Para atingir o regime de condensação de Bose-Einstein (CBE) em gases de metais alcalinos são necessárias várias etapas: feixe desacelerado, aprisionamento magneto-óptico, aprisionamento magnético e por fim o resfriamento evaporativo. Como estamos interessados em atingir o regime de CBE precisamos nos preocupar com as várias etapas intermediárias. Neste trabalho apresentaremos a construção e caracterização de uma armadilha magnética para um gás de átomos neutros de sódio. O sistema optado por nós foi o \"folha de trevo\", com o qual conseguimos a seguinte configuração de campos magnéticos: 140 gauss de campo de fundo na direção axial, 117 gauss/cm de gradiente radial e 106 gauss/cm 2 de curvatura na direção axial. Para gerarmos esta configuração de campo e desligarmos estes campos em um tempo menor que um milisegundo foi necessária a construção de um sistema de chaveamento e controle que será descrito e caracterizado neste trabalho. Com este sistema em funcionamento observamos aproximadamente 10 8 átomos aprisionados e um tempo de 1 segundo. Além disso, observamos os átomos adaptando-se a diferentes formas de potenciais de aprisionamento / In order to obtain Bose- Einstein condensation ( BEC ) in alkali gases several steps are needed : slowing beam , magneto- optical trapping , trapping magnetic and finally evaporative cooling . Since, we are interested in achieving BEC regime we need to consider about the various intermediate steps . In this work, we present the construction and characterization of a magnetic trap for a gas neutral atom of sodium. The system we chose was the \" clover leaf \" , with which we got the following configuration of magnetic fields : 140 gauss field background in the axial direction , 117 gauss / cm radial gradient and 106 gauss / cm 2 of curvature axial direction . For generating this field configuration and disconnecting these fields in a time of less than one millisecond required the construction of a switching system and control that will be described and characterized in this work. With this system, noted in about 10 8 trapped atoms and a time of 1 second. Besides, we observe the atoms adapting to different forms of potential imprisonment

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In this thesis a number of aspects on possible manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensate in trapped atomic gases is investigated. First, a model for atom optical experiments involving Bose condensates is proposed and numerical simulations are presented to illustrate its characteristics. We demonstrate ways of focusing and splitting the condensate by modifying experimentally adjustable parameters. We show that there are at least two ways of implementing atom optical elements: one may modulate the interatomic scattering length in space, or alternatively, use a sinusoidal, externally applied potential. The temporal evolution of quasiparticle excitations is studied via the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation. Nonlinear mode mixing of quasiparticles is introduced, and is observed using a quasiparticle projection method. This is used as a basis of time-dependent finite temperature simulations, which we argue to be valid under regimes of high occupation number. An illustration via a closely related evaporative cooling simulation is provided. A phenomenological damping formalism for superfluidity near the λ point is adopted to describe the damping of excitations in a Bose-Einstein condensate. An estimate for the damping parameter is found. The damping formalism as a numerical tool to calculate the ground eigenstate of the condensate is explored. A novel, experimentally realisable interferometry for Bose-Einstein condensates using near-field diffraction is proposed. The scheme is based on the phenomenon of intermode traces or quantum carpets; we demonstrate the structured spatio-temporal pattern for the dilute, atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. The pattern is found to change with temperature, which allows us to perform interferometric temperature measurements. Finally, an output coupler for Bose-Einstein Condensates based on stimulated Raman transition is investigated. The spectrum and coherence are calculated for an atomic beam slowly coupled out of a trap containing a partially condensed Bose gas at finite temperatures. A number conserving Hartree-Fock-Bogliubov formalism has been used to incorporate finite temperature effects. Various different processes are found to become dominant for a suitable choice of the coupling parameters.

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This thesis describes the advances made towards a dual-species magneto-optical trap (MOT) of Li and Rb for use in photoassociation spectroscopy, Feshbach resonance studies, and, as long-term aspirations, the formation of ultracold heteronuclear polar molecules. The initial discussion will focus on a brief theoretical overview of laser cooling and trapping and the production of ultracold molecules from a cold atom source. Subsequently, details of the experimental system, including those pertaining to the required laser light, the vacuum chamber, and the computer control system will be presented. Finally, preliminary optimization and characterization measurements showing the performance of a single species Li MOT are introduced. These measurements demonstrated the loading of over 8 x 107 Li atoms directly into a MOT without the need for a Zeeman slower. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

We have investigated $\sp3$He spin diffusion in two dilute solutions of $\sp3$He in $\sp4$He, with atomic fraction $x\sp3=1.82\times 10\sp{-3}$ and 6.26 $\times$ 10$\sp{-4}$, spin-polarized by an 8 T field. We do not find evidence that the diffusion coefficient for spins transverse to the average magnetization ($D\sb\perp$) declines or saturates at temperatures down to 0.20$T\sb{\rm F}$, contrary to previous experiment (Gully and Mullin 1984) but in accord with current theory. We have compared our measurements with the latest theory of Jeon and Mullin (1991); our data is mostly in good agreement with their theory if a slightly modified version of a $\sp3$He-$\sp3$He interaction due to Ebner (1967) is used. The congruence between data and theory supports the conclusion that the s-wave approximation to the interaction is not useful for transport calculations even for these rather dilute solutions. There may be an one unresolved discrepancy: our diffusion constant for the lowest concentration at the lowest temperatures is 25% higher than theory predicts. This could be due to a polarization dependance for $D\sb\perp$ or to a modification of the boundary condition by a bound $\sp3$He state, or possibly due to errors in the theoretical calculation.

Collisional excitation and ionization cross sections suitable to highly excited states of the target atom at low and intermediate kinetic energy of the scattering particle have been derived following the semiclassical Impact Parameter approximation. An analytical expression for cross section involving transitions with $\Delta l > 1$ has been obtained when the semiclassical requirement and the Ehrhardt conditions are valid. The analytical cross sections are explicit functions of the initial quantum number of the target atom, the incident velocity of the colliding particle and $\Delta n$ (for bound-bound transitions), allowing a generalization to any transition needed in a spectral modeling code. The cross sections obtained with the Impact Parameter approximation present a close agreement with previous theoretical results for dipole and quadrupole ($\Delta l$ = 2) cross sections of bound-bound transitions. Results of octupolar ($\Delta l$ = 3) cross sections are also given for $\Delta n$ = 1 and $\Delta n$ = 2 and a wide range of incident energies. The results indicate that the cross sections corresponding to transitions with $\Delta l > 1$ are significant up to incident energies about 100 times the transition energy. The Impact Parameter cross sections for bound-free transitions present a very good agreement with experimental values, in particular at low incident energies.

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