acase@tulane.edu / 1 / YD

Substantial empirical literatures link executive functioning (EF) and temperament, respectively, to externalizing behaviors (e.g., hyperactivity, impulsivity, conduct problems), but they rarely have been considered jointly. As indices of presumed brain function, neither neuropsychological scores nor temperament traits alone are sufficient as a comprehensive developmental model of externalizing behaviors. The current study aimed to examine the triangular relation among temperament traits, EF, and externalizing behaviors in a community sample of male youth. Participants included 174 male youth 11 to 16 years (M =13.4; SD=1.4) and their mothers. Youth were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological measures tapping the broad domain of executive functions and overall intellectual functioning and completed a personality measure assessing both primary traits and broad temperaments. Mothers reported on their son's temperament and behaviors. Results indicated that, as expected, high Negative Temperament and Disinhibition were associated with both youth and mother reports of externalizing behaviors, with similar cross-informant associations. Specific EF dimensions were correlated with both temperament and externalizing behaviors and provided an incremental contribution above and beyond temperament in explaining externalizing behaviors. Results of the study contribute to the extant literature concerning the dimension of externalizing and inform future research on developing a comprehensive etiological model of externalizing behaviors.

Parenting practices are known to be associated with childhood behavior difficulties. Past research has focused on the association between parenting practices and externalizing behavior problems in children. The relationship between internalizing behavioral problems and parenting practices has received less empirical attention. The current study explored the connection between internalizing symptomology in children and parenting practices. Sixty-six parents and children between the ages of 8 and 12 were surveyed regarding internalizing symptomology and parenting practices. Results indicated that parents of children with internalizing symptomology displayed statistically significantly poorer parenting behaviors than did parents of children who were free of internalizing symptoms. Two parenting styles were statistically significantly correlated with internalizing symptoms in children: Overreactivity and lax parenting styles. No significant interaction was noted among gender, internalizing symptomology, and parenting practices. Clinical findings may suggest that parent training may be warranted for children with internalizing symptomology.

Attitudes of 74 first-time fathers were studied as they varied vi by childbirth preparation and participation. A 50-variable questionnaire was used to tap fathers' attitudes towards their marital relationship and partner, their infants, themselves as fathers, and the pregnancy/childbirth experience . Fathers agreed on being elated with fatherhood, wanting tactile, verbal, and extended home contact with their infants, planning on a partnership in parenting, and seeing their marriage at a high point. They saw pregnancy as a time of stress and adjustment and felt father participation was important. Their attitudes varied most on wife's performance and their own helpfulness through labor and delivery. The variance and the numerous relationships of the 50 variables were consolidated through factor analysis. 2 x 2 ANOVA on eight factors revealed the effects of preparation and participation. It was found that participation increases the father's respect for his wife, gives him more purpose in the childbirth, and increases his elation at becoming a father. The prepared and participating father realized the importance and responsibili ty of his ~articipation and perceived his infant as being perfect. A trend was seen between preparation and concerns with the infant time involvement, the pleasure with the news of pregnancy. and a desire to go through the childbirth experience again. Herit was also given to a lack of preparation and participation through the results of analysis on Factor II--The triad. The nonprepared nonparticipating fathers saw the marriage a t a high point, showed tactile and visual engrossment, and planned on a parenting partnership more than any other group of fathers in the sample.

The purpose of the present laboratory study was to investigate the relative effects of sharing and nonsharing peer and adult models on the facilitation of prosocial behaviors with and without reinforcement to the model. One hundred and sixty second and third grade children served as subjects and were randomly assigned to six treatment groups and one control group. For replication purposes, half of the subjects participated in each condition prior to the second half doing so. Children in the treatment groups viewed videotaped sequences portraying both a male and female model sharing or not sharing tokens with poor children. Models were either peers or adults. Sharing was either reinforced by praise from an adult or not reinforced; nonsharing was not reinforced. Children in the control group viewed an entertainment program devoid of prosocial or antisocial content. All children received instructions with respect to the acquisition and distribution of tokens which were exchangeable for prizes at the end of the session. Prosocial behaviors were· assessed following the videotaped sequences and included token donations, volunteering of work, and offering help following a staged accident. Children viewing nonsharing and nonreinforced peers had lower token donations than children in other treatment groups and the control group. Although not statistically significant findings, children who viewed peer models exhibiting prosocial behaviors that were reinforced had greater token donations and tended to help in the staged accident more than children in other treatment groups. No differences were found between treatment groups with respect to volunteering work. More children provided help in a staged accident when they had observed sharing peers who were reinforced than children in other conditions. However when children observed nonsharing and nonreinforced adults, they displayed a lower incidence of helping. Vicarious reinforcement produced greater, though not statistically significant, token donations as compared with the absence of reinforcement in both adult and peer treatment conditions. The correlations among donations, volunteering, and helping were found to be low. Modeling in combination with reinforcement of the model was not sufficient to increase prosocial behaviors significantly beyond the performance of a control group. The contribution of peer modeling to the facilitation of prosocial behaviors in the early elementary grades appears slight. Nevertheless, peer models were especially influential in inhibiting prosocial behaviors by the modeling of antisocial responses. The observation of reinforcement contingencies applied to models only slightly increased prosocial behaviors and can not be considered a potent variable in this behavior domain.

This study examined the relationship of two important learning behaviors, persistence and initiative, and three- to five-year-old low-income preschool children?s school readiness outcomes. The sample consisted of 196 children from two urban Head Start Centers in a large Head Start Program in the Southeast. Initiative was measured by the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment and persistence by the Preschool Learning Behavior Scale. Academic outcomes were collected through the Language and Literacy subscale and the Early Math subscale of the Galileo System for Electronic Management of Learning. Results indicated that learning behaviors may be differentially important across age and academic domain. Persistence, and not initiative, significantly predicted younger and older preschoolers? yearly gains in early math outcomes. In contrast, while persistence was a significant predictor of language and literacy yearly gains for younger preschoolers, initiative was the significant predictor for older preschoolers. These differential results add to the understanding of learning behaviors and their effect on academic outcomes in early childhood. Such findings can help teachers, parents, and those developing early childhood interventions in promoting the learning behaviors that are the most appropriate for a certain age and academic area.

Improved adoptability is a common goal among rescue shelters. Dogs are more likely to be adopted if they are friendly, mannerly, and approachable. The possibility of improving rescue shelter dogs' behavior through an obedience program has not been examined. We developed an approachability test to determine whether dogs became more approachable during and after a standardized 12-week obedience program. We also quantified jumping behavior and pulling on the leash to measure if these problematic behaviors also improved through training. The subjects consisted of 26 dogs donated to the Triple Crown School for Professional Dog Trainers for one of the 12-week sessions. The approach test was administered six times, at two-week intervals. The tests were videotaped and jumping and pulling behaviors were quantified after testing. Scores for approachability were based on the proximity between the tester and the dog at the end of each test. For the dogs that completed all 12 weeks of the study, contingency analyses were performed for each behavioral measure. Relative to the start of the 12-week training program, the dogs became more approachable (p<0.025), jumped less (p<0.025), and pulled on the leash less (p<0.025) than when the study began. These results reinforce the importance of obedience training as a tool for increasing a rescue shelter dog's adoptability and permanence once placed in a home.

Due to the development of Information Technology and World Wide Web, now sales can understand more about customer's browsing behaviors through the World Wide Web. Compared with now, sales could only get the sale data in the past. There is a huge grown of these data availability compared with the past. As the advance of computer hardware, we have more ability to store these data. However, with these data of buyers' making decision process not being analyzed, decision makers often could not understand the hidden information effectively. The 3C retail chain stores had been selected as a case study for this research. We thought that consumer's need and acceptance toward products had already been reflected in the past consuming choices and searching behavior records. If we can find out the correlation between the searching behaviors and actual consuming records, this will assist business obtain the most appropriate marketing information on the web and increase response effectively. This will be tremendously profitable for marketing decision making. Using above theory, we suggest that data integration analysis model among members is applied to distinguish the marking segmentation for website promotion of company A. We hope that the model will improve current marketing communication and provide the practice value. In the past, we normally apply demographic statistics, geographical distribution or social economy to segment consumers for the research about divining target customers. However, there has been no appropriate segmentation model to assist business of actual brick-and-click to segmentation on the basic behavior of the customer purchase for internet marketing promotions yet. The consumer's behaviors had been applied as segmentation and the buyer's usage and response toward website had been utilized as foundation for this research. Principal components analysis had been applied to extract behavior variable; then Two-Stage Classification Method had applied to divide members into different groups. We divide members into life style groups of the one with similar data points and the one with different data points by the exploratory segmentation model for this research. This will be a nature formation of market segmentation to assist business to pin point what products to be sold on the web and how to differentiate the products. As well as assist business to segment member effectively, distinguish area website service and usage limitation. Business will no longer shoot blind for marketing to members and will be able to make the proper e-marketing communication decision.

The Relationships of Elementary School Student¡¦s Positive Thinking and Social Behaviors Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between elementary student's positive thinking and social behaviors. Two hundreds and seventy-nine students were conveniently selected from 5 public elementary schools in Kaohsiung city. All participants completed the ¡§Positive Thinking and Social Skills Scale¡¨ in 2010. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA , pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted. In addition,4 students with the highest positive thinking score and the other 4 students with the highest social behavior were rescruited as the target students. Those students were interviewed while they accomplishing the survey. The main findings were as following¡J 1. There were significant differences on positive thinking between different graders. 2. There were gender significant differences on positive thinking total score. 3. There were significant differences on positive thinking and social behavior scores among different father education degrees children. 4. There were significant differences on positive thinking and social behaviors among social economic status fanilies children. 5. There were significant differences on positive thinking and social behaviors among father¡¦s practice styles children. 6. There were significant differences on positive thinking and interpersonal among mother¡¦s practice styles children. 7. "Gender" and " positive thinking" are significant predictors of social skills,which explained 49.6% of the variance . 8. Authoritative parenting practice of elementary children get a higher score in positive thinking and social behaviors. 9. Children with authoritarian or permissive father practice,who got lower scores in positive thinking and social behaviors. 10. Children with authoritarian mother practice,who got lower scores in positive thinking and social behaviors. According to those significantfinding, educational recommendation and suggestions provided toward teachers and researchers be discussed. Keywords¡Gpositive thinking¡Bsocial behaviors¡Belementary school students

The Millennial Generation, typically agreed upon by researchers to be those born from 1982 through 2000, displays exclusive characteristics making it truly different from other previous generations. As of 2000, this generation comprised about one fourth of the total US population, making this cohort's attributes demand consideration. The Millennials are quickly becoming a large factor in the workforce, now finishing college and becoming active consumers in the economy; hence, rapidly becoming a large portion of the traveling population as well. Because this generation is the first to be exposed to the Internet from birth, generally retain positive, trusting views of companies, and have a constant need to congregate with friends and family, questions arise regarding how and to whom Millennials complain, possibly engaging in negative electronic word-of-mouth. Negative e-WOM is especially pertinent to the travel industry due to the potentially extensive harmful outcomes it can cause for practitioners. Therefore, an explanatory study was conducted with a research design that applied a qualitative approach in efforts to gain further insight to the complaint behaviors of the Millennial Generation. Research questions to whom Millennials complain were asked, as well as how and why Millennials complain in certain ways. Findings indicate Millennials typically voice complaints to friends and parents in efforts to discuss their emotions concerning the complaint and obtain their advice on the complaint. In the rare cases where Millennials do complain directly to the company, the relational aspects, convenience, and quickness of response the media offers influence which media Millennials use to issue the compliant.