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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudos in vitro da inibição da atividade da telomerase de Leishmania major

Gentil, Whisnayder January 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Cano / Resumo: As leishmanioses são doenças tropicais negligenciadas, causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Elas são consideradas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma doença endêmica em muitos países, incluindo o Brasil. Assim, a busca por novas metodologias de combate e controle dessas doenças parasitárias se faz necessária. Uma das abordagens refere-se ao estudo da biologia molecular dos parasitos causadores da doença, como o estudo dos telômeros, os quais são repetições em tandem associadas a proteínas e localizadas nas extremidades dos cromossomos da maioria dos eucariontes. Sua função é diferenciar os terminais de cromossomos das quebras de DNA em dupla fita e assim proteger tais extremidades da degradação e dos mecanismos de reparo das células, que em muitos casos resulta na perda de material genético codificante ao fim de cada ciclo celular. Os estudos da biologia telomérica de Leishmania têm auxiliado bastante no entendimento deste organismo, no qual o complexo telomerase é composto minimamente por um componente proteico, TERT, e por um RNA, TER, sendo que a caracterização funcional destes componentes é uma das metas de nosso grupo de pesquisa. Tal caracterização tende a ser feita, principalmente, por meios de compostos inibitórios específicos da função desses componentes ou por meio de manipulação gênica, tal qual a tecnologia CRISPR-Cas, que tem possibilitado alterações genômicas precisas e pontuais bem como o silenciamento rápido e específico de genes em diferente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Leishmaniasis are neglected tropical disease, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which according to the World Health Organization is endemic in many countries, including Brazil. Thus, the search for new alternatives to combat and control these parasitic diseases, are necessary. One of the current potential approaches are to study the biology of telomeres, which are tandemly repeated sequences associated with proteins located at the ends of the chromosomes of most eukaryotes. The main function of telomeres is to differentiate the chromosome end termini from double-stranded DNA breaks and thus, to protect the ends from degradation and damage repair mechanisms, which, at the end of each cell cycle, can result in loss of genetic material. The telomere biology studies of Leishmania have greatly improved our knowledge about this organism, in which the telomerase complex is composed minimally by a protein component, TERT, and by an RNA, TER. The functional characterization of these components is one of the goals of our research group. Such characterization is usually done by using inhibitory compounds specific to the function of these components or by gene manipulation, such as the CRISPR-Cas technology, which has enabled precise genomic alterations as well as the rapid and specific silencing of genes in different organisms, including Leishmania. Thus, we sought to observe the effects of inhibiting the L. major telomerase activity, using a specific TERT inhibitor, called BI... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
2

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors that regulate cell fitness in telomerase-inhibited human cells

Borges, Gustavo 08 1900 (has links)
Les extrémités des chromosomes eucaryotes ressemblent à une cassure double brin et, en tant que telles, peuvent conduire à l'activation indésirable de la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN. Les télomères sont une structure ribonucléoprotéique qui coiffe les extrémités des chromosomes et les protège contre l'activation indésirable de la réparation des dommages à l'ADN. Après chaque division cellulaire, on observe un raccourcissement progressif des télomères, ce qui limite leur potentiel prolifératif. Une enzyme spécialisée, la télomérase, reconstitue les télomères pour contrebalancer leur érosion. La télomérase est régulée à la baisse dans la plupart des cellules somatiques. Cependant, l'activité de la télomérase est détectée dans la plupart des cellules souches adultes, bien qu'à de faibles niveaux. Le déficit en télomérase a été associé à un groupe de "troubles de la biologie des télomères" (ou téloméropathies), englobant des maladies de vieillissement prématuré, des syndromes d'insuffisance de la moelle osseuse, des fibroses pulmonaires et des maladies du foie. À l'inverse, dans le cancer, environ 85 % des types de tumeurs sont positifs à la télomérase. Par conséquent, l'inhibition de la télomérase est depuis longtemps considérée comme une cible attrayante pour le traitement du cancer. Dans la présente étude, nous avons cherché à découvrir les facteurs qui affectent la fonction de la télomérase humaine et d'autres protéines associées aux télomères ou à la télomérase. Tout d'abord, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'identification de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la télomérase à partir de composés naturels. Une nouvelle catéchine a été identifiée dans les extraits végétaux de Burkea africana. Les catéchines sont une classe de molécules que l'on trouve couramment dans le thé vert. La catéchine isolée a inhibé la télomérase humaine recombinante in vitro avec un IC50 de 16,19 μM. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous avons utilisé un criblage d'édition de bases CRISPR dans une lignée cellulaire humaine pour étudier des mutations cliniquement pertinentes dans 22 gènes importants pour l'homéostasie des télomères. Nous avons identifié des variantes qui affectent négativement l'aptitude cellulaire, y compris certaines variantes précédemment annotées comme variantes de signification incertaine. Nous avons également détecté pour la première fois des variantes hTERT qui confèrent une résistance à la petite molécule BIBR1532, un inhibiteur de la télomérase. Nous avons montré que ces allèles résistants aux médicaments permettent l'immortalisation cellulaire et ont un potentiel tumorigène accru. L'ensemble de ces études souligne l'importance de la télomérase humaine pour le maintien des télomères et la santé cellulaire, contribuant ainsi à une meilleure compréhension du rôle de la télomérase dans le cancer et les troubles de la biologie des télomères. / The extremities of eukaryotic chromosomes resemble a double-stranded break and, as such, can lead to the unwanted activation of the DNA damage response. Telomeres are a ribonucleoprotein structure that caps the ends of the chromosomes and protects them from the unwanted activation of DNA damage recognition and repair processes. After each cellular division, progressive telomere shortening is observed, limiting cellular proliferative potential. A specialized enzyme called telomerase replenishes telomeres to counterbalance telomere erosion. Telomerase is downregulated in most somatic cells. However, telomerase activity is detected in most adult stem cells, although at low levels. Telomerase deficiency has been linked to a group of “Telomere Biology Disorders” (or telomeropathies), encompassing premature aging diseases, bone marrow failure syndromes, pulmonary fibrosis and liver diseases. Conversely, in cancer, around 85% of tumour types are telomerase-positive. Therefore, telomerase inhibition has long been considered an attractive target for cancer therapy. In the present study, we aimed to uncover factors that affect the function of human telomerase and other telomere or telomerase-associated proteins. Firstly, we focused on identifying new telomerase inhibitors from natural compounds. A new catechin was identified in the plant extracts from Burkea africana. Catechins are a class of molecules commonly found in green tea. The isolated catechin inhibited recombinant human telomerase in vitro with an IC50 of 16.19 μM. In the second chapter, we employed a CRISPR base editing screen in a human cell line to investigate clinically-relevant mutations in 22 genes important for telomere homeostasis. We identified variants that negatively affected cell fitness, including some variants previously annotated as variants of uncertain significance. Also, we uncovered hTERT variants that confer resistance to the small molecule BIBR1532, a telomerase inhibitor. We showed that these drug-resistant alleles permit cellular immortalization and exhibit tumorigenic potential at levels comparable to wild-type telomerase. Combined, these studies highlight the importance of human telomerase for telomere maintenance and cell fitness, thereby furthering our understanding of the role of telomerase in cancer and telomere biology disorders.

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