The relationship study of the hospital organization culture, leadership,and organizational citizenship behaviors. Abstract This research is aimed at hospital organization culture, leadership, organizational citizenship behaviors of medical organizations. The sample of this research focuses on 10 local teaching medical centers in southern Taiwan, which includes 51 departments and superiors, and the number of polled employees reaches 273.This has resulted in: ¡]1¡^Leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors have positively correlation; contingent reward is most correlated with courtesy.¡]2¡^Organizational culture and organizational citizenship behaviors have positively correlation; social responsibility is most correlated with civic virtue.¡]3¡^Organizational culture and leadership have positively correlation; scientific truth seeking is most correlated with providing an appropriate model.¡]4¡^ Leadership positively associates with organizational citizenship behaviors; identifying and articulating a vision is the most associated with conscientiousness.¡]5¡^ Organizational culture positively associates with organizational citizenship behaviors; in this item, civic virtue is most affected¡]6¡^ Organizational culture positively associates with leadership; scientific truth seeking is the major factor to providing an appropriate model. As to the influence of the interaction of leadership and organizational culture to organizational citizenship behaviors, the result is as the following: ¡]1¡^in the condition of emphasizing on social responsibility culture, providing individualized support positively associates with courtesy base on low social responsibility while the 2 factors are not obviously related to each other base on high social responsibility; providing individualized support positively associates with altruism base on low social responsibility while these two factors are negatively associative to each other base on high social responsibility ¡]2¡^in the condition of emphasizing on strengthening relations culture, providing individualized support positively associates with altruism base on weak relations while the 2 factors are negatively associates to each other base on high strong relations ¡]3¡^in the condition of emphasizing on customer orientation culture, providing individualized support positively associates with civic virtue base on weak customer orientation while the 2 factors are negatively associates to each other base on strong customer orientation ¡]4¡^ in the condition of emphasizing on scientific truth seeking, high performance expectations positively associates with civic virtue, however, high performance expectations influences civic virtue more in strong scientific truth seeking than in weak scientific truth seeking ¡]5¡^ in the condition of emphasizing on integrity and trust culture, high performance expectations positively associates with altruism, however, high performance expectations influences altruism more in strong integrity and trust culture than in weak integrity and trust culture. Furthermore, providing individualized support positively associates with altruism; in comparison with strong integrity and trust culture, the influence between these two factors is more in weak integrity and trust culture.

This research is studying to the staffs of 4 army's hospitals in the same area. We believe it will be definitely helpful for the forever management of the hospitals. There are 1100 questionnaires issued totally. The questionnaire counts and retrieves 444 finally, through getting rid of 30 invalid questionnaires, effective questionnaire is 414, the effective rate of recovery of questionnaire is 37.6%. Through the Descriptive Statistical analysis , ANOVA one-way , Analysis of Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis , the results are found as follow: a.The staffs¡¦ behaviors to the person in charge of the unit in army¡¦s hospitals are different results that will have because of factors , such as marital status , academic degree and working office ,etc.. b.The staff will have a difference because academic degree , position identity and working office are different to the organization climate of the office in army¡¦s hospital. c.The staffs involvement to work in the hospital will be different because degree , the position identity and working office. d.Too emphasize the task importance, pay less respect or consideration to staffs, I surely agree this kind of director will downgrade the staffs working. On the other hand, both the good management and interpersonal relationships will surely increase their working. e.Focus on the human nature, caring the staffs, and good interpersonal relationships are positive and helpful as well to enhance the involvement of staffs. f.The trust between each other for both unit executive and staffs will upgrade the behavior of leading and as well as the involvement of staffs working. The concrete suggestion are offered to the Army¡¦s hospitals and for the others researcher¡¦s reference.

Nowadays the research area in human resource management does not focus on the individual work performance anymore, but emphasize on the communication and relations between employers and employees instead. To create the organizational communication climate including leadership communication skills and strategies becomes the most important issue (Tsai, 2000; Robertson, 2000; 2001; 2002). Communication can lead an organization to go for the common cause, and the management has to affirm organizational vision and mission, drive transformational change, issue a call to action, reinforce organizational capabilities, and create an environment where motivation can flourish (Baldoni, 2004). In Saving Big Blue, the ex-president Gerstner would regularly communicate with his subordinates via intranet and listen to their opinions, for he believes that he can learn the demands of employees due to the direct communication way. The management has to make people perceived of their importance in a company and clearly understand organizational goals and beliefs without communication barriers. Therefore the direct effect of leaders on subordinates is the daily communication (Solomon & Flores, 2002), and communication can build up mutual trust (Baldoni, 2002). Employees are tempted to reach organizational goals, and the leadership can manage to it; effective leader behaviors can increase the work motivation (Humphreys, 2004). After the interviews, the author develops six propositions as follows. Proposition 1. To people who are motivated by positive words, individual achievements, leadership and work lifestyle are more important to the pure money compensation. Proposition 2. Negative words are always with emotions, and the communication content with menace results in permanent or temporary work efficiency? Proposition 3. The relationship between employee readiness and leader behaviors. Proposition 4. Further research on the trust basics between leaders and subordinates based on patriarchy. Proposition 5. The relationship between communication trustworthiness niches and communication skills. Proposition 6. Leader communication style is a way to determine the perceived leadership pattern.

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The compositions of a series of poly (ethylene/trimethylene terephthalate) copolyesters were identified by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The ethylene terephthalate (ET) units are 8.9, 33.7, 37.9, 50.1, 72.5, 77.8, and 90.8% in the copolyesters with sample codes of C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8, respectively. The triad sequence probabilities were determined from the normalized areas of aromatic quaternary carbons. The calculated average-number sequence lengths of ethylene- and trimethylene- terephthalate units range from 1.0 to 10.2 that depends on the relative ratio of both units in the copolymer. The values of randomness parameter for all of these copolyesters are between 0.96 and 1.1. Both values of sequence length and randomness parameter indicate that these copolyesters are random copolymers. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the isothermal crystallization kinetics and the melting behaviors at heating rates of 10 and 50¢XC/min. The average enthalpy of isothermal crystallization (DH) decreased from 47 to 28 J/g when the ET units in the copolymer increased from 8.9% (C2) to 72.5% (C6), and then the enthalpy increased up to 42 J/g for the C8 copolymer with 90.8% of ET units. The results of Avrami analysis yielded one (n1) or two exponents. The n1 values of all of these copolymers were between 2.03 and 2.98. It suggests that the primary crystallization followed a heterogeneous nucleation with two-three dimensional form of growth. While investigating the isothermal crystallization, DSC specimens were crystallized for 9-14 times of the peak time to ensure the completion of crystallization. Both heating curves at 10 and 50¢XC/min showed multiple endothermic peaks. Triple-melting peaks were detected at lower crystallization temperature (Tc), then the medium and the highest temperature peaks merged gradually to form double-melting peaks with increase in Tc, finally, all three peaks merged together to become a single peak at higher Tc. The low temperature melting peak was associated with the last step of secondary crystallization. The middle temperature melting peak was considered to be characteristic of the melting of the crystals formed in the primary crystallization. The highest temperature melting peak may be due to the melting of crystallite formed by melting and recrystallization during the DSC heating scans. From the results of multiple melting behaviors at a heating rate of 50¢XC/min, the melting peak temperatures of primary crystals were plotted versus the crystallization temperature, Tc. The Hoffman-Weeks plot gave an equilibrium melting temperature, . Using the half-time of crystallization (t1/2) for analysis, regime II¡÷III transition was found for each copolyester. The pairs of ( , ) in unit of ¢XC are (237.1, 193.6), (198.9, 147.3), (187.9, 140.4), (226.6, 164.8), (230.1, 172.0), and (261.1, 208.4) for C2, C3, C4, C6, C7, and C8, respectively. Finally, the overall crystallization rates (1/ t1/2) were compared at equivalent supercooling, DT ( - Tc). The C2 copolyester crystallized the fastest and at lower supercooling. C3 and C4 copolyesters had very similar rates. The C6 copolyester crystallized the slowest and at higher supercooling. At DT = 50~60¢XC, the rates of C7 were close to those of C3 and C4 copolyesters, then the C7 copolyester crystallized faster at higher supercooling. The average value of DH or crystallinity decreased from ¡V47 to ¡V32 J/g when the minor component, ET unit, increasesd from 8.9% (C2) to 37.9% (C4), and then the crystallinity increased from ¡V28 to ¡V42 J/g as the ET unit increases from 72.5% (C6) to 90.8% (C8). It indicated that the number and the distribution of minor component in the main chain should affect the nucleation rate, the growth rate and the final crystallinity of the copolyesters.

Improved adoptability is a common goal among rescue shelters. Dogs are more likely to be adopted if they are friendly, mannerly, and approachable. The possibility of improving rescue shelter dogs' behavior through an obedience program has not been examined. We developed an approachability test to determine whether dogs became more approachable during and after a standardized 12-week obedience program. We also quantified jumping behavior and pulling on the leash to measure if these problematic behaviors also improved through training. The subjects consisted of 26 dogs donated to the Triple Crown School for Professional Dog Trainers for one of the 12-week sessions. The approach test was administered six times, at two-week intervals. The tests were videotaped and jumping and pulling behaviors were quantified after testing. Scores for approachability were based on the proximity between the tester and the dog at the end of each test. For the dogs that completed all 12 weeks of the study, contingency analyses were performed for each behavioral measure. Relative to the start of the 12-week training program, the dogs became more approachable (p<0.025), jumped less (p<0.025), and pulled on the leash less (p<0.025) than when the study began. These results reinforce the importance of obedience training as a tool for increasing a rescue shelter dog's adoptability and permanence once placed in a home.

Although it is presumed that men who acquire a college education will also achieve middle-class status, middle-class status does not provide Black men with the anticipated reductions for some health risks. Black men who attend predominately white institutions (PWIs) are reported to face many obstacles such as racism, isolation, alienation, and lack of support compared to Black men who attend historically Black colleges/universities (HBCUs). Formative research methods were used to obtain information about stressors of Black college men and how these stressors influence their mental health and health behaviors. Focus groups captured men's understanding of mental health and their stressful life events while a questionnaire was used to obtain general health information, including depressive symptoms (i.e. feeling sad, nervous, hopeless, and worthless). Results suggest that there are no major differences between the health of Black college men at a PWI and a HBCU; however, men at each institution experience different levels of psychosocial stress as a function of their academic settings. Future research should explore the mental health of Black college men more thoroughly and include an in-depth exploration of their health practices.

Background: Organic food became a popular topic in recent years. Even though organic markets are becoming larger than before, the organic fruit market is still a niche market around the world. Consumers’ purchasing intentions towards organic products are impacted by many factors. Purpose: The purpose of this research study is to investigate the customers’ purchasing behaviors with different food-related lifestyles in China and France. Method: A research model and four hypotheses alongside the study have been used after reviewing relevant literatures. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in China and France, which resulted in 261 completed and usable responses. Results: All hypotheses were accepted representing all the independent variables, which includes attitudes toward purchasing organic fruit, subjective norms, perceived control and food-related lifestyles, influencing purchase intentions. In terms of research questions, the results suggested that food-related lifestyles in different countries exhibited positive significant relationships with customers’ planned behavior.

The central purpose of this study was to use structural equation modeling techniques on a newly developed measure of religious coping, the Assessment of Beliefs and Behaviors in Coping (ABC), in order to confirm the factor structure previously established through exploratory factor analysis. The ABC is a two-part, 40-item measure (each part containing 20 items) that measures attitudes about the helpfulness of religious coping as well as use of religious coping behaviors. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether the established factor structure is the same across religious groups. Participants were 885 undergraduate students from the Department of Educational Psychology subject pool. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the fit of the hypothesized structure as well as explore the fit of competing models. The factor structure of the attitude portion of the measure was confirmed independently of the behavior portion of the measure. Both scales demonstrated the initially theorized four-factor model. Multi-group analyses were then conducted on each portion of the ABC, again, independently. Partial scalar invariance was demonstrated for the ABC – Attitudes (across three groups, Christians, Non-Christians, and Non-Believers). Partial scalar invariance was also demonstrated for the ABC – Behaviors, but only for the Christian and Non-Christian groups. Finally, participants’ scores on the ABC were compared to their scores on existing measures of similar constructs to assess for convergent validity. Reliability of the instrument was also evaluated. By better understanding the role religion plays in coping with stressful life events, the objective is to aid mental health professionals in addressing religion, when applicable, with their clients. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for counseling psychology are also discussed. / text