waqf administration

Genom åren har ett flertal bolag världen över involverats i olika slags skandaler, en del som rena brott och andra som skylls på misstag eller olyckshändelser. Några av det större slaget är t.ex. BP-skandalen där miljontals fat med olja läckte ut i mexikanska golfen, detta skylldes på en olyckshändelse. Andra exempel är Enron som gjorde ett rent bedrägeri i form av bokföringsbrott eller Stora Enso som sysslade med barnarbete i utvecklingsländer, vilket blossade upp som en skandal i form av bolagsetiska värderingar. Den senaste och också en av de mest allvarligaste i historien skedde nyligen under hösten 2015. Det var då som Volkswagenkoncernen ertappades med sitt utsläppsskandalsfusk som kommit att kallas ”Dieselgate-skandalen”. Där såg den amerikanska miljömyndigheten att VW hade en mjukvara som lurade testsystem vad gäller utsläpp, bilarna från denna koncern har alltså under perioden som miljökravet Euro 5 gällde, släppt ut betydligt högre utsläppsvärden än angivet och tillåtet. Vi tittar i denna uppsats på orsaker och förutsättningar för att ett sådant fusk skall uppkomma och dess påverkan, det påverkar inte alltid negativt med skandaler vilket vi kommer att gå igenom. Det kan också vara positivt för ett bolag då omstruktureringar ofta görs, även budgetar styrs om och kan driva utveckling framåt. / Through the years, a number of companies worldwide have been involved in various of scandals, some as pure crime and other have blamed on mistakes or accidents. Some of the larger scandals are the BP scandal where millions of barrels of oil leaked out into the Gulf of Mexico, this was blamed on an accident. Another example is Enron, which made a dishonest accounting. Stora Enso dealt with child labor in some developing countries, which flared up as a scandal in the form of corporate ethical values. The latest and also one of the most serious scandal in the history took place recently in the autumn of 2015. It was when the Volkswagen group was caught with its emission cheating scandal that came to be known as the "diesel gate” -scandal. This was seen by the US Environmental Protection Agency that VW had software that fooled the test system in terms of emissions, the cars from this concern has under the environmentally period of Euro 5, had a significantly higher values ​​of exhaust gases than specified and permitted. In this essay we study the causes and conditions for why such a cheating occurs and its impacts. It might not always affect a company negative when they are involved in a scandal, which we will go through. It can also be positive for a corporation when the restructuring is done, also the budgets are often redesigned and can speed up the development into new sectors.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid polypeptide that exerts its biological action through Gi/Go-protein coupled receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been demonstrated to have potent depressor effect in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of rats, and activation of both NPY Y1 and Y2 receptors would phosphorylate ERK in CHO K1 cell. Brain stem nuclei such as nucleus of tractus solitari (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are innervated by neurons capable of synthesizing nitric oxide (NO), and inhibition of NO synthesis in these areas cause sustained hypertension and decrease baroreceptor sensitivity. Our previous studies already suggested that NO produced in the braistem nuclei play an important role in cardiovascular regulation. It was shown that NPY induces vasodilation of human subcutaneous arteries by a NO dependent pathway. In the present study, we investigated the molecular signaling mechanisms involved in NPY-induced cardiovascular modulation in NTS. Unilateral microinjection of NPY into the NTS of WKY rats produced prominent depressor and bradycardic effects. Pretreatment with a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y1 (NPY1) receptor antagonist BIBP3226; Gi/Go-protein inhibitor Pertussis toxin, MEK inhibitor PD98059, significant attenuated the cardiovascular response evoked by NPY. Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies showed NPY and NPY Y1 agonist [Leu31 Pro34] NPY increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and PD98059, BIBP3226 attenuated the NPY-induced phosphorylation significantly. Non-selcetive NOS inhibitor L-NAME and eNOS preferential inhibitor L-NIO significantly attenuated the cardiovascular response evoked by NPY, however nNOS preferential inhibitor 7-NI and nNOS specific inhibitor Vinyl-L-NIO did not cause any changes. Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies showed NPY increased eNOS phosphorylation, but not nNOS. Our results showed that NPY induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation through NPY Y1 receptor, and its downstream eNOS-NO pathway involved in NPY mediated cardiovascular effects.

Akademisk avhandling--Uppsala. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Bibliography: p. [xi]-xxiii.

It has become almost impossible to engage in any useful discussion on global peace or violence without considering the activities of Islamist groups. Some of these groups use religious radicalization as a tool to promote extremism among Muslims across the world. It has been argued that Muslims will reject violence if they are made aware of peace lessons inherent in the Islamic primary sources and recurrent rituals. In view of the above, the study set out to examine peacebuilding avenues and values in Islam as a religious tradition; and to explore how Islamic recurrent rituals such as Hajj can be used to promote peacebuilding among Muslims, particularly in Ghana. Consequently, the study utilized participant observation, closed-ended survey questionnaire, and semi-structured interview as the main research methodological techniques to collect data. One of the key findings of the study is that Islam is replete with peacebuilding values such as forgiveness, reconciliation, compassion, justice, and tolerance among others. The study recommends among other things that with the existing fragile peace in Ghana, Muslim and non-Muslim religious bodies should engage in collaborative social projects which can create positive interaction amongst them.

The purpose of the present study is to assess the contribution of the renowned Mamluk-period scholar Shams al-Dīn Muhammad b. Abū Bakr, known as Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah (d. 751/1350) in the maghāzī and sīrah genres, by investigating and examining the features of his approach in critiquing and evaluating the authenticity of maghāzī narratives in his sīrah collection, Zād al-Maʿād fī Hadī Khayr al-ʿIbād, and to reveal the main methods that he utilised in critiquing the isnāds and the matns of these narratives. This thesis also provides a comprehensive overview of the maghāzī genre and highlights the main theories that have been put forward in both Western and Muslim scholarship, to explain its nature, emergence, development and position among other Islamic genres. This thesis includes an introduction, five main chapters and a conclusion. The first includes the introduction where the rational, objectives, research questions and the methodology of the present research are discussed; the second outlines Ibn al-Qayyim's life and age; the third explores maghāzī literature and the work of Ibn al-Qayyim within this genre; the fourth provides an analytical survey of the main resources on which Ibn al-Qayyim built his maghāzī work; the fifth investigates first isnād criticism in the work of both Western and Muslim scholars and then analyses Ibn al-Qayyim's approach with respect to the isnād; the sixth chapter outlines the origin of matn criticism and explores the main methods of content criticism used by Ibn al-Qayyim to evaluate maghāzī narratives; finally comes the conclusion of the whole work which provides the main results of the present research and recommendations. The present thesis suggests that Ibn al-Qayyim's approach combines and intertwines between different methods applied by earlier traditionists, jurists and historians, by which he developed an advanced approach in critiquing and evaluating maghāzī narratives.

This thesis questions what was the religious structure of the region of Najrān was during the period between 525 and 661 CE by examining the factors of forming the religious structure, how each religious community practised its religious life and the influence of Islam on this religious structure. It therefore consists of six chapters, Chapter one contains a discussion on primary and secondary sources relevant to the research questions. In Chapter two, the background on Najrān is given, in terms of its geography, demography, economy and political history prior to the period under research. The following three chapters after that investigate the religious aspects of polytheism, Judaism and Christianity in terms of origins, types of worship, rituals of worship and theological beliefs. The discussions also shed light on their religious leaders, places of worship and doctrinal sects. In Chapter six, the study debates how Islam influenced the religious structure of Najrān, by tracing its arrival and the policy of Muslim authorities to spread Islam among the Najrānite people. The thesis discusses the main features of the policy of the Muslim authority towards non-Muslims in terms of religion, security, economy and citizenship. It finally evaluates the impact of this policy on the lives of non-Muslim Najrānites. The thesis concludes that Najrān seems to represent a multi-religious society during the period under research. It points out that geographical, economic and political factors contributed towards making it. The thesis also deduces that each religious community established its identity which developed over the course of time to include places of worship, clergy, types of deity, doctrines, theological beliefs and rituals of worship, and that the domination of Islam clearly made the most important change in this multi-religious society by making Muslims the majority in the region.

This study analyses interpretations of Hadiths among selected feminists and fundamentalists, in which they have different views on the meaning of the texts of Hadiths concerning women. The feminists argue that the Hadith literature contain misogynistic and anti-women reports. This debate has gradually developed in the nineteenth century and the issues continuously disputed until the present day. However, the debate receives different reactions from the fundamentalists who believe that Hadiths contain equal treatment to both men and women. Therefore, the present study seeks firstly to investigate which Hadiths that have caught the attention of both feminists and fundamentalists, and to identify the features of those Hadiths that have been claimed as anti-women. Secondly, to examine and compare various approaches applied by both feminists and fundamentalists in comprehending Hadiths concerning women by examining their strength and weakness. Finally, this study aims to develop a means of utilising the findings to tum the debates between feminists and fundamentalists into something constructive in the interpretation of Hadith. The study is qualitative in nature, by applying textual analysis on literary works written by selected women figures from the feminists and fundamentalists. The study in its findings argues that both feminists and fundamentalist have their own interpretative approach towards the Hadith, but both have similar objective in protecting women's rights. It recommends that future research on the Hadiths concerning women inquire further into said problems and limitations, in order to produce fair and better understanding of the Prophetic texts that can contribute to the contemporary gender discourse.

Ahmad ibn Taymiyya (d.1328), is one of the most quoted medieval scholars by contemporary jihadists from the 1980s to the present time. Jihadists from ʿAbd Salām Faraj (d. 1981) to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) cite Ibn Taymiyya frequently in justifying their doctrines. These doctrines include excommunicating contemporary Muslim rulers and their allies and calling for jihad against them, classifying the Muslim countries as a domain of war and obligating emigration from them, suicide attacks in the name of jihad, and others. This thesis studies the relationship between Ibn Taymiyya’s concept of jihad and how it is appropriated by the contemporary jihadists. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part one studies selected works of Ibn Taymiyya on jihad to outline his concept of jihad while part two studies selected works of the contemporary jihadists to outline how Ibn Taymiyya’s concept of jihad is appropriated by them. The thesis argues that while some contemporary jihadi doctrines could be justified from Ibn Taymiyya’s concept of jihad, most of the doctrines cannot be justified from Ibn Taymiyya if his works on jihad are approached holistically. The thesis identifies the jihadi doctrines that can be justified from Ibn Taymiyya and those that cannot be. The thesis also identifies some sources that the jihadists use besides Ibn Taymiyya in justifying their doctrines.

This study begins with the enumeration of the opinions of various critics which attest the presence of an element of humour in Fray Antonio de Guevara's writings. However, we wish to point out that neither the existence of this aspect nor its importance has been sufficiently taken into account. First of all it is necessary to define humour and establish when it first appeared in literature. We see then that Fray Antonio de Guevara's works have certain definite characteristics by which he may be considered to be a humorist. A detailed examination of the subject matter and language of Guevara's writings reveals the nature of his humour. His wit is best shown in his book: Libro que trata de los inventores del arte de navegar y de los trabajos de la galera - written with the express purpose of being a completely humorous book. However, in all of Guevara's works, without exception, we can find examples of the comic. The writer not only avails himself of topics which lead to the artistic creation of humour, but also heightens it through his skillful use of rhetorical devices. Indeed, his humour depends more on his language than on the ideas themselves. In order to illustrate his ideas and tongue-in-cheek (pseudo) moralizing, the bishop of Mondoñedo displays a fanciful acquaintance with the classics. In doing so he follows the Renaissance vogue for admiring the Ancients. In most cases, this feigned erudition serves only to situate his tales. If we observe his fictitious stories together with his pseudo-erudition and his deliberate humorous effects, we have proof that Guevara's writings are inspired and original. From his pen come literary creations, which, because of their construction, the psychological observation of the characters, and setting (ambientación) are close to those of a modern novelist. Besides Guevara's being the first to introduce humour in artistic prose, we suggest that he may be considered as having inspired the later literary forms known as the essay and the novel. / Arts, Faculty of / Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of / Graduate