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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Smart low power obstacle avoidance device

Unknown Date (has links)
Several technologies are being made available for the blind and the visually impaired with the use of infrared and sonar sensors, Radio Frequency Identification, GPS, Wi-Fi among others. Current technologies utilizing microprocessors increase the device's power consumption. In this project, a Verilog Hardware Language (VHDL) designed handheld device that autonomously guides a visually impaired user through an obstacle free path is proposed. The goal is to minimize power consumption by not using the usual microcontroller and replacing it with components that can increase its speed. Utilizing six infrared sensors, the handheld device is modeled after current technologies which use IR and sonar sensors which are reviewed in this project. By using behavioral modeling, an algorithm for obstacle avoidance and the generation of the obstacle free path is reduced using a K-map and implemented using a multiplexer. / by Ernesto Cividanes. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.
32

Extração de características para a classificação de imagética motora em interfaces cérebro-computador / Feature extraction for motor imagery classification in brain-computer interfaces

Vaz, Yule 16 June 2016 (has links)
As Interfaces Cérebro-Computador (do inglês Brain-Computer Interfaces BCI) são sistemas que visam permitir a interação entre usuários e máquinas por meio do monitoramento das atividades cerebrais. Sistemas de BCI são considerados como uma alternativa para que pessoas com perda severa ou total do controle motor, tais como as que sofrem de Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica, possam contar com algum controle sobre o ambiente externo. Para mapear intenções individuais em operações de máquina, os sistemas de BCI empregam um conjunto de etapas que envolvem a captura e pré-processamento dos sinais cerebrais, a extração e seleção de suas características mais relevantes e a classificação das intenções. O projeto e a implementação de sistemas de BCI viáveis ainda são questões em aberto devido aos grandes desafios encontrados em cada uma de suas etapas. Esta lacuna motivou este trabalho de mestrado o qual apresenta uma avaliação dos principais extratores de características utilizados para classificar ensaios de imagética motora, cujos dados foram obtidos por meio de eletroencefalografia (EEG) e apresentam influências de artefatos, mais precisamente daqueles produzidos por interferências provenientes de atividades oculares (monitoradas por eletrooculografia EOG). Foram considerados sinais coletados pela BCI Competition IV-2b, os quais contêm informações sobre três canais de EEG e três outros de EOG. Como primeira etapa, foi realizado o pré-processamento desses canais utilizando a técnica de Análise de Componentes Independentes (ICA) em conjunto com um limiar de correlação para a remoção de componentes associados a artefatos oculares. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas diferentes abordagens para a extração de características, a mencionar: i) Árvore Diádica de Bandas de Frequências (ADBF); ii) Padrões Espaciais Comuns (CSP); iii) Padrões Espectro-Espaciais Comuns (CSSP); iv) Padrões Esparsos Espectro-Espaciais Comuns (CSSSP); v) CSP com banco de filtros (FBCSP); vi) CSSP com banco de filtros (FBCSSP); e, finalmente, vii) CSSSP com banco de filtros (FBCSSSP). Contudo, como essas técnicas podem produzir espaços de exemplos com alta dimensionalidade, considerou-se, também, a técnica de Seleção de Características baseada em Informação Mútua (MIFS) para escolher os atributos mais relevantes para o conjunto de dados adotado na etapa de classificação. Finalmente, as Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte (SVM) foram utilizadas para a classificação das intenções de usuários. Experimentos permitem concluir que os resultados do CSSSP e FBCSSSP são equiparáveis àqueles produzidos pelo estado da arte, considerando o teste de significância estatística de Wilcoxon bilateral com confiança de 0, 95. Apesar disso o CSSSP tem sido negligenciado pela área devido ao fato de sua parametrização ser considerada complexa, algo que foi automatizado neste trabalho. Essa automatização reduziu custos computacionais envolvidos na adaptação das abordagens para indivíduos específicos. Ademais, conclui-se que os extratores de características FBCSP, CSSP, CSSSP, FBCSSP e FBCSSSP não necessitam da etapa de remoção de artefatos oculares, pois efetuam filtragens por meio de modelos autoregressivos. / Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) employ brain imaging to enable human-machine interaction without physical control. BCIs are an alternative so that people suffering from severe or complete loss of motor control, like those with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), may have some interaction with the external environment. To transform individual intentions onto machine operations, BCIs rely on a series of steps that include brain signal acquisition and preprocessing, feature extraction, selection and classification. A viable BCI implementation is still an open question due to the great challenges involved in each one of these steps. This gap motivated this work, which presents an evaluation of themain feature extractors used to classify Motor Imagery trials, whose data were obtained through Electroencephalography (EEG) influenced by ocular activity, monitored by Electrooculography (EOG). In this sense, signals acquired by BCI Competition IV-2b, were considered. As first step the preprocessing was performed through Independent Component Analysis (ICA) together with a correlation threshold to identify components associated with ocular artifacts. Afterwards, different feature extraction approaches were evaluated: i) Frequency Subband Dyadic Three; ii) Common Spatial Patterns (CSP); iii) Common Spectral-Spatial Patterns (CSSP); iv) Common Sparse Spectral-Spatial Patterns (CSSSP); v) Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns (FBCSP); vi) Filter Bank Common Sectral-Spatial Patterns (FBCSSP); and, finally, vii) Filter Bank Sparse Spectral- Spatial Patterns (FBCSSSP). These techniques tend to produce high-dimensional spaces, so a Mutual Information-based Feature Selection was considered to select signal attributes. Finally, Support Vector Machines were trained to tackle the Motor Imagery classification. Experimental results allow to conclude that CSSSP and FBCSSSP are statistically equivalent the state of the art, when two-sided Wilcoxon test with 0, 95 confidence is considered. Nevertheless, CSSSP has been neglected by this area due to its complex parametrization, which is addressed in this work using an automatic approach. This automation reduced computational costs involved in adapting the BCI system to specific individuals. In addition, the FBCSP, CSSP, CSSSP, FBCSSP and FBCSSSP confirm to be robust to artifacts as they implicitly filter the signals through autoregressive models.
33

Conjuntos K de redes neurais e sua aplicação na classificação de imagética motora / K-sets of neural networks and its application on motor imagery classification

Piazentin, Denis Renato de Moraes 13 October 2014 (has links)
Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo analisar os conjuntos-K, uma hierarquia de redes neurais biologicamente mais plausíveis, e aplicá-los ao problema de classificação de imagética motora através do eletroencefalograma (EEG). A imagética motora consiste no ato de processar um movimento motor da memória humana de longo tempo para a memória de curto prazo. A imagética motora deixa um rastro no sinal do EEG que torna possível a identificação e classificação dos diferentes movimentos motores. A tarefa de classificação de imagética motora através do EEG é reconhecida como complexa devido à não linearidade e quantidade de ruído da série temporal do EEG e da pequena quantidade de dados disponíveis para aprendizagem. Os conjuntos-K são um modelo conexionista que simula o comportamento dinâmico e caótico de populações de neurônios do cérebro e foram modelados com base em observações do sistema olfatório feitas por Walter Freeman. Os conjuntos-K já foram aplicados em diversos domínios de classificação diferentes, incluindo EEG, tendo demonstrado bons resultados. Devido às características da classificação de imagética motora, levantou-se a hipótese de que a aplicação dos conjuntos-K na tarefa pudesse prover bons resultados. Um simulador para os conjuntos-K foi construído para a realização dos experimentos. Não foi possível validar a hipótese levantada no trabalho, dado que os resultados dos experimentos realizados com conjuntos-K e imagética motora não apresentaram melhorias significativas para a tarefa nas comparações realizadas. / This dissertation aims to examine the K-sets, a hierarchy of biologically plausible neural networks, and apply them to the problem of motor imagery classification through electroencephalogram (EEG). Motor imagery is the act of processing a motor movement from long-term to short-term memory. Motor imagery leaves a trail in the EEG signal, which makes possible the identification and classification of different motor movements. Motor imagery classification is a complex problem due to non-linearity of the EEG time series, low signal-to-noise ratio, and the small amount of data typically available for learning. K-sets are a connectionist model that simulates the dynamic and chaotic behavior of populations of neurons in the brain, modeled based on observations of the olfactory system by Walter Freeman. K-sets have already been used in several different classification domains, including EEG, showing good results. Due to the characteristics of motor imagery classification, a hypothesis that the application of K-sets in the task could provide good results was raised. A simulator for K-sets was created for the experiments. Unfortunately, the hypothesis could not be validated, as the results of the conducted experiments with K-sets and motor imagery showed no significant improvements in comparison in the task performed.
34

New perspectives on learning, inference, and control in brains and machines

Merel, Joshua Scott January 2016 (has links)
The work presented in this thesis provides new perspectives and approaches for problems that arise in the analysis of neural data. Particular emphasis is placed on parameter fitting and automated analysis problems that would arise naturally in closed-loop experiments. Part one focuses on two brain-computer interface problems. First, we provide a framework for understanding co-adaptation, the setting in which decoder updating and user learning occur simultaneously. We also provide a new perspective on intention-based parameter fitting and tools to extend this approach to higher dimensional decoders. Part two focuses on event inference, which refers to the decomposition of observed timeseries data into interpretable events. We present application of event inference methods on voltage-clamp recordings as well as calcium imaging, and describe extensions to allow for combining data across modalities or trials.
35

Estimating the discriminative power of time varying features for EEG BMI

Mappus, Rudolph Louis, IV 16 November 2009 (has links)
In this work, we present a set of methods aimed at improving the discriminative power of time-varying features of signals that contain noise. These methods use properties of noise signals as well as information theoretic techniques to factor types of noise and support signal inference for electroencephalographic (EEG) based brain-machine interfaces (BMI). EEG data were collected over two studies aimed at addressing Psychophysiological issues involving symmetry and mental rotation processing. The Psychophysiological data gathered in the mental rotation study also tested the feasibility of using dissociations of mental rotation tasks correlated with rotation angle in a BMI. We show the feasibility of mental rotation for BMI by showing comparable bitrates and recognition accuracy to state-of-the-art BMIs. The conclusion is that by using the feature selection methods introduced in this work to dissociate mental rotation tasks, we produce bitrates and recognition rates comparable to current BMIs.
36

Extração de características para a classificação de imagética motora em interfaces cérebro-computador / Feature extraction for motor imagery classification in brain-computer interfaces

Yule Vaz 16 June 2016 (has links)
As Interfaces Cérebro-Computador (do inglês Brain-Computer Interfaces BCI) são sistemas que visam permitir a interação entre usuários e máquinas por meio do monitoramento das atividades cerebrais. Sistemas de BCI são considerados como uma alternativa para que pessoas com perda severa ou total do controle motor, tais como as que sofrem de Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica, possam contar com algum controle sobre o ambiente externo. Para mapear intenções individuais em operações de máquina, os sistemas de BCI empregam um conjunto de etapas que envolvem a captura e pré-processamento dos sinais cerebrais, a extração e seleção de suas características mais relevantes e a classificação das intenções. O projeto e a implementação de sistemas de BCI viáveis ainda são questões em aberto devido aos grandes desafios encontrados em cada uma de suas etapas. Esta lacuna motivou este trabalho de mestrado o qual apresenta uma avaliação dos principais extratores de características utilizados para classificar ensaios de imagética motora, cujos dados foram obtidos por meio de eletroencefalografia (EEG) e apresentam influências de artefatos, mais precisamente daqueles produzidos por interferências provenientes de atividades oculares (monitoradas por eletrooculografia EOG). Foram considerados sinais coletados pela BCI Competition IV-2b, os quais contêm informações sobre três canais de EEG e três outros de EOG. Como primeira etapa, foi realizado o pré-processamento desses canais utilizando a técnica de Análise de Componentes Independentes (ICA) em conjunto com um limiar de correlação para a remoção de componentes associados a artefatos oculares. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas diferentes abordagens para a extração de características, a mencionar: i) Árvore Diádica de Bandas de Frequências (ADBF); ii) Padrões Espaciais Comuns (CSP); iii) Padrões Espectro-Espaciais Comuns (CSSP); iv) Padrões Esparsos Espectro-Espaciais Comuns (CSSSP); v) CSP com banco de filtros (FBCSP); vi) CSSP com banco de filtros (FBCSSP); e, finalmente, vii) CSSSP com banco de filtros (FBCSSSP). Contudo, como essas técnicas podem produzir espaços de exemplos com alta dimensionalidade, considerou-se, também, a técnica de Seleção de Características baseada em Informação Mútua (MIFS) para escolher os atributos mais relevantes para o conjunto de dados adotado na etapa de classificação. Finalmente, as Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte (SVM) foram utilizadas para a classificação das intenções de usuários. Experimentos permitem concluir que os resultados do CSSSP e FBCSSSP são equiparáveis àqueles produzidos pelo estado da arte, considerando o teste de significância estatística de Wilcoxon bilateral com confiança de 0, 95. Apesar disso o CSSSP tem sido negligenciado pela área devido ao fato de sua parametrização ser considerada complexa, algo que foi automatizado neste trabalho. Essa automatização reduziu custos computacionais envolvidos na adaptação das abordagens para indivíduos específicos. Ademais, conclui-se que os extratores de características FBCSP, CSSP, CSSSP, FBCSSP e FBCSSSP não necessitam da etapa de remoção de artefatos oculares, pois efetuam filtragens por meio de modelos autoregressivos. / Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) employ brain imaging to enable human-machine interaction without physical control. BCIs are an alternative so that people suffering from severe or complete loss of motor control, like those with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), may have some interaction with the external environment. To transform individual intentions onto machine operations, BCIs rely on a series of steps that include brain signal acquisition and preprocessing, feature extraction, selection and classification. A viable BCI implementation is still an open question due to the great challenges involved in each one of these steps. This gap motivated this work, which presents an evaluation of themain feature extractors used to classify Motor Imagery trials, whose data were obtained through Electroencephalography (EEG) influenced by ocular activity, monitored by Electrooculography (EOG). In this sense, signals acquired by BCI Competition IV-2b, were considered. As first step the preprocessing was performed through Independent Component Analysis (ICA) together with a correlation threshold to identify components associated with ocular artifacts. Afterwards, different feature extraction approaches were evaluated: i) Frequency Subband Dyadic Three; ii) Common Spatial Patterns (CSP); iii) Common Spectral-Spatial Patterns (CSSP); iv) Common Sparse Spectral-Spatial Patterns (CSSSP); v) Filter Bank Common Spatial Patterns (FBCSP); vi) Filter Bank Common Sectral-Spatial Patterns (FBCSSP); and, finally, vii) Filter Bank Sparse Spectral- Spatial Patterns (FBCSSSP). These techniques tend to produce high-dimensional spaces, so a Mutual Information-based Feature Selection was considered to select signal attributes. Finally, Support Vector Machines were trained to tackle the Motor Imagery classification. Experimental results allow to conclude that CSSSP and FBCSSSP are statistically equivalent the state of the art, when two-sided Wilcoxon test with 0, 95 confidence is considered. Nevertheless, CSSSP has been neglected by this area due to its complex parametrization, which is addressed in this work using an automatic approach. This automation reduced computational costs involved in adapting the BCI system to specific individuals. In addition, the FBCSP, CSSP, CSSSP, FBCSSP and FBCSSSP confirm to be robust to artifacts as they implicitly filter the signals through autoregressive models.
37

Conjuntos K de redes neurais e sua aplicação na classificação de imagética motora / K-sets of neural networks and its application on motor imagery classification

Denis Renato de Moraes Piazentin 13 October 2014 (has links)
Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo analisar os conjuntos-K, uma hierarquia de redes neurais biologicamente mais plausíveis, e aplicá-los ao problema de classificação de imagética motora através do eletroencefalograma (EEG). A imagética motora consiste no ato de processar um movimento motor da memória humana de longo tempo para a memória de curto prazo. A imagética motora deixa um rastro no sinal do EEG que torna possível a identificação e classificação dos diferentes movimentos motores. A tarefa de classificação de imagética motora através do EEG é reconhecida como complexa devido à não linearidade e quantidade de ruído da série temporal do EEG e da pequena quantidade de dados disponíveis para aprendizagem. Os conjuntos-K são um modelo conexionista que simula o comportamento dinâmico e caótico de populações de neurônios do cérebro e foram modelados com base em observações do sistema olfatório feitas por Walter Freeman. Os conjuntos-K já foram aplicados em diversos domínios de classificação diferentes, incluindo EEG, tendo demonstrado bons resultados. Devido às características da classificação de imagética motora, levantou-se a hipótese de que a aplicação dos conjuntos-K na tarefa pudesse prover bons resultados. Um simulador para os conjuntos-K foi construído para a realização dos experimentos. Não foi possível validar a hipótese levantada no trabalho, dado que os resultados dos experimentos realizados com conjuntos-K e imagética motora não apresentaram melhorias significativas para a tarefa nas comparações realizadas. / This dissertation aims to examine the K-sets, a hierarchy of biologically plausible neural networks, and apply them to the problem of motor imagery classification through electroencephalogram (EEG). Motor imagery is the act of processing a motor movement from long-term to short-term memory. Motor imagery leaves a trail in the EEG signal, which makes possible the identification and classification of different motor movements. Motor imagery classification is a complex problem due to non-linearity of the EEG time series, low signal-to-noise ratio, and the small amount of data typically available for learning. K-sets are a connectionist model that simulates the dynamic and chaotic behavior of populations of neurons in the brain, modeled based on observations of the olfactory system by Walter Freeman. K-sets have already been used in several different classification domains, including EEG, showing good results. Due to the characteristics of motor imagery classification, a hypothesis that the application of K-sets in the task could provide good results was raised. A simulator for K-sets was created for the experiments. Unfortunately, the hypothesis could not be validated, as the results of the conducted experiments with K-sets and motor imagery showed no significant improvements in comparison in the task performed.
38

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Applications: Privacy Threats and Countermeasures

Bhalotiya, Anuj Arun 05 1900 (has links)
In recent years, brain computer interfaces (BCIs) have gained popularity in non-medical domains such as the gaming, entertainment, personal health, and marketing industries. A growing number of companies offer various inexpensive consumer grade BCIs and some of these companies have recently introduced the concept of BCI "App stores" in order to facilitate the expansion of BCI applications and provide software development kits (SDKs) for other developers to create new applications for their devices. The BCI applications access to users' unique brainwave signals, which consequently allows them to make inferences about users' thoughts and mental processes. Since there are no specific standards that govern the development of BCI applications, its users are at the risk of privacy breaches. In this work, we perform first comprehensive analysis of BCI App stores including software development kits (SDKs), application programming interfaces (APIs), and BCI applications w.r.t privacy issues. The goal is to understand the way brainwave signals are handled by BCI applications and what threats to the privacy of users exist. Our findings show that most applications have unrestricted access to users' brainwave signals and can easily extract private information about their users without them even noticing. We discuss potential privacy threats posed by current practices used in BCI App stores and then describe some countermeasures that could be used to mitigate the privacy threats. Also, develop a prototype which gives the BCI app users a choice to restrict their brain signal dynamically.
39

Towards cognitive brain-computer interfaces : real-time monitoring of visual processing and control using electroencephalography / Vers des interfaces cerveau-machine cognitives : mesure en temps réel de l'activité visuelle et de son contrôle par électroencéphalographie

Gaume, Antoine 10 June 2016 (has links)
Les interfaces cerveau-machine (ICM) ouvrent des voies de communication alternatives entre le cerveau et son environnement. Elles peuvent être utilisées pour supplanter une fonction biologique défaillante ou pour permettre de nouveaux modes d’interaction à l’utilisateur. Les ICM de sortie, dont le fonctionnement se base sur la lecture de données biologiques, nécessitent la mesure de signaux de contrôle stables dans le temps et dans la population. La recherche de tels signaux et leur calibration sont des étapes clefs dans la conception d’une ICM. Cette étude s’intéresse en premier lieu aux ICM utilisant les potentiels évoqués visuels comme signaux de contrôle. Un modèle est proposé pour la prédiction individuelle de ces potentiels en régime permanent, c’est-à-dire lorsqu'ils sont issus d’une stimulation périodique. Ce modèle utilise une sommation linéaire corrigée en amplitude de la réponse à des stimulations visuelles discrètes pour prédire quantitativement la nature et la localisation spatiale de la réponse à des stimulations répétées. Les signaux modélisés sont ensuite utilisés en temps réel comme base de comparaison pour décoder les signaux électroencéphalographiques d’une ICM. Dans une deuxième partie, un paradigme est proposé pour le développement d’ICM cognitives, c’est-à-dire permettant la mesure de fonctions cérébrales de haut niveau. L’originalité du paradigme réside dans la volonté de mesurer la cognition en continu plutôt que son influence sur des événements discrets. Une expérience visant à discriminer différents états d’attention visuelle soutenue est proposée, avec l’ambition d’une mesure en temps réel pour le développement de systèmes de neurofeedback. / Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer alternative communication pathways between the brain and its environment. They can be used to replace a defective biological function or to provide the user with new ways of interaction. Output BCIs, which are based on the reading of biological data, require the measurement of control signals as stable as possible in time and in the population. Identification and calibration of such signals are crucial steps in the conception of a BCI.The first part of this study focuses on BCIs using visual evoked potentials (VEPs) as control signals. A model is proposed to predict steady-state VEPs individually, i.e. to predict the response of a given subject’s brain to periodic visual stimulations. This model uses a linear summation of transient VEPs and an amplitude correction for quantitative prediction of the shape and spatial organization of the brain response to repeated stimulations. The simulated signals are then used as a basis of comparison for real-time decoding of electroencephalographic signals in a BCI.In the second part of this study, a paradigm is proposed for the development of cognitive BCIs, i.e. for the real-time measuring of high-level brain functions. The originality of the paradigm lies in the fact that correlates of cognition are measured continuously, instead of being observed on discrete events. An experiment with the purpose of discriminating between several levels of sustained visual attention is proposed, with the ambition of real-time measurement for the development of neurofeedback systems.
40

The Ethics of Brain-Machine Interfaces

Lynn, Devon J 01 January 2024 (has links) (PDF)
Brain Machine Interfaces (BMI) are a rapidly developing technology that raise unique ethical issues that demand review. They have demonstrated impressive restorative potential, particularly for individuals living with epilepsy, and those who are locked in. Although BMIs have the potential to provide significant benefit to millions of users, further advancement of the technology should proceed cautiously, according to the guidelines outlined in this paper. Failure to adhere to ethical guidelines could lead to severe privacy concerns, and would violate moral principles of beneficence, virtue ethics, care ethics, and utilitarianism. Despite the moral risks, BMIs hold promise for reshaping future healthcare delivery.

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