This thesis focuses on automated trading systems for financial markets trading. It describes theoretical background of financial markets, different technical analysis approaches and theoretical knowledge about automated trading systems. The output of the present paper is a diversified portfolio comprising four different investment models aimed to trading futures contracts of cocoa and gold. The portfolio tested on market data from the first quarter 2013 achieved 46.74% increase on the initial equity. The systems have been designed in Adaptrade Builder software using genetic algorithms and subsequently tested in the MetaTrader trading platform. They have been finally optimized using sensitivity analysis.

This thesis focuses on automated trading systems for foreign exchange markets. It describes theoretical background of financial markets, technical analysis approaches and theoretical knowledge about automated trading systems. The output of the thesis is set of two automated trading systems built for trading the most liquid currency pairs. The process of developing automated trading system as well as its practical start up in Spartacus Company Ltd. is documented in the form of project documentation. The project documentation captures choosing necessary hardware components, their installation and oricess of ensuring smooth operation, as well as the selection and installation of the necessary software resources. In the Adaptrade Builder enviroment there has been shown the process of developing strategies and consequently theirs characteristics, performance, as well as a graph showing the evolution of the account at the time. Selected portfolio strategy has been tested in the MetaTrader platform and in the end of the thesis is offered assessing achievements and draw an overall conclusion.

The thesis deals with the use of genetic algorithms in the process of creating automated trading systems. The emphasis is on testing the robustness of the developed strategies, their practical applicability in the financial markets and minimizing risk through diversification. The output of this work is a portfolio consisting of three strategies that achieved 31.3% return on capital during the fourth quarter of 2014.

In Finance, the use of Automated Trading Systems (ATS) on markets is growing every year and the trades generated by an algorithm now account for most of orders that arrive at stock exchanges (Kissell, 2020). Historically, these systems were based on advanced statistical methods and signal processing designed to extract trading signals from financial data. The recent success of Machine Learning has attracted the interest of the financial community. Reinforcement Learning is a subcategory of machine learning and has been broadly applied by investors and researchers in building trading systems (Kissell, 2020). In this thesis, we address the issue that deep reinforcement learning may be susceptible to sampling errors and over-fitting and propose a robust deep reinforcement learning method that integrates techniques from reinforcement learning and robust optimization. We back-test and compare the performance of the developed algorithm, Robust DDPG, with UBAH (Uniform Buy and Hold) benchmark and other RL algorithms and show that the robust algorithm of this research can reduce the downside risk of an investment strategy significantly and can ensure a safer path for the investor’s portfolio value.

This diploma thesis deals with the technical analysis with the emphasis on creating, testing and using of trading systems. Its objective is to find out whether it is possible for a trader to design and trade his own profitable trading system with widely accessible tools and methods. First part of the thesis concentrates among other things on the explanation of stock valuation principles, description of tested shares and time period. The second and third chapters fully describe the process of trading system development and the analysis of results of both trading systems. Last chapter is devoted to the interconnection of European stock markets, which is explored by the means of correlation analysis among different stock indexes. The correlation coefficients show a strong link of the markets and the rising level of integration of European markets.

Purpose: Our main purpose is to explore, describe and analyze the organizational conduct when implementing automated trading systems (ATS) in companies, investigate the organizational challenges arising from this, and the effects these have on a successful diffusion. As the extent of implementing ATS in the Swedish financial industry has not been explored to any greater extent, it is therefore also imperative to explore this; which will be seen as a secondary purpose to this article. Background: The study is based on innovation and diffusion theories, as well as those of power structures and organization. Further, an explanation of ATS and its dynamics is provided and discussed to facilitate a definition of the term. Method: The research has been carried out as an exploratory, descriptive and analytical qualitative study. We have conducted case studies of 7 companies that are implementing, or evaluating the implementation, of ATS. The data was collected through interviews. Conclusion: The majority of the case companies are in the clarifying and routinizing stages of the innovation process. What is found unique with ATS is that it can be implemented partly. The dimensions found central to a smooth diffusion in the companies are the required level of competence-sharing and complexity of implementation.

<p><strong><p><strong>Purpose: </strong></p><p><em>Our main purpose is to explore, describe and analyze the organizational conduct when implementing automated trading systems (ATS) in companies, investigate the organizational challenges arising from this, and the effects these have on a successful diffusion</em>. As the extent of implementing ATS in the Swedish financial industry has not been explored to any greater extent, it is therefore also imperative to explore this; which will be seen as a secondary purpose to this article.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong></p><p>The study is based on innovation and diffusion theories, as well as those of power structures and organization. Further, an explanation of ATS and its dynamics is provided and discussed to facilitate a definition of the term.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong></p><p>The research has been carried out as an exploratory, descriptive and analytical qualitative study.<strong> </strong>We have conducted case studies of 7 companies that are implementing, or evaluating the implementation, of ATS. The data was collected through interviews.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong></p><p>The majority of the case companies are in the clarifying and routinizing stages of the innovation process. What is found unique with ATS is that it can be implemented partly. The dimensions found central to a smooth diffusion in the companies are the <em>required level of competence-sharing</em> and <em>complexity of implementation.</em></p></strong></p>