The purpose of this study is to measure computer user satisfaction in several organizational settings and to find out if user, system or organizational variables affect the level of user satisfaction. Data was collected from two manufacturing companies and one Australian government department by using a survey based on the semantic differential technique for attitude measurement and open ended interviews. The data was analysed for each organization. The users completing the survey were then treated as a random sample of all organizational users of computer-based information systems and products. The data was analysed to see if differences occurred among groups. The results indicate that for each organization there are areas of high and low satisfaction. Some of these are common to the three organizations, and some areas where change is commonly requested by users are participation in design, training, response time on interactive systems and top management involvement. Differences among users are also indicated and it is shown that users who design their own systems have the highest level of satisfaction. Managerial users appear to be among the users who are least satisfied with their computer-based support.

The error choice (EC) technique was among the earliest indirect attitude measures developed and was originally designed to overcome social desirability concerns (Hammond, 1948). This programme of research set out to advance EC research in several ways. First, an exploratory factor analysis examined whether participants’ responses to the EC target items produced a systematic pattern of responding. The factor analysis indicated that a single underlying factor best accounted for the data. Additionally, the EC measure demonstrated good reliability across the 3 studies. Second, these studies provided evidence that the EC measure is, at least in part, attitudinal. The EC measure showed a modest positive correlation with the direct measure of attitude in all 3 studies. This suggested that participants’ responses to the EC target items were, at least partially, attitudinal. Additionally, across the studies participant’s EC scores did not change between the high and low social desirability conditions, while participants’ scores on the direct measure were significantly more positive in the high social desirability condition. These findings suggest that the EC measure is, to some degree, resistant to socially desirable responding. Studies 2 and 3 also represent the first time that recommendations made by early EC researchers to improve the EC technique were systematically examined. In these studies the amount of time participants had to complete the EC measure was restricted. The time restriction did not improve the performance of the EC measure. The other optimal condition examined in Study 3 was the presence and absence of filler items in the EC measure. Indeed, removing filler items from the EC measure did not negatively impact its performance. Finally, this programme of research compared the EC measure with more contemporary indirect measures of attitude. In Study 2, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was compared with the EC and direct measure. In Study 3, the Personalized IAT was compared to the EC and direct measure. The results revealed that neither the IAT nor PIAT correlated with the EC measure. In summary, these results suggest the EC technique holds some promise as an approach to attitude measurement and is well worth resurrecting. / Thesis (Ph.D, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2010-04-21 09:32:11.904

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Com o objetivo de quantificar o evento psico-social \"Atitude em relação a Centros de Saúde\", uma escala Thurstone dos \"Intervalos equi-aparenciais\" foi construida e apresentada. Inicialmente montou-se um quadro teórico, onde foi inserido o conceito a ser mensurado e a partir do qual construiram-se duzentos e sete estímulos- afirmações. Quatro áreas de conteúdo foram abrangidas: atitude em relação aos médicos, atitude em relação a serviços oferecidos, atitude em relação a funcionários e atitude em relação ao ambiente psico-social dos Centros de Saúde. As afirmações foram submetidas a quatro grupos de juízes compostos de médicos, enfermeiros, educadores de saúde pública e sociólogos que trabalham na área da saúde. Os valores escalares e índices de ambiguidade foram calculados para cada grupo profissional e para o grupo como um todo. As afirmações definitivas foram selecionadas através dos seguintes critérios: valor escalar, índice de ambiguidade e área de conteúdo. Foram escolhidas cinquenta e sete afirmações: dezenove na primeira área de conteúdo, treze na segunda área de conteúdo, quinze na terceira área e dez na quarta. Esta pesquisa foi somente uma primeira abordagem ao problema de mensuração de atitudes. Um pré-teste será necessário para testar validade e fidedignidade do instrumento construido para que depois seja empregado em pesquisas ligadas à educação em saúde pública. / With the purpose of gaining quantitative knowledge about the social psychological phenomena \"Atitude toward Health Centers\", A Thurstone \"Equal Appearing Interval\" scale was developed and presented. In the begining a theoritical referal system was built ineluding the concept to be measured, and 207 statements were devised. Four content areas were included: attitude toward physicians, attitude toward health services offered, attitude toward social-psychological environment of the Health Centers. The statements were presented to four groups of judges composed of psysicians, public health educators, nurses and sociologists working in public health. Scale values and a Q value were calculated separately for each statement for each group of Judges and for de whole group. A final scale was selected by three criterion: scale values, Q value and content areas. From the 207 scored statements a scale containing 57 items was developed: 19 in the first content area, 13 in the second, 15 in the third, 10 in the fourth. This research was only a first approach to measure atitudes. A pretest will be necessary to test validity and reliability of the instrument developed, to make it useful to research applied to public health education.

Com o objetivo de quantificar o evento psico-social \"Atitude em relação a Centros de Saúde\", uma escala Thurstone dos \"Intervalos equi-aparenciais\" foi construida e apresentada. Inicialmente montou-se um quadro teórico, onde foi inserido o conceito a ser mensurado e a partir do qual construiram-se duzentos e sete estímulos- afirmações. Quatro áreas de conteúdo foram abrangidas: atitude em relação aos médicos, atitude em relação a serviços oferecidos, atitude em relação a funcionários e atitude em relação ao ambiente psico-social dos Centros de Saúde. As afirmações foram submetidas a quatro grupos de juízes compostos de médicos, enfermeiros, educadores de saúde pública e sociólogos que trabalham na área da saúde. Os valores escalares e índices de ambiguidade foram calculados para cada grupo profissional e para o grupo como um todo. As afirmações definitivas foram selecionadas através dos seguintes critérios: valor escalar, índice de ambiguidade e área de conteúdo. Foram escolhidas cinquenta e sete afirmações: dezenove na primeira área de conteúdo, treze na segunda área de conteúdo, quinze na terceira área e dez na quarta. Esta pesquisa foi somente uma primeira abordagem ao problema de mensuração de atitudes. Um pré-teste será necessário para testar validade e fidedignidade do instrumento construido para que depois seja empregado em pesquisas ligadas à educação em saúde pública. / With the purpose of gaining quantitative knowledge about the social psychological phenomena \"Atitude toward Health Centers\", A Thurstone \"Equal Appearing Interval\" scale was developed and presented. In the begining a theoritical referal system was built ineluding the concept to be measured, and 207 statements were devised. Four content areas were included: attitude toward physicians, attitude toward health services offered, attitude toward social-psychological environment of the Health Centers. The statements were presented to four groups of judges composed of psysicians, public health educators, nurses and sociologists working in public health. Scale values and a Q value were calculated separately for each statement for each group of Judges and for de whole group. A final scale was selected by three criterion: scale values, Q value and content areas. From the 207 scored statements a scale containing 57 items was developed: 19 in the first content area, 13 in the second, 15 in the third, 10 in the fourth. This research was only a first approach to measure atitudes. A pretest will be necessary to test validity and reliability of the instrument developed, to make it useful to research applied to public health education.

Researchers interested in measuring people's underlying attitudes towards an object (e.g., abortion) often collect Likert data by administering a survey. Likert data consist of surveyees' responses to statements about the object, where responses fall into ordered categories running from `Strongly agree' to `Strongly disagree' or into a `Don't Know / Can't Choose' category. Two examples of Likert data are used for illustrative purposes. The first dataset was collected by the author from American and British graduate students at Oxford University and contains items measuring underlying abortion attitudes. The second dataset was taken from British and American responses to the 1995 National Identity Survey (NIS) and contains items measuring underlying national pride and immigration attitudes. A model for Likert data and underlying attitudes is introduced. This model is more principled than existing models. It treats people's underlying attitudes as latent variables, and it specifies a relationship between underlying attitudes and responses that is consistent with attitudinal research. Further, the formal probability model for responses allows people's interpretation of the response categories to differ. The model is fitted by maximising an appropriate likelihood. Variants of the model are used to analyse Likert data in three contexts; in each, the method using our model compares favourably to existing methods. First, the model is used to visualise the structure underlying the abortion attitude data. This method of visualization produces more sensible plots than analogous multivariate data visualization methods. Second, the model is used to select the statements whose responses (in the abortion attitude data) best reflect underlying abortion attitudes. Our method of statement selection more closely adheres to attitude researchers' stated aims than popular methods based on sample correlations. Third, the model is used to investigate how underlying national pride varies with nationality in the NIS data and also how underlying abortion attitude varies with gender, religious status, and nationality in the abortion attitude data. Unlike methods currently used by social scientists to model the relationship between attitudes and covariates, our method controls for the effects of differing response category interpretation. As a result, inferences about group differences in underlying attitudes are more robust to group differences in response category interpretation.

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1 Abstract This diploma thesis subjects on rating scales that measure respondent's value of the agreement with given statement. Particularly it focuses on a number of scale points and usage of mid-point and option "Don't know". Due to the fact, there is not an optimal number of points that scale should contain the author focuses on comparing scales of different length. This work includes research that uses four types of the questionnaire to test differences between odd and even scales of different lengths. The thesis shows that share of extreme points is based on scale length. With the use of shorter scales, respondents are more likely to choose extreme points. Based on respondents' answers, the difficulty to choose from scale options is similar in both even and odd scales. Option "Don't know" was mostly chosen by indecisive and poorly-informed respondents when the even scale with above-mentioned option was used. In the case of using an odd scale, the mid-point was chosen also mainly by indecisive respondents, so odd scales should be combined with option "Don't know" for better detection of neutrality. Keywords Rating scale, attitude measurement, odd scale, even scale, mid-point, number of scale points, Web survey, online questionnaire

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