La BLR (broad line region) d’un noyau galactique actif (AGN) transporte la matière du tore de poussière vers le disqued’accrétion autour d’un trou noir super massif. Il faut connaître sa géométrie pour comprendre la formation et la croissancedu trou noir, comme ses relations avec la luminosité du noyau. L’échographie lumineuse ou « reverberation mapping » permetd’estimer le rayon équivalent de la BLR ainsi que la masse du trou noir et donne des lois masse-luminosité et rayon-luminositédont la précision, limitée par les inconnues géométriques, reste insuffisante pour des applications cosmologiques.L’interférométrie optique avec le VLTI donne des mesures indépendantes de cette masse et de ces paramètres géométriqueset mesure un rayon angulaire équivalent, ce qui donne une mesure directe de distance. Nous avons développé un modèle 3Dde BLR et une méthode Bayésienne d’ajustement des paramètres qui nous ont permis de montrer que la combinaison del’échographie et de l’interférométrie donnera des mesures de masse et de distance à mieux que 15% près à un milliard deparsec. Nous appliquons ces outils aux toutes premières observations avec l’instrument AMBER de la BLR du quasar 3C273et nous montrons et expliquons qu’elle est bien plus grande que prédit par échographie et s’étend au delà du bord interne dutore de poussière, avec une géométrie quasi sphérique. Ces résultats sont extrapolés à la nouvelle génération d’instrument duVLTI pour montrer que cet interféromètre permettra de calibrer les méthodes échographiques pour transformer les quasarsen sondes cosmologiques majeures. / The broad line region (BLR) of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) contains the high velocity gas clouds transporting materialfrom the dust torus to the accretion disk around the central super massive black hole (SMBH). Unveiling BLR structure iscritical to understand the accretion mechanism driving the SMBH evolution and shaping the AGN inflows, outflows and jets.Reverberation Mapping (RM) constrains the BLR geometry, kinematic, mass and equivalent linear size with parameterdegeneracies and fudge factors depending from the source geometry. Optical Interferometry (OI) yields independentconstrains on BLR structure, mass and equivalent angular size. We developed a 3D geometrical model of BLRs to estimateboth RM and OI measures and to show that the combination of these two techniques will very substantially reduce theuncertainty of mass estimates and yield direct distance measurement from “quasar parallax”. We used this model and a MonteCarlo Markov Chain Bayesian parameter fit of simulated data to show that quasar parallax can measure distances withaccuracy better than 15%. We used it on actual data to interpret and explain our first OI observations of the BLR of thebright quasar 3C273 found to have a BLR of about 1750±35 light days (ld) much larger than predicted by RM (450±120 ld)and larger than the inner rim of the dust torus of about 800±270 ld, yielding a SMBH mass of 5±1 108 solar masses. Ourmodel and SNR computations show that the VLTI incoming instruments can observe about 60 BLRs covering more than 4decades of luminosity, enough to try a grand unification of BLRs models and a calibration of RM making QSOs majorcosmological probes.

La Boucle Locale Radio (BLR) ou Wireless Local Loop (WLL) est un système qui connecte les abonnés du réseau téléphonique commuté public (PSTN) grâce à une liaison radio. La BLR doit offrir les services suivants: la voix téléphonique, les données dans la bande du son et les services numériques. En France, les bandes de fréquence allouées à la BLR sont autour de 26 et 3,5 GHz. Les caractéristiques de la BLR à 26 GHz sont définies par la norme IEEE 802.16c. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une boucle constituée de deux émetteurs/récepteurs fonctionnant dans la bande de 26 GHz a été étudiée. Le système était constitué dans un premier temps de composants disponibles commercialement. Il a été simulé avec le logiciel ADS de Agilent Technologies, et ensuite mis en œuvre au laboratoire RFM. Les récepteurs employés dans cette plate-forme étaient des récepteurs hétérodynes. Leur structure était donc complexe et la transmission altérée par les non-appariements en gain et en phase entre les voies I et Q des démodulateurs en quadrature. Afin de réduire sa complexité tout en gardant les mêmes performances du système, nous avons choisi de proposer une architecture homodyne du récepteur en introduisant le réflectomètre "cinq-port". Le réflectomètre cinq-port est un circuit passif linéaire ayant deux entrées et trois sorties. Il est constitué d'un circuit interféromètrique à cinq accès et de trois détecteurs de puissance. Un démodulateur cinq-port en technologie coaxiale a donc été introduit dans le système de transmission à 26 GHz. La démodulation étant validée avec ce circuit, un démodulateur cinq-port en technologie MHIC était réalisé. Afin de régénérer les signaux I et Q à partir des tensions de sortie du démodulateur cinq-port, un algorithme numérique particulier traite ces trois signaux. Ce traitement effectue simultanément la synchronisation trame et symbole ainsi que la synchronisation porteuse sur chaque trame de donnée transmise. Il inclut aussi une procédure adaptative d'auto-calibrage qui permet de régénérer les signaux I et Q tout en corrigeant tous les défauts de la chaîne de transmission contenant le cinq-port. Ce même traitement permet de corriger les non-appariements entre les deux voies d'un démodulateur classique en quadrature. Le système de transmission complet a été validé en réalisant la démodulation de signaux modulés en QPSK et en 16QAM avec des débits binaires atteignant 40 Mbit/s. Les diagrammes de constellation de phase obtenus étaient bien normalisés et les taux d'erreurs binaires étaient très proches que ceux définis par la norme de la BLR.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24208号 / 工博第5036号 / 新制||工||1786(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中北 英一, 准教授 山口 弘誠, 教授 田中 賢治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The dissertation called "Belarusan Democratic Republic" (BDR) analyzes in broad terms progression of belarus national movement since beginning of 20th century until the end of the year 1918. In the strict sense of the word the aim of that thesis is to evaluate to what degree is possible to consider BDR as real republic at the date of its formation and to what degree could be operationable its government authorities. What criteria had confirmed or had contradicted the existence of BDR as a real state. BDR had been a certain culmination of belarus national movement. In the beginning of the dissertation we will take attention to origins of national movement, its developing in the frame of the tzar's Russia and during the first world war. Comparation of possibilities of national agitation at the time of separation of belarusan districts between two warenemies is also included in the first part. Following part, which we focus on, is explaining what conditions have been for proclamation of independence, what motivations and requests of belarusan patriots have been. There had been founded the state authorities of BDR by proclamation of independence: pre-parliament - Council of BDR and "government" - National Secretariat. Analyzing of volume of authenticity to state authorities had been realized according...

A characteristic feature of species of Trichoderma is the production of concentric rings of conidia in response to alternating light-dark conditions. In response to a single burst of light, a single ring of conidia forms at what was the colony perimeter. On the basis of these observations, competency to photoconidiate has been proposed to be due to the age and metabolic rate of the hyphal cell. In this study, conidiation was investigated in five biocontrol isolates (T. hamatum, T. atroviride, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. harzianum) using both a morphological and molecular approach. All five isolates produced concentric conidial rings under alternating light-dark conditions on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), however, in response to a 15 min burst of blue light, only T. asperellum and T. virens produced a clearly, defined conidial ring which correlated with the colony margin at the time of light exposure. Both T. harzianum and T. hamatum photoconidiated in a disk-like fashion and T. atroviride produced a broken ring with a partially filled in appearance. On the basis of these results, it was postulated that competency to photoconidiate is a factor of the metabolic state of the hyphal cell rather than chronological age or metabolic rate. The influence of the source of nitrogen on photoconidiation was assessed on pH-buffered (pH 5.4) minimal medium (MM) amended with glutamine, urea or KNO₃. In the presence of glutamine or urea, T. asperellum and T. harzianum conidiated in a disk, whereas, when KNO₃ was the sole nitrogen source, a ring of conidia was produced. Further, in the presence of increasing amounts of glutamine, the clearly defined photoconidial ring produced on PDA by T. asperellum became disk-like. These results clearly demonstrated that primary nitrogen promotes photoconidiation in these isolates and strongly suggests that competency of a hyphal cell to conidiate in response to light is dependent on the nitrogen catabolite repression state of the cell. The experiments were repeated for all five isolates on unbuffered MM. Differences were apparent between the buffered and unbuffered experiments for T. atroviride. No photoconidiation was observed in T. atroviride on buffered medium whereas on unbuffered medium, rings of conidia were produced on both primary and secondary nitrogen. These results show that photoconidiation in T. atroviride is influenced by the buffering capacity of the medium. Conidiation in response to light by T. hamatum and T. virens was absent in all nitrogen experiments, regardless of the nitrogen source and buffering capacity, whereas both isolates conidiated in response to light on PDA. These results imply that either both sources of nitrogen are required for photoconidiation, or a factor essential for conidiation in these two isolates was absent in the minimal medium. Mycelial injury was also investigated in five biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma. On PDA, all isolates except T. hamatum conidiated in response to injury. On nitrogen amended MM, conidiation in response to injury was again observed in all isolates except for T. hamatum. In T. atroviride, injury-induced conidiation was observed on all medium combinations except the pH-buffered MM amended with glutamine or urea and T. virens conidiated in response to injury on primary nitrogen only, regardless of the buffering capacity. These results have revealed conidiation in response to injury to be differentially regulated between isolates/species of Trichoderma. On unbuffered MM amended with glutamine or urea, conidiation in response to injury occurred at the colony perimeter only in T. atroviride. It was hypothesised that the restriction of conidiation to the perimeter may be due to changes in the pH of the agar. The experiment was repeated and the pH values of the agar under the growing colony measured at the time of light induction (48 h) or injury (72 h). The areas under the hyphal fronts were acidified to below the starting value of the medium (pH 5.4) and the centres of the plates were alkalinised. The region of acidification at the time of stimuli correlated with the production of conidia, which implicates a role for crossregulation of conidiation by the ambient pH. The influence of the ambient pH on injury-induced conidiation was investigated in T. hamatum and T. atroviride on MM amended with glutamine and PDA, pH-buffered from pH 2.8 to 5.6. Thickening of the hyphae around the injury site was observed at the lowest pH values on MM in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum, however no conidia were produced, whereas both Trichoderma species conidiated on pH-buffered PDA in a strictly low pH-dependent fashion. This is the first observation of injury-induced conidiation in T. hamatum. The influence of the ambient pH on photoconidiation was assessed in T. hamatum, T. atroviride and T. harzianum using both buffered and unbuffered PDA from pH 2.8 to 5.2. On buffered PDA, no conidiation in response to light was observed above pH 3.2 in T. hamatum, above 4.0 in T. atroviride and above 4.4 in T. harzianum, whereas on unbuffered PDA it occurred at all pH values tested. It was postulated that conidiation at pH values above 4.4 on unbuffered PDA was due to acidification of the agar. The pH values of the agar under the growing colony were measured at the time of light exposure and in contrast to the MM with glutamine experiments, alkalisation of the agar had occurred in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum. No change in medium pH was recorded under the growing T. harzianum colony. These results indicate that low pH-dependence of photoconidiation is directly related to the buffering capacity of the medium. Recent studies have linked regulation of conidiation in T. harzianum to Pac1, the PacC orthologue. In fungi, PacC regulates gene expression in response to the ambient pH. In these studies pH-dependent photoconidiation occurred only on buffered PDA and on unbuffered PDA conidiation occurred at significantly higher ambient pH levels. It is proposed that the influence of ambient pH on conidiation in the isolates used in this study is not due to direct Pac1 regulation. The T. harzianum isolate used in this study produced profuse amounts of the yellow anthraquinone pachybasin. Production of this secondary metabolite was strictly pH-dependent, irrespective of the buffering capacity of the medium. Studies in T. harzianum have linked Pac1 regulation to production of an antifungal α-pyrone. pH-dependence on both buffered and unbuffered media strongly suggests that pachybasin production may also be under the control of Pac1. Photoconidiation studies on broth-soaked filter paper, revealed rhythmic conidiation in the pachybasin producing T. harzianum isolate. Diffuse rings of conidia were produced in dark-grown cultures and, in cultures exposed to light for 15 min at 48 h, the rings were clearly defined. These results show that conidiation is under the control of an endogenous rhythm in T. harzianum and represent the first report of circadian conidiation in a wild-type Trichoderma. A Free-Running Rhythm (FRR) assay was used to investigate rhythmic gene expression in T. atroviride IMI206040 and a mutant derivative, in which the wc-2 orthologue, blr-2, was disrupted. Over a 3 d period, expression of gpd, which encodes the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, oscillated with a period of about 48 h. In the Δblr-2 mutant, the gpd rhythm was absent. These results revealed that in T. atroviride, gpd expression is under the control of an endogenous clock and that clock-regulated expression of gpd is associated with a functional BLR complex. Using degenerate primers, a portion of frq, which encodes the N. crassa clock oscillator FREQUENCY, was isolated from T. atroviride and used to probe the FRR assay northern blots. No frq expression was detected at any time point, which suggests that the circadian clock in Trichoderma does not involve FREQUENCY. In a concurrent study, orthologues of rco-1 (rcoT) were isolated and sequenced from T. atroviride and T. hamatum using a combination of degenerate, inverse and specific PCR. RcoT is an orthologue of the yeast global co-repressor Tup1 and in the filamentous fungi, RcoT orthologues have been demonstrated to negatively regulate conidiation. Genomic analysis of all available rcoT orthologues revealed the conservation of erg3, a major ergosterol biosynthesis gene, upstream from rcoT in ascomycetous filamentous fungi, but not in the ascomycetous yeast or in the basidiomycetes. These studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the regulatory factors controlling conidiation in Trichoderma and have multiple implications for Trichoderma biocontrol; most notable the promotion of conidiation by primary nitrogen and low pH. Incubation conditions can be altered to suit the nitrogen and pH preferences of a biocontrol strain in order to promote cost effective conidial production, however this is not easily achieved in the soil, where the biocontrol strain must perform in a highly buffered environment optimised for plant growth. Successful use of Trichoderma biocontrol strains may involve the screening and targeting of strains to the appropriate pH conditions or the selection of new strains on the basis of capacity to perform under a given range of conditions.