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<p>At the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, bunches of protons will cross paths at a rate of 40 MHz, resulting in 14 TeV head-on collisions. During these interactions, calorimeters, spectrometers and tracking detectors will look for evidence that can confirm or disprove theories about the smallest constituents of matter and the forces that hold them together. In order for these sub-detectors to sample the signals from exotic particles correctly, they rely on a constant phase between a clock signal and the bunch crossings in the experiment.</p><p>On each side of the detector, 175 m away from the interaction point, electrostatic button pick-up detectors are installed along the accelerator ring to monitor the beam. A model describing how these detectors function as beam information transducers is constructed and analyzed in order to understand the signal.</p><p>The focus of this thesis is the design, implementation and testing of a system that uses this signal to monitor the phase between the clock signal and the arrival time of the bunches in the center of the detector. In addition, the system extracts information about the proton beam structure as well as the individual bunches. Given the interaction rate and the complexity of the processes the experiment wants to study, vast amounts of data will be generated by ATLAS. To filter out well-understood phenomena, a trigger system selects only the most interesting events to be saved for further offline analysis. A proposal for how the signals from the button pick-ups can be used as input to the trigger system is therefore also presented.</p>

At the ATLAS experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, bunches of protons will cross paths at a rate of 40 MHz, resulting in 14 TeV head-on collisions. During these interactions, calorimeters, spectrometers and tracking detectors will look for evidence that can confirm or disprove theories about the smallest constituents of matter and the forces that hold them together. In order for these sub-detectors to sample the signals from exotic particles correctly, they rely on a constant phase between a clock signal and the bunch crossings in the experiment. On each side of the detector, 175 m away from the interaction point, electrostatic button pick-up detectors are installed along the accelerator ring to monitor the beam. A model describing how these detectors function as beam information transducers is constructed and analyzed in order to understand the signal. The focus of this thesis is the design, implementation and testing of a system that uses this signal to monitor the phase between the clock signal and the arrival time of the bunches in the center of the detector. In addition, the system extracts information about the proton beam structure as well as the individual bunches. Given the interaction rate and the complexity of the processes the experiment wants to study, vast amounts of data will be generated by ATLAS. To filter out well-understood phenomena, a trigger system selects only the most interesting events to be saved for further offline analysis. A proposal for how the signals from the button pick-ups can be used as input to the trigger system is therefore also presented.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07535.pdf: 5658873 bytes, checksum: bfc9a035eb51ae184a489a4570c8c827 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Na elaboração do planejamento do tratamento de câncer com radiações ionizantes, o médico radioterapêuta, através dos protocolos clínicos, determina a dose de radiação diária para cada tipo específico de tumor e, junto com o físico, durante os procedimentos de simulação dos campos de tratamento, fazem a localização das áreas a serem tratadas. Em alguns casos, os campos de radiação apresentam dimensões extensas visando englobar todo o volume alvo, o que pode exigir a proteção de regiões anatômicas e órgãos vitais localizados no interior da área irradiada ou mesmo circunvizinhas ao volume alvo, a fim de se garantir o limite de dose absorvida tolerável por estes órgãos. Em geral, estes órgãos críticos localizam-se fora do eixo central do feixe de radiação, até mesmo próximo da periferia do campo, justificando a importância da determinação da dose de radiação em pontos situados fora do feixe central e do isocentro de tratamento, buscando dimensionar as colimações de proteção que dependem do seu posicionamento, da dose de tolerância do ponto anatômico e dos parâmetros radiométricos do equipamentos de radiação utilizados. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da distribuição de dose absorvida em pontos situados fora do eixo central do feixe de radiação durante procedimentos de radioterapia com campos extensos e irregulares. O código computacional MCNP5 foi usado para construir duas modelagens do cabeçote de um acelerador linear clínico, utilizado como fonte de radiação, e simular o perfil radiométrico do feixe de tratamento para campos irregulares e alargados. Foram realizadas medidas experimentais da curva de Porcentagem de Dose Profunda (PDP) e perfil de dose utilizando câmara de ionização, detectores de diodos e filmes radiográficos. Os valores experimentais foram comparados com os perfis de dose simulados para realização do processo de validação dos cálculos. Após a validação, casos clínicos foram simulados como forma de aplicação da metodologia apresentada. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP