This paper presents a refined methodology for distinguishing the stone points of arrows from the stone points of spear thrower darts in archaeological assemblages from the Great Basin. The methodology was developed from a sample of 111 complete stone points collected during the archaeological reconnaissance and testing of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Harney County, Oregon, 1971-1974. The points were measured for five metric variables and frequency histograms of each variable were generated by computer. The effectiveness of each variable as an index of functional class (i.e., arrow point vs. dart point) was judged on the basis of the apparent bimodality of its curve and the t-test. The variables of weight and neck width showed significant bimodality, confirming the work of previous researchers. A new variable, stem thickness, also showed significant bimodality. All three can be considered useful indices of functional class. They also appear to be functionally independent. An attempt was made at developing a multivariable index of point function, using a multivariable clustering analysis, the K-means test. Results of the K-means test were inconclusive but showed promise for further development.

No description available.

Late Mississippian, Mauch Chunk Group strata constitute a westward-thinning clastic wedge of strata up to 1000m thick that developed in the Central Appalachian Basin over a ~ 7 million year time interval. Included within the Mauch Chunk Group are multiple incised-valley fills and a distinctive prodeltaic succession of laminated sandstones and mudstones. Calculated estimates of drainage basin areas for incised-valley fills in the Mauch Chunk Group range from > 1,000,000 km2 for the Stony Gap Sandstone to < 100,000 km2 for the Princeton Formation. Drainage area estimates are consistent with detrital zircon geochronology and petrographic data and suggest that the Stony Gap and Ravencliff incised-valley fills were derived from distal, northern and northwestern cratonic sources that dispersed sediment into NE-SW-oriented, longitudinal incised-valley drainages and that the Princeton Formation was derived from proximal tectonic highland sources along the eastern margin of the Appalachian Basin which dispersed sediment into a transverse incised-valley. The Pride Shale overlies the Princeton incised valley fill and records a hierarchy of tidal periodicities is preserved in the Pride Shale. Microlaminated, semi-diurnal sandstone-siltstone/shale couplets record the dominant ebb tide of the day. Up to 17 semi-diurnal couplets are stacked into neap-spring (fortnightly) tidal cycles. Neap-spring cycles are arranged in thickening and thinning that record seasonal cycles driven by the annual monsoon. Total organic carbon (TOC) values are a proxy for annual climatic cycles. TOC contents are higher within intermonsoonal and lower within monsoonal components of annual cycles reflecting, respectively, lesser and greater dilution by terrestrial flux. / Master of Science

The Drina River Basin (DRB) plays a vital role for the power sectors of the riparian countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia. The Drina river and its tributaries have a considerable hydropower potential, which, due to its geographical position and the political landscape between the riparian countries, have not yet been utilized to its full potential. This study aims to investigate the role of hydropower and other renewables in the future energy mix under different scenarios. Additionally, the study aims to examine the renewable energy penetration within the DRB, as well as changes in total CO2eq emissions from the power sector by 2035. The study describes the implementation and testing of a modelling framework with the purpose of analysing the future energy mix. To answer the key research questions, an energy model was created using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). Input parameters for the model were obtained through information gathering based on literature reviews, interviews with local experts and reviews of policy documents. The scenario analysis includes a business as usual scenario (BAU), a nationally determined contribution scenario (NDC), renewable energy scenario (RE) and a sensitivity analysis based on three different levels of implementation of the emission trading scheme (ETS). The results indicate that the share of hydropower differ amongst the scenarios, ranging between 41% and 55% by 2035. The scenario results also show that the share of RES located within the DRB ranges between 45-58% by 2035, in relation to the total installed RES capacity in the basin countries. This high share of economically feasible RES potential highlights the importance of the DRB, particularly since the basin area accounts for approximately 12,8% of the total country area. Furthermore, the obtained resultsfrom the scenario analysis indicate the possibility of emission reductions between 7% and 50 % by 2035, compared to the BAU scenario emissions. / Flodområdet Drina (DRB) spelar en central roll för kraftsektorerna i de angränsande länderna Bosnien och Hercegovina, Montenegro och Serbien. Drinafloden och dess bifloder har en betydande vattenkraftpotential som, på grund av dess geografiska position och komplexa politiska landskap, inte har utnyttjats till fullo. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka förnybara energikällors roll i den framtida energimixen, under olika scenarion, med fokus på vattenkraft. Studien ämnar fortsättningsvis att undersöka penetrationen av förnybar energi inom DRB, såväl som förändringar i de totala CO2-utsläppen från kraftsektorn, fram till år 2035. Vidare beskriver studien implementeringen och testningen av en modelleringsram framtagen med syftet att analysera den framtida energimixen. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna skapades en energimodell med hjälp av Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). Inmatningsparametrar för modellen erhölls genom informationsinsamling baserad på litteraturgranskningar, intervjuer med lokala experter samt granskningar av nationella policydokument. Scenarioanalysen inkluderar ett Business as Usual scenario (BAU), ett Nationally Determined Contribution scenario (NDC), ett scenario för Renewable Energy (RE) samt en känslighetsanalys baserad på tre olika nivåer för implementering av systemet för utsläppshandel (ETS). Resultaten indikerar på att andelen vattenkraft skiljer sig mellan scenariona och sträcker sig mellan ett intervall på 41% och 55% år 2035. Scenarioresultaten påvisar även att andelen RES som ligger inom DRB varierar mellan 45–58% fram till 2035, i förhållande till den totala installerade RES-kapaciteten inom de angränsande länderna. Den höga andelen ekonomiskt genomförbar RES-potential belyser betydelsen av DRB-området, framför allt då flodområdet utgör cirka 12,8% av det totala landområdet. Vidare indikerar resultaten från scenarioanalysen möjligheten till utsläppsminskningar på mellan 7% och 50% fram till 2035, jämfört med utsläpp indikerade i BAU-scenariot.

No description available.

No description available.

Includes bibliographical references.

Water scarce countries such as South Africa are subject to various hydrological constraints, particularly within resource poor farming communities that are reliant on rainfed agriculture. Recent initiatives to address this issue have shifted focus to explore more efficient alternatives to water supply. Adoption of water system innovations through the use of runoff harvesting is one such alternative that provides a means to supplement water use for increased food production. However, increasing the implementation of runoff harvesting, without encountering unintended impacts on downstream hydrological and ecological systems, requires better understanding of the hydrologic and environmental impacts at catchment scale. The objective of this dissertation was to gain knowledge to the ecohydrological impacts that are likely to occur with the adoption of water system innovations as a means for upgrading rainfed smallholder farming systems. To fulfil this objective, a research component was developed whereby tools were utilised to facilitate this process on the basis of two broad aims. The first aim entailed developing a method for locating areas that are most suitable for the adoption of runoff harvesting using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This was achieved by spatially modelling physical properties of the landscape which influence runoff response. Combining potential runoff with socio-economic factors produced a runoff harvesting map of sites with low, medium and high suitability. This is illustrated by a case study at the Potshini catchment, a small sub-catchment in the Thukela River basin, South Africa. The second aim involved modelling the impacts that runoff harvesting would have on the downstream hydrology and ecology based on the alteration of the flow regimes. To accomplish this, the ACRU Agrohydrological model which was configured to represent runoff harvesting, was used to simulate streamflow for quaternary catchments within the headwaters of the Thukela River basin. Simulated streamflows from ACRU was input into the IHA model to generate ecologically relevant hydrological parameters. Alteration of the flow regime due to runoff harvesting was mostly a reduction in high and low flows however the impacts were insignificant. This suggests that, depending on the intensity of runoff harvesting, downstream ecological impacts are insignificant. / Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

At head of title: "NERDDC/SENRAC Research Project." / Three folded maps in pocket / Two microfiches in pocket / Bibliography: leaves 155-187 / 118, [70] leaves, [23] leaves of plates : ill. (chiefly col.), maps ; 30 cm. + 2 microfiches / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, National Centre for Petroleum Geology & Geophysics (NCPGG) /Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, 1993

Reclamation on the Cardinal River and Gregg River coal mines includes the construction of mine pit lakes connected to stream environments. Key physical, chemical and biological parameters of these “truck and shovel” lakes and their streams were investigated, and hypotheses regarding ecosystems and populations were tested. Findings include: Sphinx Lake and Pit Lake CD exhibit meromictic (partial-mixing) tendencies, but still function in a similar fashion to shallower, natural sub-alpine lakes. Elevated selenium concentrations as high as 16 ug/g (dry weight) were recorded in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs taken from gravid Sphinx Lake and Pit Lake CD fish. Potential detrimental effects associated with the bioaccumulation of selenium on fish reproduction were not observed. Stream water temperatures downstream of Sphinx Lake and Pit Lake CD were significantly warmer than in inlet streams and streams without pit lakes. Streambed concretions caused by calcite precipitation were documented and found to affect portions of the upper Gregg River basin. Remediation of this concretion is important for sustainability of trout populations. Aquatic communities including fish, invertebrates, zooplankton and aquatic plants are present in these pit lake systems. Athabasca Rainbow trout populations are self-propagating (spawning at the outlets) with higher densities downstream than there were prior to lake reclamation. The development of sub-alpine mine-pit lakes connected to the stream environment appears to be an appropriate and beneficial reclamation technique in this area. / xvi, 224 leaves : col. ill., map ; 28 cm