This dissertation explores the combined effects of biofuel mandates and terrestrial greenhouse gas GHG mitigation incentives on land use, management intensity, commodity markets, welfare, and the full costs of GHG abatement through conceptual and empirical modeling. First, a simple conceptual model of land allocation and management is used to illustrate how bioenergy policies and GHG mitigation incentives could influence market prices, shift the land supply between alternative uses, alter management intensity, and boost equilibrium commodity prices. Later a major empirical modeling section uses the U.S. Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) to simulate land use and production responses to various biofuel and climate policy scenarios. Simulations are performed to assess the effects of imposing biofuel mandates in the U.S. consistent with the Renewable Fuels Standard of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (RFS2). Simulations are run for several climate mitigation policy scenarios (with varying GHG (CO2) prices and eligibility restrictions for GHG offset activities) with and without conservation land recultivation. Important simulation outputs include time trajectories for land use, GHG emissions and mitigation, commodity prices, production, net exports, sectoral economic welfare, and shifts in management practices and intensity. Direct and indirect consequences of RFS2 and carbon policy are highlighted, including regional production shifts that can influence water consumption and nutrient use in regions already plagued by water scarcity and quality concerns. Results suggest that the potential magnitude of climate mitigation on commodity markets and exports is substantially higher than under biofuel expansion in isolation, raising concerns of international leakage and stimulating the “Food vs. Carbon” debate. Finally, a reduced-form dynamic emissions trading model of the U.S. economy is developed using simulation output from FASOMGHG and the National Energy Modeling System to test the effect of biofuel mandate expansion and domestic offset eligibility restrictions on total economy-wide GHG abatement costs. Findings are that while the RFS2 raises the marginal costs of offsets, full abatement costs depend on a number of policy factors. GHG payment incentives for forest management and non-CO2 agricultural offsets can increase full abatement costs by more than 20%.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is the world's fifth most economically important cereal crop, grown worldwide as a source of food for both humans and livestock. Sorghum is a C4 grass that is well adapted to hot and arid climes and is popular for cultivation on lands of marginal quality. Recent interest in development of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass has drawn attention to sorghum, which can be cultivated in areas not suitable for more traditional crops, and is capable of generating plant biomass in excess of 40 tons per acre. While the quantity of biomass and low water consumption make sorghum a viable candidate for biofuels growth, the biomass composition is enriched in lignin, which is problematic for enzymatic and chemical conversion techniques. The genetic basis for stem composition was analyzed in sorghum populations using a combination of genetic, genomic, and bioinformatics techniques. Utilizing acetyl bromide extraction, the variation in stem lignin content was quantified across several sorghum cultivars, confirming that lignin content varied considerably among sorghum cultivars. Previous work identifying sorghum reduced-lignin lines has involved the monolignol biosynthetic pathway; all steps in the pathway were putatively identified in the sorghum genome using sequence analysis. A bioinformatics toolkit was constructed to allow for the development of genetic markers in sorghum populations, and a database and web portal were generated to allow users to access previously developed genetic markers. Recombinant inbred lines were analyzed for stem composition using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) and genetic maps constructed using restriction site-linked polymorphisms, revealing 34 quantitative trail loci (QTL) for stem composition variation in a BTx642 x RTx7000 population, and six QTL for stem composition variation in an SC56 x RTx7000 population. Sequencing the genome of BTx642 and RTx7000 to a depth of ~11x using Illumina sequencing revealed approximately 1.4 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1 million SNPs, respectively. These polymorphisms can be used to identify putative amino acid changes in genes within these genotypes, and can also be used for fine mapping. Plotting the density of these SNPs revealed patterns of genetic inheritance from shared ancestral lines both between the newly sequenced genotypes and relative to the reference genotype BTx623.

This thesis contains three essays on topics in agricultural economics. The research is focused on the economic effects of different trade policies applied within the US, Canada and the European Union. <p>Essay one evaluates the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the single EU common market. The degree of integration of these three countries in agricultural trade in the EU has not previously been evaluated. Trade theory suggests that one of the outcomes resulting from a regional trade agreement is increased market integration among markets in member states. The cointegration of the commodity prices across countries is tested using time-series techniques. This method is important as it can be applied to questions relating to globalization. <p>Essay two examines the biofuel industry in Canada and US from a trade perspective. The development of a large market for biofuels is judged to have two main benefits for North America: environmental benefits in Canada and energy security in the US. A theoretical model is developed using the option value theory to determine whether the two distinct motivating factors can lead to different levels of optimal subsidies in each country. While the development of a biofuel industry is viewed as extremely important in a number of countries, the trade laws on subsidies with respect these products lacks clarity. This research represents an important step in understanding the economics of biofuels and the situations where trade disputes can be expected to appear in the future.<p>Dumping is the subject of the third essay where the strategies of firms in the face of an anti-dumping action are examined using game theory. The possibility of free riding in case of an anti-dumping petition is investigated in two situations: the benefits of the anti-dumping case are considered either a public good or a joint product. The second situation can be applied only for US, because of so-called Byrd Amendment. The theoretical model developed represents an important contribution to trade policy and it can be easily applied when examining the effects of other trade or domestic policies.

No description available.

The rising price of oil is hurting consumers all over the world. There is growing interest in producing biofuels from non-food crops, such as sugarcane trash. Lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., sugarcane trash) is an abundant, inexpensive, and renewable resource. The patented MixAlco process is a cost-effective solution, which does not require sterility or the addition of expensive enzymes to convert lignocellulosic biomass to transportation fuels and valuable chemicals. In this study, the MixAlco process was used to convert sugarcane trash to carboxylic acids under thermophilic conditions. Lime-treated sugarcane trash (80%) and chicken manure (20%) was used as the feedstock in rotary 1-L fermentors. Ammonium bicarbonate buffer was used to mitigate the effects of product (carboxylic acid) inhibition. Marine inoculum was used because of the high adaptability of the mixed culture of microorganisms present. Iodoform solution was added to inhibit methanogenesis. Preliminary batch studies over a 20-day period produced 19.7 g/L of carboxylic acids. Sugarcane trash had the highest average yield (0.31 g total acid/g VS fed) and highest average conversion (0.70 g VS digested/g VS fed) among the three substrates compared. Countercurrent fermentations were performed at various volatile solid loading rates (VSLR) and liquid residence times (LRT). The highest acid productivity of 1.40 g/(L�d) was at a total acid concentration of 29.9 g/L. The highest conversion and yield were 0.64 g VS digested/g VS fed and 0.36 g total acid/g VS fed, respectively. The continuum particle distribution model (CPDM) was used to predict acid concentration at various VSLR and LRT. The average error in between the predicted and experimental acid concentration and conversion were 4.62% and 1.42%, respectively. The effectiveness of several pretreatment methods was evaluated using the CPDM method. The best-performing method was short-term, no-wash, oxidative lime pretreatment with ball milling. At an industrial-scale solids loading of 300 g VS/L liquid, the CPDM ?map? predicts a total acid concentration of 64.0 g/L at LRT of 30 days, VSLR of 7 g/(L�d), and conversion of 57%. Also high conversion of 76% and high acid concentration of 52 g/L are achieved at a VSLR of 4 g/(L�d) and LRT of 30 days.

Processing of lignocellulosic biomass for transportation fuels and other biocommodities in integrated biorefineries has been proposed as the future for emerging sustainable economies. Currently bioprocessing strategies are all multi-step processes involving extensive physicochemical pretreatments and costly amounts of exogenous enzyme addition. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), or direct microbial conversion, is a strategy that combines all the stages of production into one step, thus avoiding the use of expensive pretreatments and exogenous enzymes that reduce the economic viability of the products produced. With a growing trend towards increased consolidation, most of the reported work on CBP has been conducted with soluble sugars or commercial reagent grade cellulose. For CBP to become practical fermentative guidelines with native feedstocks and purified cellulose need to be delineated through specific substrate characterization as it relates to possible industrial fermentation. By carefully reviewing the fundamentals of biomass pretreatments for CBP, a comparative assessment of the fermentability of non-food agricultural residue and processed biomass was conducted with Clostridium thermocellum DSMZ 1237. Cell growth, and both gaseous and liquid fermentation end-product profiles of C. thermocellum as a CBP processing candidate was characterised. Batch fermentation experiments to investigate the effect of cellulose content, pretreatment, and substrate concentration, revealed that higher yields were correlated with higher cellulose content. Pretreatment of native substrates that increased access of the bacterial cells and enzymes to cellulose chains in the biomass substrate were key parameters that determined the overall bioconversion of a given feedstock to end-products. The contribution of amorphous cellulose (CAC) in different biomass substrates subjected to the same pretreatment conditions was identified as a novel factor that contributed to differences in bioconversion and end-product synthesis patterns. Although the overall yield of end products was low following bioaugmentation with exogenous glycosyl hydrolases from free-enzyme systems and cellulosome extracts. Treatment of biomass substrates with glycosyl hydrolase enzymes was observed to increase the rate of bioconversion of native feedstocks in biphasic manner during fermentation with C. thermocellum. A “quotient of accessibility” was identified as a feedstock agnostic guideline for biomass digestibility. / October 2015

Τη σημερινή εποχή, η εξάντληση των αποθεμάτων των ορυκτών καυσίμων, σε συνδυασμό με τις αυξανόμενες ενεργειακές ανάγκες, οδήγησε στην παραγωγή των βιοκαυσίμων. Με αυτό τον όρο νοείται κάθε καύσιμο που παράγεται από βιομάζα. Ένα από τα δημοφιλέστερα βιοκαύσιμα στην Ευρώπη είναι το βιοντίζελ, το οποίο λαμβάνεται μετά από μετεστεροποίηση τριγλυκεριδίων που περιέχονται σε φυτικά έλαια και ζωικά λίπη. Οι λόγοι που οδήγησαν στην παραγωγή βιοντίζελ είναι περιβαλλοντικοί αλλά και οικονομικοί, καθώς η αύξηση της χρήσης των ορυκτών καυσίμων επιβάρυνε και συνεχίζει μέχρι σήμερα την ατμοσφαιρική ρύπανση αλλά και η αύξηση της τιμής του πετρελαίου δυσχεραίνει την οικονομική κατάσταση πολλών χωρών που εισάγουν ορυκτά καύσιμα. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, παρουσιάζονται τα βιοκαύσιμα 1ης και 2ης γενιάς, οι πρώτες ύλες από τις οποίες προέρχονται, πως αξιοποιούνται, ποια είναι τα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονεκτήματα αυτών και στη συνέχεια δίνεται μεγαλύτερη έμφαση στο φυτό Jatropha curcas, το οποίο αποτελεί την πηγή για την παραγωγή βιοντίζελ 2ης γενιάς. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας, γίνεται παρουσίαση του φυτού, ανάλυση των μορφολογικών χαρακτηριστικών του, περιγραφή της καλλιέργειάς του, των αναγκών του, αναφέρονται οι χώρες στις οποίες έχει διαδοθεί, ο τρόπος επεξεργασίας του, και οι χρήσεις του σε άλλες διεργασίες μέχρι σήμερα. Ακόμη γίνεται γνωστό το κόστος παραγωγής του, η απόδοσή του σε έλαιο και συγκρίνεται με τις βασικές πρώτες ύλες μέχρι στιγμής για την παραγωγή βιοντίζελ. Τέλος, αναφέρονται ευρωπαϊκά και παγκόσμια προγράμματα και πειράματα, στα οποία έχει μελετηθεί η απόδοσή του. / --

Biochar incorporation in soils has the potential to remove carbon from the atmosphere and to improve soil quality. This research focused on evaluation of the benefit of biochar incorporation in an Arizona soil. Different concentrations of biochar (charcoal from mesquite biomass-derived black carbon) were added to soil in greenhouse experiments. Seven common or potential Southern Arizona crops (alfalfa, wheat, cotton, grain and sweet sorghum, barley and switch grass) were evaluated in the greenhouse experiment. In this experiment; increased biochar concentration treatments produced greater height and biomass production in alfalfa. Sorghum biomass production also increased with biochar concentration. There were no significant differences in biomass production in wheat and barley with increased biochar concentration. Switch grass biomass production had a significant negative correlation with increased biochar concentration. Sweet sorghum biomass production was evaluated in a field experiment conducted at the University of Arizona Red Rock Agricultural Center. A relatively small amount of biochar was incorporated in the top 20 cm of soil in one treatment and soil only was the other treatment: there were no significant differences in yield.Water characteristic curves and bulk densities were measured for biochar/soil mixes. The FASE model was used to simulate evapotranspiration and crop yield for the field sorghum experiment and for several crops grown in the Valsequillo Irrigation District, Puebla, Mexico with measured soil parameters. The model predicted no significant increase in sorghum yield for the level of biochar incorporated in the soil. An increase in yield was predicted for Valsequillo crops.

This study investigated the impacts of U.S. biofuel production and barge navigation impediments on agricultural transportation and markets. Both past and future impacts of U.S. biofuel production levels mandated by the Renewable Fuel Standards of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (RFS1) and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (RFS2) were examined. Examination of barge navigations impediments included analysis of the impact of lock failure and low water levels on rivers due to drought, on agricultural transportation, and on consumer welfare. All scenarios were simulated using the International Grain Transportation Model, a price endogenous mathematical programming model. The results showed that RFS-associated (RFS1 and RFS2) U.S. corn ethanol production increased the total corn supply and diverted corn from non-ethanol consumption, reduced regional grain transportation volumes, and contributed to a rise in corn prices. The results of the forward-looking scenarios indicated that grain exports and transport volumes were increased. Exports from Gulf ports increased by 41%, while grain movements by rail increased by 60%. Additional investments in the expansion of the grain handling capacities of Gulf ports and the railroad industry are needed in the near future unless a large increase in biofuel production occurs. The results of navigation impediment scenarios indicated that both lock failures and low water levels on rivers adversely affect U.S. grain exports. The Gulf ports were most negatively impacted, relative to Pacific Northwest and Atlantic ports. Truck and barge freight volume declined while rail freight volume increased. Because trucks deliver grain from grain elevators to barge locations, truck volume also decreased in response to the decline in barge volume. The scenarios imposed welfare losses on society with most accruing to consumers, while the barge industry lost $10-154 million in revenue. The low water levels were more expensive than the lock failures. Major rehabilitation of the locks is needed to avoid lock failures and more dredging of the shallow parts of the river system is required because of frequent droughts.

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mso-tstyle-colband-size:0 / mso-style-noshow:yes / mso-style-priority:99 / mso-style-parent:"" / mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt / mso-para-margin-top:0cm / mso-para-margin-right:0cm / mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt / mso-para-margin-left:0cm / line-height:115% / mso-pagination:widow-orphan / font-size:11.0pt / font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif" / mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri / mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri / mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / mso-fareast-language:EN-US / } </style> <![endif]--> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm / margin-bottom:.0001pt / text-align: justify / line-height:normal / mso-layout-grid-align:none / text-autospace:none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / ">There has been a decline in the global fossil fuel reserves, due to an increasing demand for petroleum. Biofuels can be used as an alternative source of energy whereby biomass is converted to liquid fuels such as bioethanol. There is considerable interest in lipolytic enzymes because of their broad substrate range and for this purpose these enzymes have potential in a variety of biotechnological application. Lipolytic enzymes include esterases (E.C 3.1.1.1) and lipases (E.C3.1.1.3). Esterases preferentially hydrolyse short chain (&lt / C10) ester-containing molecules that are partly soluble in water, while lipases hydrolyse a broad range of substrates preferably water-insoluble fatty acyl molecules (&gt / C10). The aim of this study was to express, purify and characterise the lipolytic enzyme present on afosmid, Try 11, previously isolated from a metagenomic library of a Malawian hotspring, which conferred activity on tributyrin and ethyl ferulate. Bioinformatic analysisof the fosmid insert sequence predicted an open reading frame consisting of 951 bp,designated RHgene34, encoding a 317 amino acid protein with 41 % similarity to the</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / mso-fareast-font-family:ArialOOEnc">&alpha / /&beta / hydrolase fold-3 domain protein of </span><i><span style="font-size:10.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / ">Burkholderia </span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / ">sp. The RHgene34 protein </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / ">contains conserved motifs of esterases/lipases, such as HGGG (residues 95-98),GxSxG (residues 167 - 171) and the putative catalytic triad composed of Ser157,Asp255 and His285. The gene was cloned and expressed in pET21a(+), and transformed into <i>Escherichia coli </i>Rosetta. <i>p</i>-Nitrophenol (<i>p</i>-Np) fatty acyl esters of different carbon chain lengths were used for kinetic characterisation of RHgene34. </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / ">Kinetic analysis revealed that RHgene34 had a broad range activity on the <i>p</i>-Npesters, from C2 - C14. RHgene34 operates optimally at 45 &ordm / C, pH 9.0 and has a half life of 30 mins at 45 &ordm / C. This study demonstrates that functional screening combined with the sequence analysis is a useful approach for isolating novel enzymes from ametagenome.</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm / margin-bottom:.0001pt / text-align: justify / line-height:normal / mso-layout-grid-align:none / text-autospace:none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / "><br type="_moz" /> </span></p> <br /> <p style="margin-bottom:0cm / margin-bottom:.0001pt / text-align: justify / line-height:normal / mso-layout-grid-align:none / text-autospace:none" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt / font-family:&quot / Arial&quot / ,&quot / sans-serif&quot / "><br type="_moz" /> </span></p> <br />