Ma Yong Hong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-151). / ABSTRACT --- p.vii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- History of dyestuffs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The classification of dyes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- The application of dyes --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Ecological aspects of colour chemistry --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Toxicity to Mammals --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Colour contamination --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Treatment of wastewater containing dyes --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7 --- Studies on the field of biodegradation of dyes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Current knowledge of biodegradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Degradation of azo dyes by fungi and helminths --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8 --- Purpose of study --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Recipes --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Isolating medium (I.M.) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Basal Medium (B.M.) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- LB Medium (Luria Broth) --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2.4 --- Mineral salt medium (M.S.M.) --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Isolation of azo-dye decolorization (ADD) strain --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Sample collection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Preparation of inoculum --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Selection and isolation strain ADD 16-2 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Optimal growth condition for strain ADD 16-2 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Assay of decolorization activity --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Measurement of azo dye concentration --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Assay of azo dye decolorization activity of strain ADD 16-2 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Structural specificity of the decolorization reaction --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Identification of the strain ADD cleavage product(s) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Degradation of the intermediate(s)-sulfanific acid --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Enrichment and isolation of sulfanific acid degradation strains (SAD) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Optimal sulfanific acid degradation condition of strain SAD M-l --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Complete degradation of a model azo dye (Tropaeolin O) by co-metabolism of strain ADD 16-2 and strain SAD M-l --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assay for the degradation of the Tropaeolin O by immobilized strain ADD 16-2 and strain SAD M-l --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Method of immobilizing bacteria in sodium alginate --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Optimal reaction condition of the immobilized strain ADD 16-2 and strain SAD M-l --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- The decolorization activity of free and immobilized cells for different dye concentration --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Construction of continuous column systems for complete dye degradation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.8.1 --- A Continuous anaerobic/aerobic pack-bed column system --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.8.2 --- A continuous anaerobic packed-bed column and aerobic airlift-loop reactor --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Decolorization of azo dyes --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Isolation of ADD strain --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Growth condition of strain ADD 16-2 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- The effect of aeration on the growth of strain ADD 16-2 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Other factors affecting the growth of strain ADD 16-2 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Effect of carbon source on growth --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Decolorization of azo dyes --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Determination of dye concentration --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.3.1.A --- Determination of the wavelengths of the absorption maxima of azo dyes --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.3.1.B --- Standard concentration curve of azo dyes --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Optimal condition for dye decolorization --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.3.2.A --- Effect of aeration --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.3.2.B --- Effect of temperature --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.3.2.C --- Effect of pH --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.3.1.D --- Effect of different carbon sources --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Structural specificity of the azo dye decolorization reaction --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- Analysis of the biodegradation products from Tropaeolin O --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2 --- Degradation of the intermediate sulfanific acid --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Enrichment and isolation of strains that can degrade the azo dye decolorization product(s) --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Condition of sulfanific acid degradation --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- The effect of the pH --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- The effect of temperature --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3 --- An attemption of complete degradation of Tropaeolin O by strains ADD 16-2 and SAD M-l with combined anaerobic-aerobic process --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- To study the decolorization potential store stain ADD 16-2 immobilized condition --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Condition of decolorization of Tropaeolin O by the immobilized cell ADD 16-2 --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- The effect of the alginate gel concentration on the decolorization potential of strain ADD 16-2 --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- The effect the of cell number entrapped in different size of alginate beads on the decolorization ability of the cell ADD 16-2 --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1.3 --- The effect of pH on the decolorization potential of immobilized strain ADD 16-2 --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.1.4 --- The effect of temperature on the decolorization potential of immobilized cell ADD 16-2 --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.1.5 --- The effects of Tropaeolin O concentration on the decolorization activity of strain ADD 16-2 --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5 --- Assay for the degradation of sulfanific acid by the immobilized cells SAD M-l --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Optimizing the condition of degradation of sulfanific acid by immobilized cells SAD M-l --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The effects of alginate gel concentration on the degradation potential of immobilized cells SAD M-l --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The effect of the amount of cells entrappedin alginate beads on the degradation of sulfanilic acid --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- The effect of pH on sulfanific acid degradation by the immobilized bacterial cells SAD M-l --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- The effect of temperature on degradation potential of the immobilized bacterial cells SAD M-l --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6 --- Degradation of Tropaeolin O by immobilized strains in a continuous anaerobic/aerobic column system --- p.107 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DISCUSSIONS / Chapter 4.1 --- Decolorization of azo dye --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mineralization of the decolorization intermediate --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Two-step azo dye mineralization --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4 --- Functional aspects of immobilized cells --- p.124 / Chapter 4.5 --- Decolorization of Tropaeolin O by a continuous column reactor --- p.128 / REFERENCES --- p.127

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

by Yung-Ho Chow. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-173). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.iv / ABBREVIATION --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Azo dyes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemistry of azo dyes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Synthesis of azo dyes --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Oxidation and reduction --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Dyeing --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Staining to biological materials --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity to mammals --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Degradation of azo dyes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by mammalian system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Degradation of azo dyes by fungi system --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Degradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Requirement of cofactors --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Effect of oxygen --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Effect of cell permeability --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Redox potential and rate of dye degradation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Rate of dye degradation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Azo-reductase --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Microsomal azo-reductase --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Bacterial azo-reductase --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- Immobilization of microorganisms --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Gel matrix for entrapment --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Effect of gel entrapment to microbial cells --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Reduced diffusion of substrates in gel --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Effects in growth patterns --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Protection of entrapped microbial cells --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.2.4 --- Increase metabolic activities --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.2.5 --- Reduction of water activity --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2.6 --- Prolongation of products formation --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6 --- Application of immobilized microorganisms in bio-remediation of azo dyes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Bacteria --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Instruments --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Media --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Luria Broth medium --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Minimal medium --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Purification and characterization of azo-reductase --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Preparation of crude extract --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Purification of azo-reductase --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2.2a --- Preparation of SDS-polyacrylamide gel --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.2b --- Sample preparation and application --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.2c --- Electrophoresis condition --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.2d --- Staining of gel by Commasie blue --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Measurement of azo-reductase activity --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Determination of effect of pH to azo- reductase activity --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate by whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Preparation of cells --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Measurement of azo dye decolourization rate by crude extract of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of dye degradation products by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Measurement of redox potential of azo dyes --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Determination of the effect of cell permeation agents on dye degradation --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Determination of cell permeability --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- To study the effect of the presence of dye degradation products or added aromatic amines to dye degradation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Whole cell reactions --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Crude extract or purified azo-reductase reaction --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Immobilization of cells by different matrix --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Preparation of cells for immobilization --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- Immobilization by calcium alginate --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Immobilization by K-carrageenan --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.10.4 --- Immobilization by polyacrylamide gel --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.10.5 --- Immobilization by agarose gel --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.10.6 --- Measurement of viability of immobilized cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.10.7 --- Measurement of azo dye degradation rate in immobilized cell system --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.10.8 --- Measurement of intracellular K in calcium alginate immobilized cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.10.9 --- Long term batch culture of immobilized cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Determination of toxicities of azo dyes and aromatic amines --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Purification of azo-reductase 、 --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Properties of azo-reductase --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Degradation of azo dyes --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Degradation profiles --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Products of dye degradation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of cell permeability on dye degradation rate --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Induction of dye degradation rate by prior dye degradation exercise or by direct addition of aromatic amines --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of immobilization --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of different immobilization matrix --- p.114 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Toxicities of different azo dyes and aromatic amines to free and immobilized cells --- p.124 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of azo dyes and aromatic amines at high concentrations on free and on immobilized cells --- p.124 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.145 / Chapter 4.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.146 / Chapter 4.2 --- Permeability of azo dyes in Pseudomonas sp. ADD 16-2 --- p.150 / Chapter 4.3 --- Induction of dye degradation rate --- p.155 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of immobilization --- p.159 / CONCLUSION --- p.161 / REFERENCE --- p.162 / APPENDIX --- p.174 / appendix 1 Structures of azo dyes that have similar structures to Orange G --- p.175 / appendix 2 Absorption profiles of azo dye degradation products taken at different time intervals --- p.178 / appendix 3 Effect of pre-incubation time to dye degradation rate of Orange I by Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.183 / appendix 4 Effect of calcium ions (0-0.2 M) to (A) dye degradation and (B) viability of cells --- p.185 / appendix 5 Effect of ATP on induction effect of Orange I on whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. ADD16-2 --- p.187 / appendix 6 Summary of azo dyes that were degraded by Pseudomonas putida AD1 cells --- p.189

by Carmen, Ka-man Lai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-269). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- History of development of textile dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Development of azo dyes --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Chemistry of color and dyes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Classification of textile dyes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Reactive dyes --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- General properties of fibres --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7 --- Dye-fibre bonds --- p.27 / Chapter 1.8 --- Ecological aspect and toxicity of dyes --- p.32 / Chapter 1.9 --- Physical and chemical methods --- p.47 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Physical methods --- p.48 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Chemical methods --- p.51 / Chapter 1.10 --- Biological methods --- p.57 / Chapter 1.10.1 --- Biosorption --- p.58 / Chapter 1.10.2 --- Biodegradation --- p.62 / Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.71 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1 --- Source of materials --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Selected dyes --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash)" --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Identification of procion red MX-5B-degrading fungus --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2 --- Isolation and selection of microorganisms for biosorption and biodegradation --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of growth phase of Pseudomonas sp. K-l on the dye adsorption capacity --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of growth conditions (age of inoculum and agitation rate) of Pseudomonas sp. K-l on the dye adsorption capacity --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5 --- Preparation of Pseudomonas sp. K-l for biosorption --- p.82 / Chapter 3.6 --- "Removal capacity of adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash) for different azo and non-azo dyes" --- p.83 / Chapter 3.7 --- "Effect of physico-chemical parameters (pH, agitation rate and temperature) on procion red MX-5B and remazol brilliant violet 5R removal capacities of different adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp K-l, activated carbon and fly ash)" --- p.83 / Chapter 3.8 --- "Effect of dye concentration on the removal capacity of procion red MX-5B and remazol brilliant violet 5R of different adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash)" --- p.85 / Chapter 3.9 --- Optimization of growth yield and dye removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-1 --- p.87 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Effect of agitation rate and nutrient contents on the growth yield of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.87 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Effect of glucose concentration on the growth yield and dye removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.87 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- Effect of volume of inoculum from 2.5 mg/1 of glucose screening culture on procion red MX-5B removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.89 / Chapter 3.10 --- "Study on the surface structure of adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-1, activated carbon and fly ash) by scanning electron microscopy" --- p.89 / Chapter 3.11 --- Effect of temperature on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 on complete medium plate --- p.90 / Chapter 3.12 --- Effect of agitation rate on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in complete medium --- p.90 / Chapter 3.13 --- Effect of age of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 culture on the dye removal efficiency (RE) of procion red MX-5B --- p.90 / Chapter 3.14 --- Preparation of mycelia of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 for biosorption and biodegradation --- p.91 / Chapter 3.15 --- Removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 for different azo and non-azo dyes --- p.92 / Chapter 3.16 --- "Effect of physico-chemical parameters (pH, agitation rate and temperature) on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions" --- p.92 / Chapter 3.16.1 --- pH --- p.92 / Chapter 3.16.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.93 / Chapter 3.16.3 --- Temperature --- p.94 / Chapter 3.17 --- Effect of glucose concentration on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.94 / Chapter 3.18 --- Effect of pH on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 with the addition of glucose --- p.95 / Chapter 3.19 --- Effect of procion red MX-5B concentration on the dye removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions --- p.95 / Chapter 3.20 --- Dye removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in a recycle system --- p.96 / Chapter 3.21 --- Recovery of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 mycelia for biodegradation --- p.96 / Chapter 3.22 --- Effect of procion red MX-5B concentration on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in complete medium --- p.97 / Chapter 3.23 --- Microtox® test --- p.97 / Chapter 3.24 --- Determination of the degradation products of procion red MX-5B by Geotrichum candidum CU-1 using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.98 / Chapter 3.25 --- Determination of the degradation products of procion red MX-5B by Ti2O and H2O2 photocatalytic method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.100 / Chapter 3.26 --- Integration of biosorption and biodegradation --- p.100 / Chapter 3.26.1 --- Pseudomonas sp. K-l and Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.100 / Chapter 3.26.2 --- Pseudomonas sp. K-l and Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in dye solution --- p.100 / Chapter 3.26.3 --- Effect of H2O2 on the adsorbed procion red MX-5B removal capacity by Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.100 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1 --- Isolation and selection of microorganisms for biosorption and biodegradation --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Dye-contaminated sediment in Tuen Mun River --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Dye-contaminated sediment in Yuen Long River --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Activated sludge from Shatin Sewage Treatment Works --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Air sample from a laboratory --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of procion red MX-5B-degrading fungus --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of growth phase of Pseudomonas sp. K-l on the dye adsorption capacity --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of growth conditions (age of inoculum and agitation rate) of Pseudomonas sp. K-l on the dye adsorption capacity --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Age of inoculum --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Removal capacity of adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash) for different azo and non-azo dyes" --- p.111 / Chapter 4.6 --- "Effect of physico-chemical parameters (pH, agitation rate and temperature) on procion red MX-5B and remazol brilliant violet 5R removal capacities of different adsorbents" --- p.116 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- pH --- p.116 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.116 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Temperature --- p.123 / Chapter 4.7 --- "Effect of dye concentration on the removal capacity of procion red MX-5B and remazol brilliant violet 5R of different adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash)" --- p.123 / Chapter 4.8 --- Optimization of growth yield and dye removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-1 --- p.131 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Effect of agitation rate and nutrient contents on the growth yield of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.131 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Effect of glucose concentration on the growth yield and dye removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.131 / Chapter 4.8.3 --- Effect of volume of inoculum from 2.5 mg/1 of glucose screening culture on procion red MX-5B removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.134 / Chapter 4.9 --- "Study on the surface structure of adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash) by scanning electron microscopy" --- p.134 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.134 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- Activated carbon --- p.134 / Chapter 4.9.3 --- Fly ash --- p.134 / Chapter 4.10 --- Effect of temperature on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 on complete medium plate --- p.138 / Chapter 4.11 --- Effect of agitation rate on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in complete medium --- p.138 / Chapter 4.12 --- Effect of age of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 culture on the dye removal efficiency of procion red MX-5B --- p.138 / Chapter 4.13 --- Removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 for different azo and non-azo dyes --- p.145 / Chapter 4.14 --- "Effect of physico-chemical parameters (pH, agitation rate and temperature) on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions" --- p.145 / Chapter 4.14.1 --- pH --- p.145 / Chapter 4.14.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.150 / Chapter 4.14.3 --- Temperature --- p.150 / Chapter 4.15 --- Effect of glucose concentration on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.155 / Chapter 4.16 --- Effect of pH on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 with the addition of glucose --- p.155 / Chapter 4.17 --- Effect of procion red MX-5B concentration on the dye removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions --- p.158 / Chapter 4.18 --- Dye removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in a recycle system --- p.164 / Chapter 4.19 --- Recovery of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 mycelia for biodegradation --- p.164 / Chapter 4.20 --- Effect of procion red MX-5B concentration on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in complete medium --- p.164 / Chapter 4.21 --- Microtox® test --- p.168 / Chapter 4.22 --- Determination of the degradation products of procion red MX-5B by Geotrichum candidum CU-1 using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.168 / Chapter 4.23 --- Integration of biosorption and biodegradation --- p.178 / Chapter 4.23.1 --- Pseudomonas sp. K-l and Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.178 / Chapter 4.23.2 --- Pseudomonas sp. K-l and Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in dye solution --- p.178 / Chapter 4.23.3 --- Effect of H202 on the adsorbed procion red MX-5B removal capacity by Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.178 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.180 / Chapter 5.1 --- Isolation and selection of microorganisms for biosorption and biodegradation --- p.180 / Chapter 5.2 --- Identification of procion red MX-5B-degrading fungus --- p.182 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of growth phase of Pseudomonas sp. K-l on the dye adsorption capacity --- p.184 / Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of growth conditions (age of inoculum and agitation rate) of Pseudomonas sp. K-l on the dye adsorption capacity --- p.187 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Age of inoculum --- p.187 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.188 / Chapter 5.5 --- Preparation of Pseudomonas sp. K-l for dye adsorption --- p.188 / Chapter 5.6 --- "Removal capacity of adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash) for different azo and non-azo dyes" --- p.189 / Chapter 5.7 --- "Effect of physico-chemical parameters (pH, agitation rate and temperature) on procion red MX-5B and remazol brilliant violet 5R removal capacities of different adsorbents" --- p.191 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- pH --- p.191 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.193 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Temperature --- p.194 / Chapter 5.8 --- "Effect of dye concentration on the removal capacity of procion red MX-5B and remazol brilliant violet 5R of different adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash)" --- p.195 / Chapter 5.9 --- Optimization of growth yield and dye removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.199 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- Effect of agitation rate and nutrient contents on the growth yield of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.1197 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- Effect of glucose concentration on the growth yield and dye --- p.201 / Chapter 5.9.3 --- Effect of volume of inoculum from 2.5 mg/1 of glucose screening culture on procion red MX-5B removal capacity of Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.202 / Chapter 5.10 --- "Study on the surface structure of adsorbents (Pseudomonas sp. K-l, activated carbon and fly ash) by scanning electron microscopy" --- p.203 / Chapter 5.10.1 --- Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.203 / Chapter 5.10.2 --- Activated carbon --- p.203 / Chapter 5.10.3 --- Fly ash --- p.203 / Chapter 5.11 --- Effect of temperature on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 on complete medium plate --- p.204 / Chapter 5.12 --- Effect of agitation rate on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in complete medium --- p.204 / Chapter 5.13 --- Effect of age of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 culture on the dye removal efficiency of procion red MX-5B --- p.205 / Chapter 5.14 --- Removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 for different azo and non-azo dyes --- p.206 / Chapter 5.15 --- "Effect of physico-chemical parameters (pH, agitation rate and temperature) on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions" --- p.207 / Chapter 5.15.1 --- pH --- p.207 / Chapter 5.15.2 --- Agitation rate --- p.210 / Chapter 5.15.3 --- Temperature --- p.210 / Chapter 5.16 --- Effect of glucose concentration on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 --- p.212 / Chapter 5.17 --- Effect of pH on procion red MX-5B removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 with the addition of glucose --- p.213 / Chapter 5.18 --- Effect of procion red MX-5B concentration on the dye removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions --- p.215 / Chapter 5.19 --- Dye removal efficiency of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in a recycle system --- p.217 / Chapter 5.20 --- Recovery of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 mycelia for biodegradation --- p.219 / Chapter 5.21 --- Effect of procion red MX-5B concentration on the growth of Geotrichum candidum CU-1 in complete medium --- p.221 / Chapter 5.22 --- Microtox® test --- p.221 / Chapter 5.23 --- Determination of the degradation products of procion red MX-5B by Geotrichum candidum CU-1 using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.225 / Chapter 5.24 --- Integration of biosorption and biodegradation --- p.229 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.233 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.237 / Appendix 1 --- p.270 / Appendix 2 --- p.271

by Cheung Kit Hing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstracts --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Plates --- p.xxii / List of Tables --- p.xxiii / Abbreviations --- p.xxv / Equations --- p.xxviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Azo dyes classification --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental concerns and toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Toxicity of azo dyes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Carcinogenicity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ecotoxicity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Toxicity to microorganisms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Toxicity towards vertebrates --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Treatment of azo dyes --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Physical treatment --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Membrane technology --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Chemical treatments --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.3 --- Ozonation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2.4 --- Coagulation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biological treatments --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Biodegradation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Biosorption --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1 --- Modeling of sorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.1 --- Langmuir sorption model --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.3.3.1.2 --- Freundlich sorption model --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advanced oxidation processes --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Titanium dioxide (TiO2) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation using photocatalyst TiO2 --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of s-triazine containing compounds --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.5 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4.6 --- Cyanuric acid --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.1 --- Application --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.2 --- Toxicity --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation resistance --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.4.6.4 --- Biodegradation --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7 --- Enhancement of photocatalytic oxidation by using sorbent immobilized with TiO2 --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.4.7.2 --- Immobilization of TiO2 --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Integration of treatment methods --- p.39 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.41 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1. --- Sorption --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Sampling --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.1 --- Preparation of cell culture of Vibrio sp. --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2 --- Growth phase --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.7.3 --- Initial pH --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7.4 --- Temperature --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.1 --- Growth curve --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.7.5.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.1 --- Preparation of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.2 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.3 --- Temperature --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.4 --- Agitation rate --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.8.5 --- Salinity --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.6 --- Initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.7 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.8.8 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Optimization of sorption and photocatalytic oxidation reactions using biomass of Vibrio sp.immobilized in calcium alginate beads --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effect of H202 concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of H2O2 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H2O2 concentrations --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L TiO2" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sampling --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Enrichment --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Bacterial identification --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.10.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.10.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.10.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1. --- Sorption --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Determination of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Growth phase --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3 --- Temperature --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.5.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.5.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.2 --- Temperature --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.6.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.4 --- Salinity --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.5 --- Initial pH --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.6.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.90 / Chapter 4.1.6.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of dry weight of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.137 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1 --- Sorption --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Isolation of Procion Red MX-5B-sorbing bacteria --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Identification of isolated bacterium --- p.141 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Optimization of cell yield and sorption capacity --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Growth phase --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.1 --- Growth curve --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.4.1.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.2.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3 --- Temperature --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.1 --- Growth curve --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.4.3.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4 --- Glucose concentrations --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.1 --- Growth curve --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.4.4.2 --- Dye sorption capacity --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Optimization of sorption process --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Dry weight of sorbent --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Temperature --- p.148 / Chapter 5.1.5.3 --- Agitation rate --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.4 --- Salinity --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.5.5 --- Initial pH --- p.150 / Chapter 5.1.5.6 --- Concentration of Procion Red MX-5B (MX-5B) --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1.5.7 --- Combination study of salinity and initial pH --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2. --- Photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of immobilized cells of Vibrio sp. --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Sorption --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.154 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentrations --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Sorption --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of H2O2 concentrations --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of the number of beads --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.1 --- Sorption --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.5.2 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of initial pH with and without the addition of --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Control experiments for photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Combinational study of UV intensities and H202 concentrations --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- Photocatalytic oxidation of Procion Red MX-5B under optimal conditions --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- "Sorption isotherms of calcium alginate beads immobilized with 70 mg Vibrio sp. and 5,000 mg/L Ti02" --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Isolation of cyanuric acid-utilizing bacteria --- p.162 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Determination of cyanuric acid --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Screening of Procion Red MX-5B sorption ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Screening of cyanuric acid-utilizing ability --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Bacterial identification --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Growth and cyanuric acid removal efficiency of the selected bacterium --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.7 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.1 --- Effect of salinity --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.2 --- Effect of cyanuric acid concentration --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3.7.3 --- Effect of temperature --- p.166 / Chapter 5.3.7.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.5 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.6 --- Effect of initial glucose concentration --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.7.7 --- Combinational study of glucose and cyanuric acid concentrations --- p.168 / Chapter 5.4 --- Detection of cyanuric acid formed in photocatalytic oxidation reaction --- p.170 / Chapter 5.5 --- "Integration of sorption, photocatalytic oxidation and biodegradation" --- p.171 / Chapter 5.6 --- Recommendations --- p.171 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.173 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.175 / Appendix --- p.200

Ng, Tsz Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-98). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Plates --- p.XV / List of Tables --- p.xxi / Abbreviations --- p.xxii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Pollution, toxicity and environmental impact of azo dye" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Common treatment methods for dyeing effluent --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physicochemical methods --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Coagulation/ flocculation --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Adsorption --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Membrane filtration --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Fenton reaction --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Ozonation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.6 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Biological treatments --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Anaerobic conditions --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Aerobic conditions --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2.1.3 --- Combined anaerobic and aerobic conditions --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Decolourization of azo dyes by fungi --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Mechanisms of azo dye reduction by microorganisms --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Chromium species, toxicity and their impacts on environment" --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Common treatment methods for chromium --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chemical and physical methods --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Biological methods --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chromium reduction by aerobic bacteria --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Chromium reduction by anaerobic bacteria --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Studies concerning azo dye and Cr(VI) co-treatment --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Response surface methodology --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Response surface methodology against one-factor-at-a-time design --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Phases of response surface methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- 2 - level factorial design --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Path of steepest ascent --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Central composite design --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Isolation of bacterial strains --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Azo dye decolourization --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chromate reduction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Identification of selected bacterial strains --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Gram stain --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sherlock® Microbial Identification System --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction efficiency with response surface methodology --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Minimal-run resolution V design --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Path of steepest ascent --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Central composite design --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Experimental validation of the optimized conditions --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of the performance of the selected bacterium in different conditions --- p.43 / Chapter 3.5 --- Determination of azoreductase and chromate reductase activities --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Preparation of cell free extract --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Azoreductase and chromate reductase assay --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6 --- Determination and characterization of degradation intermediates --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Isolation and concentration of the purple colour degradation intermediate --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Mass spectrometry analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Azo dye decolourizing and chromate reducing ability of the isolated bacterial strain --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of selected bacterium --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction efficiency with response surface methodology --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Minimal-run resolution V design --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Path of the steepest ascend --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Central composite design --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Validation of the predicted model --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Performance of the selected bacterium in different conditions --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Chromate and dichromate --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Low and high salt concentration --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Initial K2CrO4 concentration --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Initial Acid Orange 7 concentration --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Nutrients limitation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chromate reductase and azoreductase activities --- p.67 / Chapter 4.6 --- Determination of degradation intermediates --- p.67 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Mass spectrum of the degradation intermediate --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Chromium content of the degradation intermediate --- p.70 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1 --- Characteristic of Brevibacterium linens --- p.71 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction with response surface methodology --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3 --- Performance of Brevibacterium linens under different culture conditions --- p.75 / Chapter 5.4 --- Postulation of mechanisms --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Possible reasons of unexpected results of the effect of initial Acid Orange 7 and K2CrO4 concentration --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Properties of the purple colour degradation intermediate --- p.78 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Mechanisms likely responsible for the chromate reduction --- p.80 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Explanation of the unexpected results --- p.80 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.83 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.86 / Chapter 8. --- Appendices --- p.99 / Chapter 8.1 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in 2-level factorial design --- p.99 / Chapter 8.2 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in ANOVA table --- p.100 / Chapter 8.3 --- Aliases of terms and resolution --- p.103 / Chapter 8.4 --- Moving of factors in path of steepest ascent --- p.105 / Chapter 8.5 --- Estimation of the parameters in linear regression models --- p.106 / Chapter 8.6 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in test of fitness --- p.109

Cai, Qinhong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-166). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of contents --- p.viii / List of figures --- p.xv / List of plates --- p.xix / List of tables --- p.xxi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Pollution generated from dyeing industry --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Occurrence and pollution of chromium azo dyes --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Common treatment methods for dyeing effluents --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physicochemical methods --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Chemical methods --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Ozonation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Fenton reaction --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Physical methods --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Membrane filtration --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Biological treatments --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Decolorization of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.1 --- Under anaerobic conditions --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.2 --- Under anoxic conditions --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1.3 --- Under aerobic conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Mechanisms of azo dye reduction by bacteria --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Decolorization of azo dyes by fungi and algae --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4 --- Chromium species and their impacts on environment --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chromium toxicology and speciation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Common treatment methods for chromium --- p.31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Studies concerning treatment of chromium azo dyes --- p.32 / Chapter 1.6 --- Response surface methodology (RSM) --- p.33 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- RSM vs. one factor-at-a-time (OFAT) design --- p.36 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Phases of RSM --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Two level factorial design --- p.40 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.43 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Central composite design (CCD) --- p.44 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- Estimation of the parameters in linear regression models --- p.45 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- Test of fitness --- p.47 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives and significance of the project --- p.49 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemicals --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemicals for preparation of bacterial culture media --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Chemicals for identification of bacteria --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chemicals for chromium speciation --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Chemicals for immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sludge samples --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Characterization of Acid Yellow 99 --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Monitor of azo dye decolorization --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Isolation of bacterial strains, which can degrade Acid Yellow 99" --- p.55 / Chapter 3.6 --- Identification of selected bacterial strains --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Gram stain --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Sherlock® microbial identification system --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Biolog® microstation system --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Selection of the most effective bacterial strains --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Instrumentation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Column preparation --- p.61 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Determination of percentage retained and recovery --- p.62 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- "Speciation of Cr(VI), ionic Cr(III) and chromium azo dye" --- p.63 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Preparation of Cr(III)-organic complexes --- p.65 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Preparation of a microbial degraded chromium azo dye sample --- p.65 / Chapter 3.8 --- Chromium distribution in a treated solution --- p.66 / Chapter 3.9 --- Distribution of AY99 in a treated solution --- p.68 / Chapter 3.10 --- Optimization of decolorization process with response surface methodology (RSM) --- p.70 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Correlation of cell mass and cell density of selected bacteria --- p.70 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Preliminary investigation of the optimum conditions --- p.70 / Chapter 3.10.3 --- Minimal run resolution V (MR5) design --- p.71 / Chapter 3.10.4 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.74 / Chapter 3.10.5 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.75 / Chapter 3.10.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.10.7 --- Experimental validation of the optimized conditions --- p.77 / Chapter 3.11 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.77 / Chapter 3.11.1 --- Immobilization by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gels --- p.77 / Chapter 3.11.2 --- Immobilization by polyacrylamide gels --- p.78 / Chapter 3.11.3 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.79 / Chapter 3.11.5 --- Storage stabilities of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.80 / Chapter 3.12 --- Performance of a laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.80 / Chapter 3.12.1 --- Chromium distribution in the bioreactor --- p.82 / Chapter 3.12.2 --- Distribution of AY99 in the bioreactor --- p.82 / Chapter 3.12.3 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.84 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of AY99 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of isolated bacterial strains --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- Selection of the most effective bacterial strains --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of pH --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Speciation of Cr(VI)，ionic Cr(III) and chromium azo dye --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of other Cr(III)-organic complexes --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Limit of detection --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Capacity of Amberlite XAD-4 resin --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Determination of Cr(VI) in a microbial degraded chromium azo dye solution --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5 --- Chromium distribution in a free cells treated solution --- p.95 / Chapter 4.6 --- Distribution of AY99 in free cells treated solution --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- Optimization of decolorization process with RSM --- p.98 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Correlation of cell mass and cell density of selected bacteria --- p.98 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- MR5 design --- p.100 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.102 / Chapter 4.7.4 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.103 / Chapter 4.8 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.106 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.106 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- Storage stabilities of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.108 / Chapter 4.9 --- Performance of the laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.108 / Chapter 4.9.1 --- Treatment efficiencies of the bioreactor --- p.108 / Chapter 4.9.2 --- Performance stability of the bioreactor in 5 consecutive runs --- p.111 / Chapter 4.9.3 --- Chromium distribution in the bioreactor --- p.114 / Chapter 4.9.4 --- Distribution of AY99 in the bioreactor --- p.115 / Chapter 4.9.5 --- FT-IR analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.115 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter 5.1 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- Chromium distribution --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3 --- Distribution of AY99 --- p.122 / Chapter 5.4 --- Optimization of decolorization process with RSM --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- MR5 design --- p.124 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Storage stability of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.128 / Chapter 5.6 --- Performance of the laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.130 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Treatment efficiencies of the bioreactor --- p.130 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Performance stability of the bioreactor in 5 consecutive runs --- p.131 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- FT-IR analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.132 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Post treatments of bioreactor treated effluents / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.136 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.142

by Stephen, Man-yuen Cheng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-141). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The development of dyes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Evaluation of dyes submitted under the ""Toxic Substances Control Act"" new chemicals programme" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Environmental concerns of dyes --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Decolorization techniques --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chlorination --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Ozonation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Adsorption by activated carbon --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.6 --- Chemical flocculation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.7 --- Coagulation --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.8 --- Advance Oxidation Process --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.8a --- Photocatalytic activation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.8b --- Enhancement of reaction rates of photocatalytic reaction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.9 --- Biosorption of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6 --- Water pollution in Hong Kong --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.24 / Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Azo dyes --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Biosorbent --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of the peak absorbance of five azo dyes at different pH --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of dye concentration by measuring at peak absorbance --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Determination of pseudo-first-order rate constant --- p.37 / Chapter 3.6 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5B on photocatalytic degradation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of initial pH on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.9 --- Effect of initial temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.10 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40 / Chapter 3.11 --- Effect of UV intensity in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.41 / Chapter 3.12 --- Degradation kinetics of different dyes --- p.41 / Chapter 3.13 --- Degradation of 40 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions --- p.41 / Chapter 3.14 --- "Degradation of 1,000 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions" --- p.42 / Chapter 3.15 --- Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in calcium alginate beads --- p.42 / Chapter 3.16 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads of 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.43 / Chapter 3.17 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads of 10,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.43 / Chapter 3.18 --- Effect of the concentration of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.45 / Chapter 3.19 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.20 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.21 --- "Effect of biomass of Pseudomonas sp. K1 on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.48 / Chapter 3.22 --- Diffuse reflectance-IR spectroscopic analysis of degradation product(s) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.23 --- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis of degradation products --- p.49 / Chapter 3.24 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.51 / Chapter 4 --- Result --- p.54 / Chapter 4.1 --- Biosorption of dyes by Pseudomonas sp. K1 --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2 --- UV intensities of the eight Cole-Parmer UV lamps at 365 nm --- p.54 / Chapter 4.3 --- Determination of the peak absorbance of five azo dyes at different pH using scanning spectrophotometer --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Determination of dye concentration by measuring at peak absorbance --- p.66 / Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5Bin photocatalytic degradation rate --- p.66 / Chapter 4.6 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73 / Chapter 4.7 --- Effect of initial pH on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73 / Chapter 4.8 --- Effect of initial temperature on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73 / Chapter 4.9 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.77 / Chapter 4.10 --- Effect of UV intensity on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.77 / Chapter 4.11 --- Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of different azo dyes --- p.77 / Chapter 4.12 --- Photocatalytic degradation of 40 mg/L of reactive red241 under optimized conditions --- p.77 / Chapter 4.13 --- Photocatalytic degradation of 40 mg/L procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions --- p.81 / Chapter 4.14 --- "Photocatalytic degradation of 1,000 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions" --- p.81 / Chapter 4.15 --- Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in calcium alginate beads --- p.81 / Chapter 4.16 --- "Temporal changes of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.85 / Chapter 4.17 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in 10,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.85 / Chapter 4.18 --- Effect of the concentration of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.89 / Chapter 4.19 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.89 / Chapter 4.20 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5Bin alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.89 / Chapter 4.21 --- "Effect ofbiomass of Pseudomonas sp. K1 on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.93 / Chapter 4.22 --- Degradation products analysis using diffuse reflectance-IR spectroscopy --- p.93 / Chapter 4.23 --- Degradation products analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- p.101 / Chapter 4.24 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.101 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- Biosorption of azo dyes in Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5B on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of initial temperature on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of UV intensity on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.110 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Degradation kinetics of different dyes --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- Optimized conditions for PCO of reactive red 241 and procion red --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3 --- Immobilization of titanium dioxide and Pseudomonas sp. K-l in alginate beads --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal changes of the concentration of dye in alginate beads --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in PCO --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide in alginate beads in PCO --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- "Temporal change of dye concentration in alginate beads of 5,000 mg/L" --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of biomass of Pseudomonas sp. K-l in alginate beads on the PCO of dye --- p.115 / Chapter 5.4 --- Diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopic analysis of degradation products --- p.116 / Chapter 5.5 --- 1HNMR analysis of degradation products --- p.119 / Chapter 5.6 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.120 / Chapter 5.7 --- Application --- p.121 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.124 / Appendix 1 --- p.142 / Appendix 2 --- p.143