laser de aprisionamento foram obtidos. A análise dos resultados foi auxiliada pelo modelo tipo Gallagher-Pritchard que demonstrou possuir uma dependência muito forte com a velocidade de escape. Um estudo complementar ajudou na determinação dos mecanismos causadores de perdas, a catálise óptica, onde o principal resultado foi a obtenção de um resultado teórico que corresponde a observação experimental para o sistema Na-Rb, onde as perdas foram associadas a atuação do estado duplamente excitado. Compreender os mecanismos causadores de perdas pode ajudar na construção de armadilhas magneto-ópticas de grande eficiência, importantes em experimentos de medidas de propriedades atômicas. / We have investigated trap loss rate as a function of trap laser intensity for the Cs-K system. A model based on Gallagher-Pritchard type considerations, allow understand the obtained results. To correctly interpret the data, we have proposed new mechanisms, which can be proven with recent experiment in Na-Rb system.

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Most neutral atom quantum computing experiments rely on destructive state detection techniques that eject the detected qubits from the trap. These techniques limit the repetition rate of these experiments due to the necessity of reloading a new quantum register for each operation. We address this problem by developing reusable neutral atom qubits. Individual Rubidium 87 atoms are trapped in an optical lattice and are held for upwards of 300 s. Each atom is prepared in an initial quantum state and then the state is subsequently detected with 95% fidelity with less than a 1% probability of losing it from the trap. This combination of long storage times and nondestructive state detection will facilitate the development of faster and more complex quantum systems that will enable future advancements in the field of quantum information.

Neste trabalho, mostramos que é possível suprimir a maioria dos processos inelásticos que podem causar perdas de átomos em armadilhas magneto-ópticas. Nossos resultados revelam que o processo de blindagem óptica (demonstrado pelo nosso grupo, pela primeira vez para o processo de ionização fotoassociativa – Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1911 (1994)) é bem mais geral do que se supunha. Permitindo, inclusive, a supressão de colisões entre átomos no estado fundamental. E provavelmente qualquer outro processo inelástico que ocorra a curtas distâncias internucleares. Para se chegar a esses resultados, foi necessário desenvolver uma nova técnica de aprisionamento, que permite o estudo de colisões frias, mesmo em armadilhas cujo potencial de confinamento é pequeno. Graças a essa técnica foi possível, pela primeira vez, observar perdas causadas por mudança de estrutura hiperfina, numa armadilha de átomos de sódio operando na linha D1 (carregada a partir de uma célula de vapor). Essa técnica ainda nos permitiu medir a taxa de colisões frias () no trap da linha D1, um dado que até então não existia na literatura. Para verificar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos por essa técnica, realizamos também medidas de  na linha D2 e comparamos esses resultados com outros existentes na literatura (obtidos por uma técnica diferente). A boa concordância entre esses resultados nos deixa confiantes em dizer que essa técnica, além de ser muito interessante, no estudo de armadilhas rasas (seja isso devido à intensidade dos lasers de aprisionamento, seja devido a natureza própria da armadilha), é também bastante confiável / In this work, we showed that is possible to suppress most of the inelastic processes that may cause losses of atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Our results reveal that the process of optical shielding (demonstrated by our group, for the first time to photoassociative ionization - Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1911 (1994)) is much more general than it was supposed. Even allowing the suppression of ground state collisions and probably any other inelastic process that happens at short internuclear distances. To achieve those results, it was necessary to develop a new trapping technique, which allows the study of cold collisions, even in traps whose confinement potential is small. Thanks to that technique it was possible, for the first time, to observe losses caused by hyperfine changing collisions, in a trap of sodium atoms operating in the D1 line (loaded from a vapor cell). That technique has still allowed us to measure the rate of cold collisions () for the D1 line trap, a result which, until now, did not exist in the literature. To verify the reliability of the results obtained by that technique, we also accomplished measures of  in the D2 line and compared those results with other existent ones in the literature (obtained by a different technique). The good agreement among those results, made us confident in saying that this technique, besides being very interesting in the study of shallow traps (due to the intensity of the trapping lasers, or due to the own nature of the trap), it is also quite reliable.

ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM USING SLOTTED QUARTZ TUBE ATOM TRAP ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY AND METAL COATINGS &Ouml / zcan Gurbetoglu, G. Pelin M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. O. Yavuz Ataman July 2010, 76 pages Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) is a common technique for detecting metals and metalloids in environmental, biological and metallurgical samples. Although it is a rather old technique, it is still very reliable, simple to use and inexpensive. The technique can be used to determine the concentration of over 70 different metals in a solution. However, it has detection limits at mg/L levels. Some atom trapping methods have been developed to reach the detection limits of ng/mL levels. Slotted quartz tube (SQT) is one of these atom trapping methods. It is an important technique, since it is easy to use, applicable in all laboratories, commercially available and economical. This thesis consists of development of a sensitive method for cadmium with the help of SQT atom trap. In this study, it was used for two different purposes. One was for keeping the analyte atoms more in the light path / in other words, for increasing the residence times of analyte atoms in the measurement zone. This first application was provided a 2.9 times enhancement with respect to conventional FAAS. Second application was for trapping the analyte on the surface of the SQT, in other words, for performing on-line preconcentration of cadmium in SQT. In the presence of a lean flame, analyte samples were trapped and collected for a few minutes at a low suction rate. After finishing the collection period, analyte atoms were revolatilized with the help of a small volume of (10-50 &micro / L) methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and a rapid atomization occurred. This introduction also altered the flame composition momentarily and analyte atoms were released from the surface of the SQT. Application of this method enhanced the sensitivity 2065 times with respect to conventional FAAS. Another approach to this type of atom trapping has been investigated also in this study, which was coating of SQT with some metals having low volatility. Therefore, some transition metals were coated to the surface of SQT and among them zirconium was selected as the best coating material as having the most sensitivity enhancement factor. That is why, rest of the study was performed with the Zr coated SQT. The enhancement was 3368 as compared with FAAS. Cd determination with this method provides LOD value of 8 pg/mL and Co value of 19 pg/mL. In order to see the effect of some other type of elements or ions on determination of cadmium, interference study was done.

Neste trabalho, mostramos que é possível suprimir a maioria dos processos inelásticos que podem causar perdas de átomos em armadilhas magneto-ópticas. Nossos resultados revelam que o processo de blindagem óptica (demonstrado pelo nosso grupo, pela primeira vez para o processo de ionização fotoassociativa – Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1911 (1994)) é bem mais geral do que se supunha. Permitindo, inclusive, a supressão de colisões entre átomos no estado fundamental. E provavelmente qualquer outro processo inelástico que ocorra a curtas distâncias internucleares. Para se chegar a esses resultados, foi necessário desenvolver uma nova técnica de aprisionamento, que permite o estudo de colisões frias, mesmo em armadilhas cujo potencial de confinamento é pequeno. Graças a essa técnica foi possível, pela primeira vez, observar perdas causadas por mudança de estrutura hiperfina, numa armadilha de átomos de sódio operando na linha D1 (carregada a partir de uma célula de vapor). Essa técnica ainda nos permitiu medir a taxa de colisões frias () no trap da linha D1, um dado que até então não existia na literatura. Para verificar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos por essa técnica, realizamos também medidas de  na linha D2 e comparamos esses resultados com outros existentes na literatura (obtidos por uma técnica diferente). A boa concordância entre esses resultados nos deixa confiantes em dizer que essa técnica, além de ser muito interessante, no estudo de armadilhas rasas (seja isso devido à intensidade dos lasers de aprisionamento, seja devido a natureza própria da armadilha), é também bastante confiável / In this work, we showed that is possible to suppress most of the inelastic processes that may cause losses of atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Our results reveal that the process of optical shielding (demonstrated by our group, for the first time to photoassociative ionization - Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1911 (1994)) is much more general than it was supposed. Even allowing the suppression of ground state collisions and probably any other inelastic process that happens at short internuclear distances. To achieve those results, it was necessary to develop a new trapping technique, which allows the study of cold collisions, even in traps whose confinement potential is small. Thanks to that technique it was possible, for the first time, to observe losses caused by hyperfine changing collisions, in a trap of sodium atoms operating in the D1 line (loaded from a vapor cell). That technique has still allowed us to measure the rate of cold collisions () for the D1 line trap, a result which, until now, did not exist in the literature. To verify the reliability of the results obtained by that technique, we also accomplished measures of  in the D2 line and compared those results with other existent ones in the literature (obtained by a different technique). The good agreement among those results, made us confident in saying that this technique, besides being very interesting in the study of shallow traps (due to the intensity of the trapping lasers, or due to the own nature of the trap), it is also quite reliable.

Dans cette thèse, nous mesurons la dynamique cohérente et les corrélations spatiales des excitations Rydberg dans des matrices 2D d’atomes uniques.Nous utilisons un modulateur spatial de lumière pour façonner la phase spatiale d'un faisceau laser de piégeage optique avant de le focaliser avec une lentille asphérique de grande ouverture numérique. En imprimant une phase appropriée sur le faisceau laser, nous pouvons créer des matrices 2D de pièges optiques, de forme arbitraire et facilement reconfigurables, avec jusqu'à 100 pièges séparées de quelques micromètres. Les pièges sont chargés à partir d'un nuage d'atomes froids de 87Rb, et due aux collisions assistées par la lumière, au plus un seul atome peut être présent dans chaque piège en même temps. Une caméra CCD sensible permet en temps réel l'imagerie de la fluorescence atomique émanant des pièges, ce qui nous permet de détecter individuellement la présence d'un atome dans chaque piège avec une précision presque parfaite.Pour créer des interactions importantes entre les atomes uniques, nous les excitons vers des états de Rydberg, qui sont des états électroniques avec un nombre quantique principal élevé.Un faisceau supplémentaire d'adressage permet la manipulation individuelle d'un atome sélectionné dans la matrice.La connaissance précise, de la fois de la matrice des atomes préparé et des positions des excitations Rydberg, nous a permis de mesurer l’augmentation collective de la couplage optique dans le régime de blocage Rydberg, où une seule excitation est partagée de façon symétrique entre tous les atomes de la matrice.Dans le régime où l'interaction ne s’étend que sur quelques sites, nous avons mesuré la dynamique et les corrélations spatiales des excitations Rydberg, dans des matrices d’atomes à une et deux dimensions. La comparaison à une simulation numérique d'un modèle d'Ising quantique d'un système de spin-1/2 montre un accord exceptionnel pour les matrices où l'effet de l'anisotropie de l’interaction Rydberg-Rydberg est faible. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que les atomes Rydberg uniques sont une plate-forme bien adaptée pour la simulation quantique des systèmes de spin. / In this thesis, we measure the coherent dynamics and the pair correlations of Rydberg excitations in two-dimensional arrays of single atoms.We use a spatial light modulator to shape the spatial phase of a single optical dipole trap beam before focusing it with a high numerical-aperture aspheric lens. By imprinting an appropriate phase pattern on the trap beam, we can create arbitrarily shaped and easily reconfigurable 2D arrays of high-quality single-atom traps, with trap-spacings of a few micrometers for up to 100 traps. The traps are loaded from a cloud of cold 87Rb atoms, and due to fast light-assisted collisions of atoms inside the traps, at most one atom can be present in each trap at the same time. A sensitive CCD camera allows the real-time, site-resolved imaging of the atomic fluorescence from the traps, enabling us to detect the presence of an atom in each individual trap with almost perfect accuracy.In order to induce strong, tunable interactions between the atoms in the array, we coherently laser-excite them to Rydberg states, which are electronic states with a high principal quantum number.An additional addressing beam allows the individual manipulation of an atom at a selected site in the array.The precise knowledge of both the prepared atom array and the positions of the Rydberg excitations allowed us to measure the collective enhancement of the optical coupling strength in the regime of full Rydberg blockade, where one single excitation is shared symmetrically among all atoms in the array.In the regime where the strong interaction only extends over a few sites, we measured the dynamics and the spatial pair-correlations of Rydberg excitations, in one- and two-dimensional atom arrays. The comparison to a numerical simulation of a quantum Ising model of a spin-1/2 system shows an exceptional agreement for trap geometries where the effect of the anisotropy of the Rydberg-Rydberg interaction is small. The obtained results demonstrate that single Rydberg atoms are a suitable platform for the quantum simulation of spin systems.