BMPRII, a BMP type II receptor, plays an important role in regulating diverse biological events. BMPRII contains a long carboxyl tail domain, which is highly conserved among vertebrate species. The tail domain has been shown to regulate cytoskeleton remodeling, whereas the function in regulating canonical BMP signalling is not well studied. Here, I show that the BMPRII tail domain reduces the magnitude of BMP7-induced pSmad1 activation in the early stage, which also changes the magnitude of BMP target gene expression. Furthermore, my data also suggest that the BMPRII tail not only modulates BMP7-induced Smad1 carboxyl terminal phosphorylation, but also inhibits endogenous BMP signalling under overexpression conditions. Finally, BMP7 promotes Neuro2a neurite extension and I demonstrate that knockdown of BMPRII affects BMP7 induced neurite outgrowth. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that the BMPRII tail may play a role in regulating responsiveness to BMP7, and thereby modulates BMP7 dependent neurite extension in neuronal cells.

BMPRII, a BMP type II receptor, plays an important role in regulating diverse biological events. BMPRII contains a long carboxyl tail domain, which is highly conserved among vertebrate species. The tail domain has been shown to regulate cytoskeleton remodeling, whereas the function in regulating canonical BMP signalling is not well studied. Here, I show that the BMPRII tail domain reduces the magnitude of BMP7-induced pSmad1 activation in the early stage, which also changes the magnitude of BMP target gene expression. Furthermore, my data also suggest that the BMPRII tail not only modulates BMP7-induced Smad1 carboxyl terminal phosphorylation, but also inhibits endogenous BMP signalling under overexpression conditions. Finally, BMP7 promotes Neuro2a neurite extension and I demonstrate that knockdown of BMPRII affects BMP7 induced neurite outgrowth. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that the BMPRII tail may play a role in regulating responsiveness to BMP7, and thereby modulates BMP7 dependent neurite extension in neuronal cells.

Yes / Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiovascular disorder characterised by the remodelling of pre-capillary pulmonary arteries. The vascular remodelling observed in PAH patients results from excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (PAECs). We have previously demonstrated that mutations in the type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMPRII) underlie the majority of the familial and inherited forms of the disease. We have further demonstrated that BMPRII deficiency promotes excessive proliferation and attenuates apoptosis in PASMCs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The major objective of this study is to investigate how BMPRII deficiency impairs apoptosis in PAH. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we demonstrate that deficiency in the expression of BMPRII impairs apoptosis by modulating the alternative splicing of the apoptotic regulator, Bcl-x (B-cell lymphoma X) transcripts: a finding observed in circulating leukocytes and lungs of PAH subjects, hypoxia-induced PAH rat lungs as well as in PASMCs and PAECs. BMPRII deficiency elicits cell specific effects: promoting the expression of Bcl-xL transcripts in PASMCs whilst inhibiting it in ECs, thus exerting differential apoptotic effects in these cells. The pro-survival effect of BMPRII receptor is mediated through the activin receptor like kinase 1 (ALK1) but not the ALK3 receptor. Finally, we show that BMPRII interacts with the ALK1 receptor and pathogenic mutations in the BMPR2 gene abolish this interaction. Taken together, dysfunctional BMPRII responsiveness impairs apoptosis via the BMPRII-ALK1-Bcl-xL pathway in PAH. We suggest Bcl-xL as a potential biomarker and druggable target. / This work was supported by a fellowship (awarded to MTN) from the Department of Health via the NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London, Heptagon Life Science Proof of Concept Fund (grant KCL24 to MTN), the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation (grant B70 to MTN), the Royal Society (grant 43049 to MTN), the Medical Research Council (grant G900865 to RCT, MTN and NWM) and the University of Bradford (grants 003200, 66006/001NAS and DH005 to MTN). NS and MYB were supported by scholarships from the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission, UK and Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), respectively.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, occurring preferentially in arterial regions with disturbed flow. We have shown that disturbed flow induces inflammation in endothelial cells (ECs) by producing bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP4). Moreover, chronic BMP4 infusion induces endothelial dysfunction and systemic hypertension in mice. Here, we examined which BMP receptors (BMPR) mediate BMP4 action in ECs. Western blot, immunostaining and RT-PCR studies using human and bovine ECs, mouse aortas and human coronary arteries (HCA) showed that BMPRI (ALK2 and 6) and BMP-RII were expressed in ECs. As a functional test, ECs were treated with a BMPRII siRNA to knockdown expression. BMPRII knockdown blocked a well-known BMP4 response - smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, as expected. Unexpectedly, BMPRII knockdown itself significantly stimulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion in a BMP4-independent manner. Inflammatory responses caused by BMPRII knockdown were blocked by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and NFκ B. From these results, we hypothesized that BMP-RII knockdown in ECs would cause inflammation, which is a critical event in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Genetic mutations of BMPRII have been linked to primary pulmonary hypertension. However, it is not known whether BMP-RII is regulated by atherosclerotic conditions and plays a role in non-pulmonary vessels causing inflammation and atherosclerosis. We examined BMPRII levels in HCA by immunostaining. While non-diseased arteries showed intense staining of BMPRII, the expression decreased as lesions became more advanced. BMPRII was virtually undetectable in the most advanced lesions. These findings suggested a potential link between pro-atherosclerotic conditions and BMP-RII levels. We tested this hypothesis by treating ECs with pro-inflammatory cytokines found in atheromas: TNFα decreased BMPRII by 2-fold. In contrast, statins increased BMPRII by 4-fold. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that BMPRII can be down- or up-regulated by pro- or anti-atherogenic conditions, respectively, and it is dramatically decreased in HCA with advanced plaques. Moreover, BMPRII knockdown in ECs induces inflammation, a critical atherogenic step. We propose that focal inflammation initiated by disturbed flow, together with circulating pro-atherogenic risk factors, may lead to a vicious cycle of BMPRII down-regulation causing secondary inflammation and atheroma progression.

La progression du cancer colorectal procède selon une série de transitions, de la crypte épithéliale normale vers l'adénome conduisant au carcinome primaire in situ et aux métastases généralement localisées au niveau du foie. Ces événements séquentiels sont orchestrés par un ensemble d'altérations géniques et moléculaires (syndromes familiaux HNPCC, FAP et cancers sporadiques CIN-LOH et MSI) qui se traduisent de manière générale par l'activation constitutive de (proto)oncogènes ou par la perte de gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs ou de métastases. Si les récepteurs du TGF-β et leurs réseaux de signalisation associés ont été tout particulièrement incriminés quant à leur rôle péjoratif pendant les phases tardives de la progression des tumeurs solides et des cancers du côlon chez l'homme, les informations concernant le rôle des cytokines BMP apparentées au TGF-β dans ce domaine ne sont que très fragmentaires. Quand ce projet a été initié, une étude attribuait à BMP-7 un rôle anti-inflammatoire dans l'intestin chez le rat, suggérant ainsi que cette cytokine pouvait exercer un rôle direct et bénéfique sur la muqueuse digestive et les cellules épithéliales intestinales en particulier. Les BMP agissent par l'intermédiaire de leurs récepteurs de type II (BMPRII, ActRII, ActRIIB) , de type I (ALK-2, ALK-3, ALK-6), et des protéines SMADs (SMAD1, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMAD8). Cependant, 50% des cancers du côlon métastatiques présentent une forme mutée de SMAD4. Des mutations germinales dans le gène codant le récepteur ALK-3 sont observées chez 38% des patients atteints de polypose juvénile (JPS). Enfin, 83% des cancers colorectaux présentant une instabilité des séquences microsatellites (MSI) montrent une mutation dans le gène codant le récepteur de l'activine ActR-II. Dans ce contexte, mon projet de thèse a été centré sur l'expression et le rôle de BMP-7 sur la progression des cellules cancéreuses colorectales humaines et dans les tumeurs associées. Nous avons démontré par RT-PCR, immunohistochimie, et en ELISA que BMP-7 et ses récepteurs sont présents dans des cryptes coliques histologiquement normales, les foci de cryptes aberrantes dans la sigmoïdite, les tumeurs colorectales humaines et plusieurs lignées de cellules cancéreuses coliques. Nous avons aussi démontré que BMP-7 est un facteur de dissémination inducteur du " scattering " et de l'invasion cellulaire dans le collagène de type I. Le pouvoir invasif de BMP-7 est indépendant de SMAD4 et de l'oncogène src, mais associé à l'activation différentielle et cyclique des GTPases (Rac1 et RhoA), de la tyrosine kinase FAK (phosphorylation de la tyr925 impliquée dans la signalisation invasive et l'angiogenèse), et des MAPK /SAPK (JNK et ERK1/2). L'ensemble de ces travaux suggère que BMP-7 se comporte comme un facteur de dissémination proinvasif, agissant par un mécanisme autocrine et paracrine au niveau des cellules cancéreuses du côlon et du stroma tumoral. Cette cytokine exerce donc des actions divergentes sur la progression des tumeurs coliques humaines, en s'opposant aux processus inflammatoires transitoires (rôle bénéfique), mais en favorisant la néoplasie lors des étapes plus tardives associées à l'acquisition du pouvoir invasif à la transition adénome- carcinome pendant la cancérogenèse (rôle péjoratif). Parallèlement, dans cette thèse, nous avons démontré que l'intégrine α1 fait partie de l'échafaudage moléculaire impliqué dans l'invasion cellulaire dépendant de l'oncogène src. D'une autre part, nous démontrons que le VEGF est un inducteur autocrine de l'invasion cellulaire par les cellules cancéreuses du côlon. Selon ce modèle, le VEGF sécrété par les cellules tumorales au sein de la tumeur primaire agit à la fois sur les cellules cancéreuses et les cellules endothéliales en induisant des signaux de survie, de prolifération et d'invasion nécessaires à la croissance des tumeurs primaires et à la génération des métastases.