La fusion sélective par laser (SLM), en tant que technologie de fabrication additive émergente, permet la fabrication de pièces complexes et de conception avancée. Cette technologie est particulièrement adaptée aux applications biomédicales, telles que la production d'implants personnalisés. Les alliages de titane, en particulier le Ti6Al4V, sont largement utilisés dans les industries médicales en raison de leurs excellentes propriétés mécaniques et de leur biocompatibilité. Afin de développer une substitution osseuse spécifique, l'étude présente s'est concentré sur les propriétés mécaniques, le post-traitement, la conception légère et les propriétés biologiques d'un matériau en Ti6Al4V fabriqué par SLM. Les résultats les plus importants de ce travail sont répertoriés ci-après.La microstructure des échantillons de Ti6Al4V ainsi formée s’est avérée dominée par la phase martensite α aciculaire. Le traitement par compression isostatique à chaud (HIP) entraîne une réduction significative des défauts internes, tels que les pores résiduels et les fissures internes. L'échantillon fabriqué n’ayant pas subi de traitement possède une faible résistance à la fatigue et un comportement en ductilité peu satisfaisant. Au contraire, l'échantillon traité thermiquement (HT) présente une résistance à la traction réduite. Toutefois, le comportement à la traction et la résistance à la fatigue sont améliorés par rapport à l'échantillon n’ayant pas subi de traitement. Le traitement HIP a également entraîné une réduction de la résistance à la traction mais a amélioré la ductilité et le comportement à la fatigue grâce à l'élimination des défauts internes.Afin d'améliorer la résistance à la fatigue d'un matériau en Ti6Al4V fabriqué par SLM, une technologie avancée de traitement par attrition mécanique de surface (SMAT) a été appliquée au cours de ce travail. Les résultats indiquent qu'un traitement de type SMAT peut introduire une couche nanostructurée sur la surface de l'échantillon. La nanostructure peut entraîner une augmentation de la résistance mécanique et des contraintes résiduelles de compression dans la couche de surface. En conséquence, l’échantillon traité par SMAT a montré une amélioration significative de la résistance à la fatigue par rapport à celui non traité dans les régimes de fatigue à cyclage faible et élevé. De plus, une oxydation par micro-arc (MAO) a été proposée pour améliorer l'activité biologique en formant un film oxydé avec du calcium (Ca) et du phosphore (P) sur la surface du Ti6Al4V fabriqué par SLM. La microstructure, la morphologie et les compositions chimiques du film de MAO préparé pour différentes tensions ont été caractérisées. Les résultats montrent qu'un revêtement comportant une proportion de Ca et de P est formé en surface du matériau Ti6Al4V fabriqué par SLM, et que cette couche a bien adhéré au substrat après le traitement au MAO. On peut en conclure que le traitement par MAO peut améliorer l'activité biologique du Ti6Al4V fabriqué par SLM.Des unités octaédriques avec des tailles de pores de 500, 600 et 700 μm et un taux de porosité de 60% et 70% ont été conçues, puis les structures poreuses correspondantes ont été fabriquées par SLM. Les effets du diamètre des pores et de la porosité sur les propriétés mécaniques des échafaudages poreux en Ti6Al4V fabriqués par SLM ont été systématiquement étudiés. Afin d'évaluer les performances biologiques, des tests in vitro/vivo ont été menés pour étudier la prolifération, la différenciation des cellules et la croissance osseuse sur les échafaudages poreux de Ti6Al4V fabriqués par SLM. L'étude indique que l'échafaudage poreux avec une taille de pore de 500 μm et une porosité de 60% est relativement prometteur pour la reproduction des défauts osseux. / Selective laser melting (SLM), as an emerging additive manufacturing technology, enables manufacturing complex parts with advanced design. This technology is particularly suitable for biomedical applications, such as the production of personalized implants. Titanium alloys, and particularly Ti6Al4V, are widely used in medical industries because of their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In order to develop a specific bone substitution, the present research focuses on mechanical properties, post-treatment, light design and biological properties of SLM Ti6Al4V. The most important advances of this work are listed below.The microstructure of SLM Ti6Al4V samples was found to be dominated by acicular martensitic phase. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) treatment resulted in a significant reduction of internal defects, such as residual pores and internal cracks. Untreated samples showed a poor fatigue resistance and low ductility. Heat treated samples (HT) exhibited a reduced tensile strength. However, the tensile behavior and fatigue resistance were improved in comparison with untreated samples. HIP treatment also reduced the tensile strength but improved ductility and fatigue behavior by eliminating internal defects.In order to improve the fatigue resistance of SLM Ti6Al4V, an advanced Surface Mechanical Attrition (SMAT) treatment technology was applied in the frame of this work. The results indicate that SMAT can introduce a nanostructured layer on the surface of samples. This nanostructure may result in an increase in mechanical strength and provide residual compressive stresses in the surface layer. As a result, SMAT samples demonstrated a significant improvement in fatigue strength in comparison with untreated samples, in both low and high cycling fatigue regimes. In addition, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) was performed to enhance the biological activity by forming an oxidized film with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the surface of SLM Ti6Al4V. The microstructure, morphology and chemical compositions of the MAO film prepared with different voltages were characterized. The results show that a coating with Ca and P was formed on the surface of SLM Ti6Al4V, and that it bonded well to the substrate after MAO treatment. It can be concluded that MAO treatment can improve the biological activity of SLM Ti6Al4V parts.Octahedral scaffold structures with a pore size of 500, 600 and 700 μm and porosity levels of 60% and 70% were designed, and corresponding porous structures were manufactured by SLM. The effects of pore diameter and porosity level on mechanical properties of SLM Ti6Al4V porous scaffolds, were systematically studied. In order to evaluate biological performances, in vitro / vivo tests were conducted to study proliferation, cell differentiation and bone growth on SLM Ti6Al4V porous scaffolds. The study indicates that porous scaffolds with a pore size of 500 μm and a porosity level of 60% is promising for the reproduction of bone defects.

We propose a novel real-time joint-Transform correlation (JTC) technique for optical pattern recognition. To replace the film recording aspect of performing optical correlation, conventional real-time joint-Transform correlation (JTC) optical systems make use of a spatial light modulator (SLM) located in the Fourier plane to record the interference intensity to achieve real-time processing. However, the use of a SLM in the Fourier plane, is a major drawback in these systems since SLMs are limited in resolution, phase uniformity and contrast ratio. Thus, they are not desirable for robust applications. In this thesis, we developed a hybrid (optical/electronic) processing technique to achieve real-time joint-Transform correlation (JTC). The technique employs acousto-optic heterodyning scanning. The proposed real-time JTC system does not require a SLM in the Fourier plane as in conventional real-time JTC systems. This departure from the conventional scheme is extremely important, as the proposed approach does not depend on SLM issues. We have developed the theory of the technique and substantiated it with optical experimental as well as computer simulation results. / Master of Science

Ce manuscrit de thèse traite de l’étude de verres ophtalmiques microstructurés et plus particulièrement pixellisés, ces derniers pouvant présenter un intérêt particulier en optique active pour la correction de la presbytie. Une étude théorique est proposée, permettant d’analyser les performances optiques d’une lentille pixellisée en termes de transport d’image et d’identifier les paramètres qui ont un impact direct sur ces performances. Après validation expérimentale des résultats obtenus, nous constatons puis expliquons l’effet sur l’observation d’une scène de l’excentrement de l’œil par rapport à la fonction de phase du verre. Nous étudions l’effet du repliement de phase inhérent aux limites des technologies de fabrication, qui vient ajouter un chromatisme axial aux défauts visuels engendrés par la pixellisation. Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux applications possibles de la pixellisation en optique passive. Nous prouvons que pour une application visée, des lentilles binaires non pixellisées, dont nous optimisons la qualité optique, conduisent à de meilleurs résultats que les lentilles pixellisées. L’impact sur l’acuité visuelle des phénomènes diffractifs parasites induits par la pixellisation est évalué au moyen d’un banc de mesure utilisant la simulation de certaines images telles qu’elles seraient vues au travers de verres ophtalmiques pixellisés. Enfin, nous menons une étude de l’aspect esthétique d’un verre pixellisé vu par un observateur externe, à partir de modèles de calcul hybrides mêlant optique géométrique et optique de Fourier. / This thesis investigates microstructured and more particularly pixelated ophthalmic glasses, the latter raising some hope for the active correction of presbyopia. A theoretical study is developed for the analysis of the optical performances of a pixelated lens in terms of image transport and leads to the identification of the parameters which have an impact on these performances. After experimental validation of the results obtained, we note and then explain the effect on the observation of a scene of eye displacement with respect to the optical function of the eyeglass. We study the effect of phase wrapping, which is inherent in the limits of the technologies implied in the manufacturing process and adds an axial chromatism effect to the visual defects generated by pixelation. We are also interested in the potential applications of pixelation in the field of passive optics. We prove that for a given application, non pixelated binary lenses, the optical quality of which we optimize, lead to better results than pixelated lenses. The impact on visual acuity of the parasitic diffractive phenomena induced by pixelation is evaluated with an optical bench using the simulation of test images seen through pixelated lenses. Finally, we study the aesthetic aspect of a pixelated component as seen by an external observer, using hybrid calculation models based on both geometrical and Fourier optics.

This diploma thesis deals with processing of high strength aluminum alloy EN AW 7075 by Selective Laser Melting and verify the influence of process parameters on relative density and mechanical properties. The theoretical part contains an introduction to additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys, the influence of process parameters and description of processes occuring during SLM production. Based on the theoretical part were prepared experiments and method of evaluation. Samples were produced by melting metallurgical powder using ytterbium laser with a maximum output power of 400 W. This diploma thesis also describes the formation and growth of cracks inside the material, which so far in the literature for alloy EN AW 7075 were not described. As the result, the process parameters dependence on the relative density and an overview of this aluminum alloy processing by SLM technology is determined.

The thesis deals with the possible use of additive technology in the production of strong thermally exposed components of turbine engines. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the issue of processing heat-resistant materials by SLM method, introduction of conventional production of selected part and outline of currently used progressive methods in precision casting technology. These theoretical findings are further applied in the practical part of the thesis, which deals with the analysis of mechanical properties of cast and printed material IN 939. Experimental part also includes production of the blisk of the first stage turbine of the auxiliary power unit S5L by SLM additive technology. The thesis also includes analysis of fracture surfaces and metallographic analysis of samples using light and scanning electron microscopy. The thesis ends with the evaluation of the achieved results.

This diploma thesis deals with finding copper alloy suitable for processing SLM technology and determining the process parameters leading to a relative density close to the full material. The theoretical part provides an insight into additive technology and the processing of new alloys in SLM. Work also contains a search report of processed copper alloys used in SLM. Based on the theoretical part were designed test samples and method of evaluation. Samples were produced by melting metallurgical powder using ytterbium laser with an output power 400 W. The testing is divided into three stages; Determination of the parameters of the SLM process, Debug strategies for larger parts, Geometric precision and mechanical testing. Based on the results was determined dependence of relative density on the input parameters. For the best parameters were determined geometric precision correction and mechanical properties.

The thesis project has been carried out in collaboration with Saab training and simulation in Huskvarna, which manufactures military training products. The aim of the project was to investigate the possibility of using additive manufacturing as the method for future manufacturing for the small arms transmitter bracket (SAT-bracket, a bracket for gun) to reduce lead time, cost and weight. A physical product has been developed through the Selective Laser Melting technique (SLM), where the least possible amount of support structures has been achieved for the selected build orientation. To be able to optimize the design with the help of lattice structures, knowledge of the technology has been acquired through information searched on scientific texts and websites. Identification of strengths and weaknesses in the development process and the possibility of using a more favorable material for the application were documented to be evaluated against a traditionally manufactured component. The final designs have been modeled using two different design methods, both in which had reduced the weight between 28-44% where the stiffness is in the likes of the reference product. The conclusion drawn from the work is that additive manufacturing is a manufacturing method   that for the SAT-bracket is a favorable alternative for smaller production volume.

This thesis improves on the design of the leaky-mode spatial light modulator, LMW-SLM, presented by Dr. Smalley[1]. Improvements include: input coupling gratings, a pulsed laser input, output coupling gratings, and a 3D printed adjustable module for the stabilization of critical alignments. First, input coupling gratings reduce the cost of the LMW-SLM from $500 to around $2, a drop in cost of over two orders of magnitude. This enables multiple modulators to be used in a single display and allows for an inexpensive modular design to be created. Second, a pulsed laser input allows for image creation without the use of a polygon for derotation. Removal of the polygon allows for direct viewing of the LMW-SLM output enabling near-eye and flat panel displays. Third, output coupling gratings allow for bottom exit devices that are essential for thin substrates and flat panel displays. Fourth, the 3D printed module allows for the critical alignments of the LMW-SLM to become permanent. This in turns allows for transportation of the created displays without a trained technician by abstracting away the complexities of the device. The resulting changes simplify hardware, reduce cost, and enable the LMW-SLM to be modularized and the resulting 3D displays to be transportable. These improvements are made possible by the addition of a one new mask step during fabrication, a simple circuit design, and a 3D printed module designed in SOLIDWORKS. Included in this thesis as attachments are the MATLab, Eagle, and SOLIDWORKS files used to create the improved LMW-SLM.

La caractérisation de phase est la pierre angulaire de l'analyse de front d'onde. Devenant un secteur d'activité de plus en plus large, il nécessite de nouveaux moyens de contrôle plus efficaces, plus performants et meilleur marché. Les performances des techniques les plus utilisées dans ce domaine reposent en grande partie sur un équipement optique sophistiqué, alors que l'utilisation de la diffraction par propagation libre permet de simplifier au maximum le matériel et de reporter la charge aux algorithmes intelligents de traitement de données. L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre en valeur une technique d'analyse de front d'onde multivue ainsi que de construire une installation-prototype capable de caractériser les diverses cartes de phase. L'entité de l'étude réalisée consiste à proposer une méthode d'accès à la forme de la phase d'une onde inconnue à partir d'une séquence de ses figures de diffraction créées avec un modulateur spatial de lumière selon le principe des multiples ondes illuminantes. Pour contribuer au problème, un algorithme itératif de type IFTA (Iterative Fourier/Fresnel Transform Algorithm) dit la ``multi-illumination'' a été mis en oeuvre en deux versions qui sous-entendent soit les conditions de l'imagerie cohérente combinée avec une propagation libre, soit une double propagation de Fresnel/Fourier. Le fonctionnement de l'algorithme a été vérifié aussi bien en simulation numérique qu'au sein d'un montage optique experimental gouverné par un logiciel artisanal de pilotage. Les résultats obtenus démontrent sa convergence sûre et particulièrement rapide. Mots-clefs: analyse de front d'onde, reconstruction de phase, modulateur spatial de lumière, multivue, algorithmes iteratifs par transformée de Fourier/Fresnel discrète.

Using Additive manufacturing it is possible to manufacture complicated components, that cannot be manufactured using conventional methods. The typical example is the lattice structure. Fabrication of these structures is complicated, and it is different from the fabrication of bulk parts. Using numerical simulation which can reflect process parameters it is possible to analyze the thermal behaviour of vertical and inclined struts fabrication. Results show that the diameter of struts influences weld track width. This influence is caused by preheating the powder material by previous scanning paths. The final geometry of inclined struts is made in more scanning layers. In this work influence of the start and endpoint of trajectory is described.