In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of McMaster University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink. / The need for reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with rising fuel prices, has motivated intense research in the area of hybrid and fully electric crafts for commercial applications in the aviation sector. This thesis explores implementation of Halbach arrays in high-speed radial flux machines (RFMs) and low-speed axial flux machines (AFMs) for aerospace applications. Highly accurate analytical equations are developed for quickly predicting the magnetic field in the latter (both for coreless and steel core stators) due to the complex three dimensional axial flux paths which make traditional finite element analysis time-consuming. Electromagnetic design and optimization of two aerospace machines that use Halbachs are detailed. The first is a ~14 kW AFM intended to replace an existing high lift motor RFM concept in NASA’s Maxwell X57 all-electric plane. Two design variants are selected which achieve a 10 % increase in torque/power and a 10 % decrease in mass/volume, respectively. The second machine is a 20,000 RPM surface permanent magnet RFM capable of 150 kW peak power output that is intended as a proof-of-concept for the later development of a megawatt machine for a hybrid and/or all-electric aircraft. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a aplicação, para sistema de frenagem veicular, de uma máquina elétrica sem escovas, de armadura toroidal, e fluxo magnético axial produzido por ímãs permanentes de terras raras, a chamada máquina Torus. A máquina foi construída no LMEAE e estudada inicialmente como motor em outro trabalho. Mas, para que se possa avaliar seu funcionamento em sistema de frenagem, o foco é do ponto de vista da máquina como gerador. São realizados testes dinâmicos e estáticos experimentalmente e modelo numérico pelo método dos elementos finitos com um formato de ímãs permanentes de seção setorial, possibilitando o comparativo com a versão anterior da máquina que empregou ímãs de seção quadrada. Mudanças físicas e no sistema de acionamento da máquina, e ensaios de frenagem dinâmica foram realizados. Modelagem analítica para indução magnética foi desenvolvida utilizando-se da técnica de Transformação Conforme. O trabalho busca apresentar as características da máquina e justificativas que demonstram o seu potencial de aplicabilidade em um subsistema veicular sob frenagem regenerativa e a capacidade de fornecimento de energia a um sistema de armazenamento com uma parte de energia cinética, ou seja, baterias e supercapacitores. / This work is carried out with the aim to study the application, by a vehicular braking system, of a brushless electrical machine with a toroidal armature core, and axial magnetic flux delivered by rare earth permanent magnets, the so-called Torus machine. The machine was built in the LMEAE, and previously studied as a motor by other work. However, in order to assess its performance in a braking system, the focus is the point of view of the machine as a generator. Static and dynamic tests are implemented as well as a numerical model by means of the finite element method, in order to compare the machine with sector poles permanent magnets and with square magnet poles. Physical changes and on the driving system of the machine, and dynamic braking tests are performed. The analytical modelling for the magnetic induction was developed using the technique of conformal transformation. The study aims to present the features of the machine and demonstrates its potential applicability to a vehicular subsystem under regenerative braking and the ability to supply an energy storage system with part of the kinetic energy, i.e. batteries and super capacitors.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a aplicação, para sistema de frenagem veicular, de uma máquina elétrica sem escovas, de armadura toroidal, e fluxo magnético axial produzido por ímãs permanentes de terras raras, a chamada máquina Torus. A máquina foi construída no LMEAE e estudada inicialmente como motor em outro trabalho. Mas, para que se possa avaliar seu funcionamento em sistema de frenagem, o foco é do ponto de vista da máquina como gerador. São realizados testes dinâmicos e estáticos experimentalmente e modelo numérico pelo método dos elementos finitos com um formato de ímãs permanentes de seção setorial, possibilitando o comparativo com a versão anterior da máquina que empregou ímãs de seção quadrada. Mudanças físicas e no sistema de acionamento da máquina, e ensaios de frenagem dinâmica foram realizados. Modelagem analítica para indução magnética foi desenvolvida utilizando-se da técnica de Transformação Conforme. O trabalho busca apresentar as características da máquina e justificativas que demonstram o seu potencial de aplicabilidade em um subsistema veicular sob frenagem regenerativa e a capacidade de fornecimento de energia a um sistema de armazenamento com uma parte de energia cinética, ou seja, baterias e supercapacitores. / This work is carried out with the aim to study the application, by a vehicular braking system, of a brushless electrical machine with a toroidal armature core, and axial magnetic flux delivered by rare earth permanent magnets, the so-called Torus machine. The machine was built in the LMEAE, and previously studied as a motor by other work. However, in order to assess its performance in a braking system, the focus is the point of view of the machine as a generator. Static and dynamic tests are implemented as well as a numerical model by means of the finite element method, in order to compare the machine with sector poles permanent magnets and with square magnet poles. Physical changes and on the driving system of the machine, and dynamic braking tests are performed. The analytical modelling for the magnetic induction was developed using the technique of conformal transformation. The study aims to present the features of the machine and demonstrates its potential applicability to a vehicular subsystem under regenerative braking and the ability to supply an energy storage system with part of the kinetic energy, i.e. batteries and super capacitors.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a aplicação, para sistema de frenagem veicular, de uma máquina elétrica sem escovas, de armadura toroidal, e fluxo magnético axial produzido por ímãs permanentes de terras raras, a chamada máquina Torus. A máquina foi construída no LMEAE e estudada inicialmente como motor em outro trabalho. Mas, para que se possa avaliar seu funcionamento em sistema de frenagem, o foco é do ponto de vista da máquina como gerador. São realizados testes dinâmicos e estáticos experimentalmente e modelo numérico pelo método dos elementos finitos com um formato de ímãs permanentes de seção setorial, possibilitando o comparativo com a versão anterior da máquina que empregou ímãs de seção quadrada. Mudanças físicas e no sistema de acionamento da máquina, e ensaios de frenagem dinâmica foram realizados. Modelagem analítica para indução magnética foi desenvolvida utilizando-se da técnica de Transformação Conforme. O trabalho busca apresentar as características da máquina e justificativas que demonstram o seu potencial de aplicabilidade em um subsistema veicular sob frenagem regenerativa e a capacidade de fornecimento de energia a um sistema de armazenamento com uma parte de energia cinética, ou seja, baterias e supercapacitores. / This work is carried out with the aim to study the application, by a vehicular braking system, of a brushless electrical machine with a toroidal armature core, and axial magnetic flux delivered by rare earth permanent magnets, the so-called Torus machine. The machine was built in the LMEAE, and previously studied as a motor by other work. However, in order to assess its performance in a braking system, the focus is the point of view of the machine as a generator. Static and dynamic tests are implemented as well as a numerical model by means of the finite element method, in order to compare the machine with sector poles permanent magnets and with square magnet poles. Physical changes and on the driving system of the machine, and dynamic braking tests are performed. The analytical modelling for the magnetic induction was developed using the technique of conformal transformation. The study aims to present the features of the machine and demonstrates its potential applicability to a vehicular subsystem under regenerative braking and the ability to supply an energy storage system with part of the kinetic energy, i.e. batteries and super capacitors.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’analyse de structures de machines électriques non conventionnelles destinées à la production d’électricité par des groupes électrogènes. Les topologies recherchées doivent utiliser moins de matières actives et/ou simplifier la procédure de fabrication par rapport aux machines actuelles.Une des structures est dédiée au système d’excitation de la machine. Elle possède un stator à griffes avec un bobinage toroïdal. Son dimensionnement est réalisé à l’aide d’un modèle de calcul par éléments finis en 3D, qui a été validé expérimentalement. Cette structure permet d’obtenir une réduction significative de la quantité de cuivre dans le bobinage.Les deux autres structures traitées concernent l’alternateur principal. Une machine synchro-réluctante à barrières deflux et à rotor bobiné a été proposée. L’objectif est d’augmenter la densité de couple grâce au couple de saillance. Elle est dimensionnée et comparée avec la structure conventionnelle. Ce cas met en évidence les limitations des structures proches de la structure actuelle.La dernière structure est une nouvelle topologie de machine électrique. Elle combine les caractéristiques des machines à flux axial et des machines à griffes, permettant de simplifier le système d’excitation. Une approche de modélisation originale a été développée pour l’analyse de cette topologie 3D en vue de son dimensionnement par optimisation. Le système d’excitation a un rôle important dans les performances de cette machine.Cette thèse constate aussi que l’évolution future des matériaux magnétiques pourrait tirer meilleur profit des structures non-conventionnelles avec des trajets de flux tridimensionnels. / The PhD project aims to analyse nonconventional structures of electric machines for electric power generation with diesel gensets. The researched topologies should use less active materials and/or simplify the manufacturing process compared to today’s machines.One of the structures is intended for the excitation system of the electric machine. It is composed of a claw-pole stator and a toroidal winding. It is designed using a 3D Finite Element model, previously validated by a prototype. This structure allows a significant reduction of the quantity of copper of the field winding.The other two structures under study are proposed for the main generator. A synchronous-reluctance machine with flux-barriers and a field winding in the rotor is analysed. The objective is to increase the torque density by increasing the reluctance torque. The designed machine is compared to the conventional structure. This case shows the limitations of structures similar to the current structure.The last structure is a new topology of electric machine. It combines the characteristics of claw-pole machines andaxial-flux machines. An original modelling approach is developed to analyse this 3D structure for its design based on an optimization algorithm. The study shows that the excitation system has a key role in its performances.This work also notes that the future evolution of magnetic materials should benefit the use of non-conventional structures with 3D flux paths.

With a rising drive towards greener means of transportation, electrical machines for propulsion are becoming a scientific field of major interest. In particular, part of the research studying these devices focuses its efforts on axial-flux machines, which compared to radial-flux machines can offer a better length-to-diameter ratio and higher torque arm for similar ratings. The analysis carried out throughout this degree project deals with the development and testing of an electromagnetic sizing algorithm for double-stator axial-flux induction machines (DS-AFIM). The designs produced by the algorithm are simulated via finite-element method (FEM) and validated through a comparison with measurements taken upon a real machine. The FEM simulated designs show agreement with the experimental values obtained from physical measurements, although material identification procedures are performed to assess the stator lamination’s magnetic properties. The results obtained validate the sizing algorithm and the designs produced by it, thus allowing to fill a gap in the literature regarding this particular machine topology. / Med en stigande drivkraft mot grönare transportmedel blir elektriska maskiner för framdrivning ett vetenskapligt ämne av stort intresse. Mer specifikt så fokuserar en del av forskningen som studerar dessa enheter på axialflödesmaskiner, som jämfört med radiella flussmaskiner erbjuder ett bättre förhållande mellan längd och diameter och högre vridmomentarm för liknande resultat. Analysen som genomfördes under hela detta examensarbete handlar om att utveckla och testa en elektromagnetisk dimensioneringsalgoritm för dubbel statoriska axiella flödesinduktionsmaskiner (DS-AFIM). Designen som skapas av algoritmen simuleras genom den finita-element-metoden (FEM) och valideras genom en jämförelse med mätningar på en verklig maskin. De FEM-simulerade konstruktionerna visar överensstämmelse med de experimentella värden som erhållits från fysiska mätningar, även om material-identifieringsprocedurer utförs för att bedöma statorlamineringens magnetiska egenskaper. Resultaten som erhållits validerar storleksalgoritmen och de producerade konstruktioner gör det möjligt att producera ny information som saknades i litteraturen angående just denna maskintopologi.

L'amélioration des performances des chaînes de conversion dédiées à la récupération d'énergie par les hydroliennes est un point particulièrement important pour rendre cette ressource économiquement attractive. La minimisation du coût de l'énergie produite passe nécessairement par une amélioration des performances de la chaîne de conversion électromécanique et une réduction des coûts de maintenance et de production des éléments la constituant. Dans ce contexte particulier, les génératrices à aimants permanents apparaissent particulièrement intéressantes dans la mesure où elles sont bien adaptées à un fonctionnement à basse vitesse et à fort couple. Ceci permet d'éliminer des systèmes mécaniques très complexes, encombrants et exigeants en maintenance, tels que le multiplicateur de vitesse et/ou le système d'orientation des pales. L'objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer un certain nombre de pistes concernant les outils, les concepts et les règles de conception à mettre en oeuvre pour dimensionner une génératrice associée en entraînement direct à une turbine hydrolienne à pas fixe. Les outils mis au point dans ces travaux englobent des modèles multi-physiques intégrés dans une démarche de conception qui se veut la plus globale possible. Cette méthodologie tient compte de la caractéristique de la ressource (courants de marées), de celle de la turbine (hélice), des spécifications de la génératrice à aimants permanents, de la mise en oeuvre d’une stratégie de pilotage associant MPPT et limitation de puissance par défluxage à fort courants de marées, en plus des contraintes liées au convertisseur. L'environnement de conception développé est basé sur un couplage des modèles dans une procédure d'optimisation. Les résultats obtenus mettent en lumière les points clés associés au développement d’une telle génératrice pour un contexte hydrolien. / The improvements of marine current turbines drive train are key features to ensure safe operation and to make tidal energy resource cost-attractive. In this context, eliminating mechanical systems that demand high-level of maintenance can be an interesting way to improve the global behavior of tidal turbines. For that purposes, the presented studies focus on design methodologies and concepts of direct-driven generators associated with fixed-pitch turbines. The proposed designs are based on multiphysics models of the generator that are integrated in an optimization process taking into account the drive train environment. For these reasons, several models have been integrated into a global design strategy in order to find solutions that improve marine current turbines performances. This strategy is based on the use of an optimization process that combines electromagnetic model, thermal model, turbine performances model, and tidal resource velocity profile. This methodology integrates also an efficient control strategy based on a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach at low tidal speed and a flux-weakening power limitation control at high tidal speed. This control at high tidal velocities is in this work achieved by considering only the generator electrical control without using blade pitching systems. The obtained results highlight trends that could lead to an improvement of the design and they help designers to set relevant technological choices in order to ensure significant cost reduction and highly improve the reliability of marine current turbines.