Process Automation Systems’ design, selection, planning and implementation play a contributing role in achieving success in Industrial Megaprojects within the Oil and Gas Industry. Process Automation Systems represent only 8% - 10% of the total installed cost in capital projects, but the reliability and performance of Process Automation Systems are fundamental factors to ensure the operability and safety of new plants within the oil and gas industry. Recent studies show an increasing number of Industrial Megaprojects in execution during the last decade, a better understanding of the real impact that these projects can bring to our societies, the complexity of these endeavors and the likelihood of having more megaprojects being approved during the next 20 years in the global market. It is pleasant to hear that there are favorable conditions present in the industry to promote and execute capital projects, but there is an alarming rate at which these capital projects overrun schedules and budgets. Project execution key performance indicators such as cost growth, cost index, schedule index, schedule slippage and operability index often applied to measure the success of Megaprojects, should be carefully followed by project management teams, during the implementation of Process Automation Systems. In the oil and gas industry megaprojects are executed in a stage gated work process typically divided into phases with a pause for assessment and decision about whether to proceed. The gate assessments examine both economic/business and technical aspects of the project, to make decisions to stop, recycle or proceed. The purpose of this research is to identify practices in a stage gated work process approach (FEL Front End Loading) to increase the probability of success in Process Automation Systems implementation given complexity factors in Industrial Megaprojects. / text

Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo de automação a ser implementado em serviços da administração pública, com vistas a agilizar os trâmites da burocracia necessária a sua realização, contribuindo para uma mudança da visão dos usuários a respeito da divulgada morosidade administrativa. Com este propósito, o objetivo do modelo é diminuir o tempo entre a coleta de dados, a tabulação e a tomada de decisão por parte do administrador público. O conceito de automação utilizado é o apresentado por Cícero Couto de Moraes e Plínio Benedito de Lauro Castrucci, entendendo-se a propriedade de sua adoção na administração pública pela via do desenvolvimento de processos. A metodologia apresentada propõe desenvolvimento paralelo e concomitante de ações, ainda que considerando a forma serial com que estas são realizadas na atual administração pública, organizada em esquema piramidal. Além disto, o modelo baseia-se na implantação de um sistema de gestão de um banco de dados alimentado pelos diversos atores que exercem as mais variadas atividades do processo, dispensando a assinatura formal em todos os documentos e requisitando, apenas, a identidade eletrônica dos envolvidos. Um outro diferencial é a acessibilidade possibilitada a todos os funcionários envolvidos, independentemente de seu grau de instrução. Este trabalho apresenta as diretrizes norteadoras do modelo de automação proposto e sua logística de implantação, citando as diversas tecnologias existentes e possíveis de serem aplicadas na automação dos serviços da administração pública; exemplifica a possibilidade de automação na administração pública com a sistemática de trabalho implantada no Departamento de Edificações do Município de São Paulo. A metodologia proposta revela a ocorrência de reduções consideráveis nos prazos e custos finais dos serviços executados, na confiabilidade dos resultados, na qualidade da apresentação do produto final de forma padronizada e, principalmente, no poder de gestão que o processo propicia aos gestores de todos os níveis hierárquicos. Outra grande vantagem do sistema é que ele se adapta a qualquer situação de trabalho, seja ela técnica ou administrativa, interpondo dados de áreas afins, sempre que necessário, e proporcionando resultados que podem ser utilizados desde a gestão superior até sua disponibilização para a população, via Internet ou sala de situação. Além disto, a atualização automática de dados possibilita agilidade em possíveis correções de rumo, aspecto especialmente valioso em momentos críticos da administração, como situações de calamidade, em que as respostas devem ser rápidas em função dos problemas apresentados e das cobranças realizadas pela imprensa e pela população, em geral. / In this paper is presented a model of automation to be implemented in government departments, in order to streamline the procedures of the bureaucracy necessary to their achievement, contributing to a change of view of users regarding administrative delays disclosed. For this purpose, the objective of the model is to decrease the time between data collection, tabulation and decision-making by the public administrator. The automation concept used is shown by Cícero Couto de Moraes and Plínio Benedito de Lauro Castrucci, understanding the property of their adoption in public administration through the development process. The methodology presented proposes developing parallel and concurrent actions, even considering the serial manner in which they are carried out in the current administration, organized pyramid scheme. Moreover, the model is based on the implementation of a management system a database fed by several actors who carry out various activities in the process, dispensing with the formal signing of all documents and requiring only the identity of the electronic involved. Another difference is made possible accessibility to all employees involved, regardless of their level of education. This work presents the guiding directives of the model proposed automation and logistics deployment, citing the various existing and possible technologies to be applied in the automation of government services; exemplifies the possibility of automation in public administration with the work system deployed in Departamento de Edificações de São Paulo. The proposed methodology reveals the occurrence of significant reductions in time and final costs of the services performed, the reliability of results, quality of presentation of the final product in a standardized, mainly in the power management process that provides managers of all hierarchical levels. Another great advantage of the system is that it adapts to any work situation, be it technical or administrative, filing data from similar areas, where necessary, and providing results that can be used from top management to make it available to the public, by the Internet or through a situation room. In addition, automatic updating of data allows flexibility in possible course corrections, especially valuable aspect of the administration at critical moments, such as disaster situations, in which responses should be faster depending on the problems presented and the charges made by the press and population in general.

Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo de automação a ser implementado em serviços da administração pública, com vistas a agilizar os trâmites da burocracia necessária a sua realização, contribuindo para uma mudança da visão dos usuários a respeito da divulgada morosidade administrativa. Com este propósito, o objetivo do modelo é diminuir o tempo entre a coleta de dados, a tabulação e a tomada de decisão por parte do administrador público. O conceito de automação utilizado é o apresentado por Cícero Couto de Moraes e Plínio Benedito de Lauro Castrucci, entendendo-se a propriedade de sua adoção na administração pública pela via do desenvolvimento de processos. A metodologia apresentada propõe desenvolvimento paralelo e concomitante de ações, ainda que considerando a forma serial com que estas são realizadas na atual administração pública, organizada em esquema piramidal. Além disto, o modelo baseia-se na implantação de um sistema de gestão de um banco de dados alimentado pelos diversos atores que exercem as mais variadas atividades do processo, dispensando a assinatura formal em todos os documentos e requisitando, apenas, a identidade eletrônica dos envolvidos. Um outro diferencial é a acessibilidade possibilitada a todos os funcionários envolvidos, independentemente de seu grau de instrução. Este trabalho apresenta as diretrizes norteadoras do modelo de automação proposto e sua logística de implantação, citando as diversas tecnologias existentes e possíveis de serem aplicadas na automação dos serviços da administração pública; exemplifica a possibilidade de automação na administração pública com a sistemática de trabalho implantada no Departamento de Edificações do Município de São Paulo. A metodologia proposta revela a ocorrência de reduções consideráveis nos prazos e custos finais dos serviços executados, na confiabilidade dos resultados, na qualidade da apresentação do produto final de forma padronizada e, principalmente, no poder de gestão que o processo propicia aos gestores de todos os níveis hierárquicos. Outra grande vantagem do sistema é que ele se adapta a qualquer situação de trabalho, seja ela técnica ou administrativa, interpondo dados de áreas afins, sempre que necessário, e proporcionando resultados que podem ser utilizados desde a gestão superior até sua disponibilização para a população, via Internet ou sala de situação. Além disto, a atualização automática de dados possibilita agilidade em possíveis correções de rumo, aspecto especialmente valioso em momentos críticos da administração, como situações de calamidade, em que as respostas devem ser rápidas em função dos problemas apresentados e das cobranças realizadas pela imprensa e pela população, em geral. / In this paper is presented a model of automation to be implemented in government departments, in order to streamline the procedures of the bureaucracy necessary to their achievement, contributing to a change of view of users regarding administrative delays disclosed. For this purpose, the objective of the model is to decrease the time between data collection, tabulation and decision-making by the public administrator. The automation concept used is shown by Cícero Couto de Moraes and Plínio Benedito de Lauro Castrucci, understanding the property of their adoption in public administration through the development process. The methodology presented proposes developing parallel and concurrent actions, even considering the serial manner in which they are carried out in the current administration, organized pyramid scheme. Moreover, the model is based on the implementation of a management system a database fed by several actors who carry out various activities in the process, dispensing with the formal signing of all documents and requiring only the identity of the electronic involved. Another difference is made possible accessibility to all employees involved, regardless of their level of education. This work presents the guiding directives of the model proposed automation and logistics deployment, citing the various existing and possible technologies to be applied in the automation of government services; exemplifies the possibility of automation in public administration with the work system deployed in Departamento de Edificações de São Paulo. The proposed methodology reveals the occurrence of significant reductions in time and final costs of the services performed, the reliability of results, quality of presentation of the final product in a standardized, mainly in the power management process that provides managers of all hierarchical levels. Another great advantage of the system is that it adapts to any work situation, be it technical or administrative, filing data from similar areas, where necessary, and providing results that can be used from top management to make it available to the public, by the Internet or through a situation room. In addition, automatic updating of data allows flexibility in possible course corrections, especially valuable aspect of the administration at critical moments, such as disaster situations, in which responses should be faster depending on the problems presented and the charges made by the press and population in general.

The number of automated features in surface vehicles are increasing as new vehicles are released each year. Some of these features allow drivers to temporarily take their attention off-road and en-gage in other tasks. However, there are times when it is important for drivers to immediately take control of the vehicle, if required. To safely take control, drivers must understand what is required of them and have situation awareness (SA) to understand important changes or factors within the environment around them. We can present drivers with needed takeover information using a head-up display (HUD), keeping the driver's eyes on the road. However, drivers operating conditionally automated vehicles on various roadways, such as highways and urban arterial roads, require differ-ent information to be conveyed to them as they drive due to inherent differences in roadway and obstacle features within the driving scene, such as the addition of vulnerable road users on urban arterial roads. This work aimed to (1) investigate impacts of novel HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on a highway, (2) identify system design criteria to fulfill driver's needs during takeover on an urban arterial road, and, (3) examine the effects of HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road. We investigated these goals by collecting em-pirical data for takeover performance metrics, self-reported situation awareness, participant prefer-ences, and expert's opinions. From our studies we conclude that HUDs can increase aspects of takeover performance on high-ways, with participants demonstrating lower response times and higher time to collision metrics. We did not find significant impacts of HUDs on driver situation awareness on highways. Results from our semistructed interviews indicated that experts felt systems should communicate the need for driver attention to relevant information, communicate obstacle information, and provide information using a variety of driver senses. HUDs can also increase driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road and support improved takeover performance. This work allowed us to identify potential use cases and design criteria for new designs of novel HUDs to deliver important information during takeover. / Doctor of Philosophy / More features that take some of the tasks of vehicle operation off drivers are being released with every new model year of vehicle. Currently, these features still require drivers to maintain attention to the road and, in some cases, immediately take control of the vehicle, called takeover. However, research has not identified how best to communicate the need for takeover on all types of roads. Research has utilized a head-up display (HUD) to present vehicle information, communicate navigation, and highlight objects around the world to drivers while keeping driver's eyes on road. Keeping driver's eyes on road allows drivers to maintain situation awareness (SA) where they would perceive, understand, and react to changes in the driving scene. Currently, we can convey information to drivers both using traditional head-down displays (HDDs) in the instrument cluster and some vehicles are equipped with HUDs that can deliver in-formation within driver's field of view. This work aimed to first understand how takeover request delivered via HUD affect takeover performance and drivers' situation awareness on highways compared to HDDs. Next, we investigated expert's opinions on driver needs from the automated system during takeover on urban arterial roads to develop design criteria for new types of takeover requests. Finally, we took the design criteria to develop, test, and compare driver's takeover performance and situation awareness in new takeover requests delivered by HDDs and HUDs. HUDs may be useful in presenting information to drivers during takeover. Results support that on highways, HUDs are beneficial for increasing safer driver responses, where they responded quick-er and kept a greater distance to an object in the road in front of them. From design criteria identified by experts, we designed alerts that directed driver's attention to bicyclists, pedestrians, and vehicles crossing the path of their vehicle. After testing the alerts, results indicated that drivers had higher levels of situation awareness and performance metrics during takeover on urban arterial roads. Though HUDs show promise in increasing driver's takeover performance and situation awareness, we must take careful consideration into design of future HUDs to give appropriate and relevant information to drivers.

Researchers have postulated that the implementation of driving automation systems could reduce the prevalence of driver errors, or at least mitigate the severity of their consequences. While driving automation systems are becoming increasingly common on new vehicles, drivers seem to know very little about them. The following dissertation describes an investigation of driver behavior and behavioral adaptation while using driving automation systems in order to improve consumer education and training. This dissertation uses data collected from test track environments and two naturalistic driving studies, the Virginia Connected Corridor 50 (VCC50) Vehicle Naturalistic Driving Study and the NHTSA Level 2 Naturalistic Driving Study (L2 NDS), to investigate driver behavior with driving automation systems and make suggestions for modifications to current consumer education practices. Results from the test track study indicated that while training strategy elicited limited differences in knowledge and no difference in driver behaviors or attitudes, operator behaviors and attitudes were heavily influenced by time and experience with the driving automation. The naturalistic assessment of VCC50 data showed that drivers tended to activate systems more frequently in appropriate roadway environments. However, drivers spent more time looking away from the road while driving automation systems were active and drivers were more likely be observed browsing on their cell phones while using driving automation systems. The analysis of L2 NDS showed that drivers' time gap preferences changes as drivers gain experience using the driving automation systems. Additionally, driver eye glance behavior was significantly different with automation use and indicated the potential for an adaptive trend with increased exposure to the system for both glances away from the roadway and glances to the instrument panel. The penultimate chapter of this work presents training guidelines and recommendations for consumer education with driving automation systems based on this and other research that has been conducted on driver interaction with driving automation systems. The results of this research indicate that driver training should be a key focus in future efforts to ensure the continued safe use of driving automation systems as they continue to emerge in the vehicle fleet. / Doctor of Philosophy / While driving automation systems are becoming increasingly common on new vehicles, drivers seem to know very little about them. Previous studies have found that owners of vehicles equipped with advanced technologies have demonstrated misperceptions or lack of awareness about system limitations, which may impact driver comfort with and reliance on these systems. Partial driving automation systems are designed to assist drivers in some vehicle operation demands, they are not, however, designed to completely remove the driver from the driving task. The following dissertation describes an investigation of driver behavioral adaptation while using driving automation systems with the goal of improving consumer education and training.

Presently the automotive industry is facing enormous pressure due to global competition and ever changing legislative, economic and customer demands. Both, agility and reconfiguration are widely recognised as important attributes for manufacturing systems to satisfy the needs of competitive global markets. To facilitate and accommodate unforeseen business changes within the automotive industry, a new proactive methodology is urgently required for the design, build, assembly and reconfiguration of automation systems. There is also need for the promotion of new technologies and engineering methods to enable true engineering concurrency between product and process development. Virtual construction and testing of new automation systems prior to build is now identified as a crucial requirement to enable system verification and to allow the investigation of design alternatives prior to building and testing physical systems. The main focus of this research was to design and develop reconfigurable assembly systems within the powertrain sector of the automotive industry by capturing and modelling relevant business and engineering processes. This research has proposed and developed a more process-efficient and robust automation system design, build and implementation approach via new engineering services and a standard library of reusable mechanisms. Existing research at Loughborough had created the basic technology for a component based approach to automation. However, no research had been previously undertaken on the application of this approach in a user engineering and business context. The objective of this research was therefore to utilise this prototype method and associated engineering tools and to devise novel business and engineering processes to enable the component-based approach to be applied in industry. This new approach has been named Configurable and Collaborative Automation Systems (CO AS). In particular this new research has studied the implications of migration to a COAS approach in terms of I) necessary changes to the end-users business processes, 2) potential to improve the robustness of the resultant system and 3) potential for improved efficiency and greater collaboration across the supply chain.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική ασχολείται με το σχεδιασμό συστημάτων SCADA στο λογισμικό Proficy Cimplicity. Στο 1ο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται οι βασικές αρχές των Βιομηχανικών Αυτοματισμών, των Βιομηχανικών Δικτύων, των Ιεραρχικών μοντέλων στην παραγωγή και των συστημάτων SCADA. Στο 2ο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται όλες οι λειτουργικές δυνατότητες που συνθέτουν το λογισμικό παραθέτοντας παράλληλα συγκεκριμένα παραδείγματα. Στο 3ο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται ενδεικτικές εφαρμογές από το βιομηχανικό περιβάλλον. Στο 4ο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται η δυνατότητα ενσωμάτωσης Videostream σε οθόνη σταθμού SCADA. Αυτό γίνεται εστιάζοντας σε τρία μοτίβα χρήσης: Αναπαραγωγή αρχείων Video, λήψη με ενσωματωμένη/συνδεδεμένη στον υπολογιστή κάμερα και τέλος παρουσίαση εφαρμογής ολοκληρωμένων λύσεων παρακολούθησης μίας βιομηχανικής εγκατάστασης. Η εφαρμογή αυτή βασίζεται στον εξοπλισμό IP Surveillance της εταιρίας MOXA. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο επεξηγείται το πρωτόκολλο OPC και πως αυτό συμμετέχει στην ανταλλαγή δεδομένων στο Cimplicity. Επεξηγείται ο ρόλος του Cimplicity OPC Server αλλά και το πρωτόκολλο OPC Client με στόχο τη διασύνδεση του λογισμικού με διαφορετικού τύπου και κατασκευαστή εξοπλισμό. Ως παράδειγμα του πρωτοκόλλου OPC Client για την επικοινωνία με PLC, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η διάταξη του τεχνητού αναρριχητή, ο οποίος βρίσκεται στο Εργαστήριο Γενικής Ηλεκτροτεχνίας. Τέλος στο 6ο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται αναφορά σε μία μέθοδο μοντελοποίησης βιομηχανικών συστημάτων, τα Γενικευμένα Αυτόματα. Η μέθοδος αυτή αξιοποιείται με στόχο να εξαχθεί με ελάχιστο κόπο, ο κώδικας υλοποίησης της λογικής του αυτοματισμού, είτε για SCADA εφαρμογή, είτε για PLC λειτουργία. Η μέθοδος εφαρμόστηκε σε μία από τις εφαρμογές του 3ου κεφαλαίου. / In this diploma thesis, developing SCADA systems using Proficy Cimplicity Software has been studied. The first chapter describes the basic principles of Industrial Automation, Industrial Networks, the hierarchical processing models and SCADA systems. The second chapter refers to the study of the Cimplicity fuctions and tools using specific examples. The third chapter presents applications from the industrial environment. The fourth chapter examines the posibility of embedding video stream applications in SCADA screens. Tree different scenarios examined: Playing back Video files, playing live video using a camera attached to the computer system and video surveillance solutions for industrial installations. This solutions are based in the IP Surveillance products of MOXA Company. The fifth chapter explaines the OPC protocol and how it is being used for data exchange in Cimplicity. It also explaines the Cimplicity OPC Server and the OPC Client protocol for interconnecting software and devices with different vendors. An example of OPC Client protocol is included, the "artificial climber" which is located in the Systems And Measurements Laboratory. The last chapter, an industrial modelling method is reffered, the Global Automata. It is being used for developing with minor effort, the programming script which describes the automation, either for SCADA apllications, either for PLC functioning. This method was used for one of the third chapter examples.

Current manufacturing automation systems (specifically the powertrain sector) have been facing challenges with constant pressures of globalisation, environmental concerns and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) innovations. These challenges instigate new demands for shorter product lifecycles and require customised products to be manufactured as efficiently as possible. Manufacturing systems must therefore be agile to remain competitive by supporting frequent reconfigurations involving distributed engineering activities.

Advances in mobile and pervasive computing, electronics technology, and the exponential growth in Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services has led to Building Automation System (BAS) that enhanced the buildings we live by delivering more energy-saving, intelligent, comfortable, and better utilization. Through the use of integrated protocols, a BAS can interconnects a wide range of building assets so that the control and management of asset operations and their services can be performed in one protocol. Moreover, through the use of distributed computing and IP based communication, a BAS can implement remote monitor and control in adaptive and real-time manner. However, the use of IoT and distributed computing techniques in BAS are leading to challenges to secure and protect information and services due to the significant increase in the attack surface and the inherent vulnerabilities of BAS integrated protocols. Since there is no intrusion detection and prevention available for BAS network, proposing a reliable security mechanism which can monitor the behavior of BAS assets becomes a major design issue. Anomaly Based Intrusion Detection is a security mechanism that uses baseline model to describe the normal behaviors of a system, so that malicious behaviors occurred in a system can be detected by comparing the observed behavior to the baseline model. With its ability of detecting novel and new attacks, Anomaly based Behavior Analysis (ABA) has been actively pursued by researchers for designing Intrusion Detection Systems. Since the information acquired from a BAS system can be from a variety of sources (e.g. sensors, network protocols, temporal and spatial information), the traditional ABA methodology which merely focuses on analyzing the behavior of communication protocols will not be effective in protecting BAS networks. In this dissertation we aim at developing a general methodology named Context Aware Anomaly based Behavior Analysis (CAABA) which combines Context Awareness technique with Anomaly based Behavior Analysis in order to detect any type of anomaly behaviors occurred in Building Automation Systems. Context Awareness is a technique which is widely used in pervasive computing and it aims at gathering information about a system's environment so it can accurately characterize the current operational context of the BAS network and its services. The CAABA methodology can be used to protect a variety of BAS networks in a sustainable and reliable way. To handle the heterogeneous BAS information, we developed a novel Context Aware Data Structure to represent the information acquired from the sensors and resources during execution of the BAS system which can explicitly describe the system's behavior. By performing Anomaly based Behavior Analysis over the set of context arrays using either data mining algorithm or statistical functions, the BAS baseline models are generated. To validate our methodology, we have applied it to two different building application scenarios: a smart building system which is usually implemented in industrial and commercial office buildings and a smart home system which is implemented in residential buildings, where we have achieved good detection results with low detection errors.

Vid nybyggnation eller modernisering av fartyg installeras ofta avancerade integrerade övervakningssystem i maskinkontrollrum. Det är därför viktigt att de maskinbefäl som ansvarar för driften av fartyget innehar en utbildning och kunskap om hantering och felsökning av övervakningssystemen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om maskinbefäl får tillräckligt med utbildning på nya integrerade övervakningssystemen för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter på ett säkert och tryggt sätt. I den här studien har en enkät skickats ut till maskinbefäl ombord nybyggda fartyg där individerna får möjlighet att svara på hur de upplever möjlighet att genomgå utbildning och få kunskap över hur systemen fungerar. Studien visar att majoriteten av de tillfrågade befälen upplever att de innehar tillräcklig kunskap om övervakningssystemen för att kunna utföra sina arbetsuppgifter på ett säkert och tryggt sätt. Studien visar att majoriteten av befälen inte har blivit erbjudna en utbildning på systemen och att de som inte blivit erbjudna hade önskat få en utbildning. Studien visade att utbildningarna som erbjudits ofta är produktspecifika och inte installationsspecifika vilket gör att de inte upplevs som optimala då konstruktion och lösningar ofta avviker emellan installationer med samma produkter. Utbildning erbjuds av tillverkaren men ofta är det bara en liten del av maskinbefälen som erbjuds en plats. Studien visade också att de befäl som inte fick utbildning behövde tillskansa kunskaperna genom att själv utbilda sig ombord antingen i samband med avlämning eller under ordinarie drift. Slutsatsen är att maskinbefälen bör genomgå en utbildning innan de mönstrar på första gången och att det bör ges möjlighet till en uppföljande utbildning efter att besättningen arbetat med systemen en tid. För att avlösande besättningar ska kunna få möjlighet att sätta sig in och tillgodogöra sig kunskap om systemen bör mer tid ges vid avlösning. / During construction of new ships or modernization of ships, integrated automation systems is often installed in the engine control room. It is of importance that the responsible engine officers are familiar with how the system works and that they can perform troubleshooting if eventual faults occur. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the engineer officer get enough training on new integrated surveillance systems to perform their duties in a safe and secure manner. In this study a questionnaire was sent to engine officers signed on new ships where they got the opportunity to give their answer how they experience the possibility to be trained and acquire knowledge how the systems work. The majority of the engine officers who answered the questionnaires felt comfortable to operate the ship safely. The study showed that the training courses offered often were product specific instead of installation specific, which was not optimal because there can be differences between construction and handling after installations of the same products. The survey showed that a majority of the officers had not been offered training on the monitoring system. The officers who were not offered training expressed a wish to be able to participate in training. Training on the system is offered by the manufacturer but often only a few of the engine officers is offered training by the shipping company. Earlier studies show that crews that participates in the building and delivery process on the shipyard or during installation of a new system receives training on site, the officers that come onboard as reliever after trial run, maiden voyage or during normal operation often have to learn by doing. The conclusion is that the officers should be given the opportunity to participate in training before signing on and also a follow up training course after working with the system for a while. To give the relieving officers a chance to familiarize themselves and assimilate knowledge of the system, there have to be more time available in conjunction with leave.