Hog manure phosphorus (P) can be recovered as struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O). The recovered struvite has slow-release properties and may be used as a P-source for crops. Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness and seedling toxicity of liquid hog manure-recovered struvite for canola (Brassica spp.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). While wheat was non-responsive to P application, canola dry matter yield (DMY) from struvite (1.9 g kg-1) was similar to that from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (1.8 g kg-1) and coated-monoammonium phosphate (CMAP) (1.7 g kg-1). Importantly, when P was seed-placed at the higher rate (15 mg kg-1), canola seedling emergence was significantly greater with struvite (90%) and CMAP (85%) than with MAP (60%). The results demonstrate the potential of struvite as an effective P-source for canola in P-deficient soils, which can be safely applied at higher rates than those currently recommended for seed-placed MAP.

The overall aim of the study was to assess the risk of gene flow from Brassica crops by insectmediated pollen transport. I measured the viability of pollen in Brassica flowers throughout crop development and compared this with the viability of pollen transported by insects inside and outside one early- and one late-season crop. In order to evaluate the relative importance of different species in pollen transport, I measured abundance of flower visitors during crop development, and measured the foraging behaviour of five key pollinator species throughout the growing season, in relation to variation in microclimate, crop phenology and the relative abundance of other pollinator species competing for flower resources. Flower visiting insects of Brassica rapa crops were highly diverse, and their abundance and diversity changed with crop phenology. I found similar abundances at the family level for both crops studied, although capture rates were greater in the early- than in the late-season crop. Across flowering development, the greatest numbers of insects were captured at the peak of flowering for both crops. During the flowering period, Diptera was the most abundant order collected, followed by Hymenoptera. The most abundant family in Hymenoptera was Apidae which tracked crop development in both fields, with greater numbers of insects captured inside than outside the field. Standardized-count pollen loads were smaller in Diptera than in Hymenoptera. Of the five key pollinator species sampled, Lasioglossum sordidum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) transported similar pollen loads, which were much greater than those carried by Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Melangyna novae-zealandiae (Diptera: Syrphidae). The numbers of insects captured outside of the crop were 10% and 33% of the totals captured inside for the early- and the late-season crop, respectively. The proportion of insects entering versus leaving the crop varied considerably across species, crops and trap location (i.e., whether traps were inside or 50 m outside the border of the crop). However, it is worth noting that not uncommonly more insects were attracted into the crop early in the season, staying there rather than leaving, and then when flowers started to disappear there was a massive escape of insects leaving. This research provides evidence for the influence of crop age on the foraging behaviour of key pollinators and for species-specific variation in the foraging behaviour of Brassica visitors with crop development. Temporal variation in the rate and variability of movement between flowers, and the duration and variability in time spent on each flower, throughout the growing season differed markedly between pollinator species. Flower density, plant density, and the abundance of other insects contributed to the observed variation in pollinator behavioural activity for A. mellifera, E. tenax, M. novae-zelandiae and L. sordidum. Bombus terrestris had the greatest rates and variability of movement, and the greatest rates of flower visitation among all key pollinators studied. Therefore B. terrestris might contribute to gene flow to a greater extent than other key pollinators. Additionally B. terrestris had the greatest variability in the rate of movement, increasing the risk of pollen movement over long distances. In summary, I found that (i) insect abundance and diversity changed with crop phenology and Diptera was the most abundant order collected, (ii) flower density, plant density, and the abundance of other insect pollinators were important factors explaining pollinator behaviour for all key pollinators, except B. terrestris, (iii) B. terrestris might contribute to gene flow to a greater extent than other key pollinators, because it has a greater rate of flower visitation and a greater flight distance between flowers than other pollinators, and (iv) pollen viability tended to decrease with crop development and declined sharply even just 50 m outside the edge of the crop.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. / Thesis based on 4 papers, which are included in the volume. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by ALEXSON FILGUEIRAS DUTRA null (alexsonbrejo@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-06T13:54:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Alexson_Filgueiras_Dutra.pdf: 1878635 bytes, checksum: f8d5902f17d40824b2fda4baa95a9ac2 (MD5) / Submitted by ALEXSON FILGUEIRAS DUTRA null (alexsonbrejo@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-11T18:47:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Alexson_Filgueiras_Dutra.pdf: 1878635 bytes, checksum: f8d5902f17d40824b2fda4baa95a9ac2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-13T10:07:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_af_dr_jabo.pdf.pdf: 1878635 bytes, checksum: f8d5902f17d40824b2fda4baa95a9ac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T10:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_af_dr_jabo.pdf.pdf: 1878635 bytes, checksum: f8d5902f17d40824b2fda4baa95a9ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-16 / O selênio (Se) é um elemento essencial para os seres humanos, no entanto, em plantas é considerado benéfico. O Se pode atuar como antioxidante de células vegetais, melhorando o crescimento das plantas. A aplicação de Se em culturas para fins de biofortificação tem sido uma estratégia eficaz para aumentar o fornecimento do elemento na dieta da população. Entretanto, para ter sucesso é fundamental estudar a aplicação de Se, conhecendo a fonte e concentração adequadas, de forma que não prejudique o crescimento, os aspectos nutricionais, bioquímicos e produtivos da planta. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de fontes e concentrações de Se na biofortificação e aspectos nutricionais, fisiológicos e enzimáticos de plantas de couve-flor. O estudo foi realizado em ambiente protegido, com plantas de couve-flor cultivadas em sistema hidropônico, sob concentrações de Se (0, 5, 15, 30 e 60 μmol L-1) nas fontes selenato e selenito de sódio. Os tratamentos foram organizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com quatro repetições. Verificou-se que a aplicação de Se na concentração de 5 μmol L-1 na solução nutritiva promoveu crescimento das plantas e teor do elemento na inflorescência da couve-flor foi superior ao limite considerado adequado pelo Codex Alimentarius. O fornecimento de Se, na fonte selenato, pode ter contribuído para inibir a peroxidação lipídica e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, uma vez que com esse elemento houve melhora na taxa de fotossíntese e na regulação da atividade enzimática das plantas. Em altas concentrações, o Se fornecido principalmente na fonte selenito, afeta negativamente o equilibrio nutricional das plantas e, em consequência, o crescimento, os apectos fisiológicos, enzimáticos e produtivos da couve-flor, depreciando a qualidade do produto.

Submitted by Eliza Barboza (agro_eliza@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-08T14:26:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliza Barboza TESE versão.pdf: 1545927 bytes, checksum: ac8fd976ca18df84595a993ec2a3e701 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-12T16:57:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barboza_e_dr_jabo.pdf: 1545927 bytes, checksum: ac8fd976ca18df84595a993ec2a3e701 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T16:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barboza_e_dr_jabo.pdf: 1545927 bytes, checksum: ac8fd976ca18df84595a993ec2a3e701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar concentrações de selênio (selenato e selenito de sódio) no crescimento, produção e biofortificação de duas cultivares de repolho. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em sistema hidropônico, no período de julho a novembro de 2014, na UNESP, campus Jaboticabal-SP. Os experimentos diferiram conforme a fonte de selênio (Se) utilizada (selenato e selenito de sódio). Em ambos os experimentos, avaliaram-se dois fatores, sendo: duas cultivares de repolho (‘Fênix’ e 'Red Dinasty’) e cinco concentrações de Se (0, 5, 15, 30 e 60 µmol L-1) na solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 2 x 5 e quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram o teor e acúmulo de Se na raiz e cabeça de repolho, área, diâmetro, comprimento e densidade de raiz, produtividade de repolho, massa seca de raiz, caule e cabeça de repolho e o teor e acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre na cabeça de repolho. As fontes selenato e selenito promoveram o crescimento das raízes de repolho devido aos aumentos verificados em área, diâmetro, comprimento e densidade de raiz, em baixas concentrações de Se aplicadas. O aumento da produção de massa seca de raiz provavelmente foi devido o maior crescimento da raiz, que foi influenciado pelo fornecimento de Se. A massa seca do caule foi diferente apenas entre as cultivares de repolho com aplicação de selenato ou selenito. O teor de nitrogênio apresentou diferenças apenas entre as cultivares quando utilizada a fonte selenito. Ambas as fontes de Se também proporcionaram aumentos na absorção de fósforo e enxofre quando baixas concentrações de Se foram fornecidas. Observou-se que a aplicação de até 16,77 e 7,54 µmol L-1 de Se com as fontes selenato e selenito, respectivamente, proporcionaram os maiores incrementos na produtividade do repolho, e mesmo com a redução da produtividade com concentrações acima destas, os valores foram maiores que o tratamento controle. Isso indica que o Se foi benéfico ao repolho, pois não reduziu a sua produção. Verificou-se que a biofortificação foi eficiente para ambas as cultivares de repolho, que absorveram e acumularam Se na cabeça de repolho em função do incremento de Se, tanto com selenato como selenito. / The objective of this research was to evaluate concentrations of selenium (sodium selenate and selenite) in the growth, production and biofortification of two cabbage cultivars. Two experiments were carried out in greenhouse under hydroponic system, from July to November, 2014, at UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP campus. The experiments differed according to the source of selenium (Se) used (sodium selenate and selenite). In both experiments two factors were evaluated: two cabbage cultivars ('Fênix' and 'Red Dinasty') and five concentrations of Se (0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 μmol L-1) in the nutrient solution. The experimental was a randomized block design, with 2 x 5 factorial and four replications. The variables analyzed were the content and accumulation of Se in the root and shoot cabbage, evaluating area, diameter, length, density and dry mass in the root, cabbage yield, stem and cabbage head, and the content accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the cabbage shoot. Selenate and selenite sources promoted the growth of cabbage roots due to increases in area, diameter, length and root density at low concentrations of Se applied. The increase in root dry mass production was probably due to higher root growth, which was influenced by the supply of Se. The dry mass of the stem was different only between the cabbage cultivars with application of selenate or selenite. The nitrogen content presented differences only among the cultivars when the selenite source was used. Both S sources also provided increases in phosphorus and sulfur absorption when low concentrations of if were provided. It was observed that the application of up to 16,77 and 7,54 μmol L-1 of Se with selenate and selenite sources, respectively, provided the greatest increases in cabbage yield, and even with the reduction of productivity with concentrations above these, the values were higher than the control treatment. These indicate that the Se was beneficial to the cabbage, since it did not reduce its production. It was verified that biofortification was efficient for both cabbage cultivars, which absorbed and accumulated Se in the cabbage head as a function of the increase of Se, with both selenate and selenite.

Relationships between two taxonomic kingdoms; plants and herbivorous insects, are hypothesized to be a major zone of interaction for generating current day biodiversity; and coevolutionary processes between these intricately linked organisms are hypothesized to maintain diversity in plant secondary chemistry. These metabolites play a key role in plant defence against herbivory and a high degree of intraspecific variation is observed at multiple ecological scales. However, the nature of selection maintaining variation in plant defence profiles is still a major question in evolutionary biology and ecology, and progress towards a deeper understanding is hampered by a lack of studies that take into account ecological context and the multivariate nature of plant defence phenotypes. In this thesis, I employ sophisticated chemical analysis techniques to identify a suite of glucosinolate secondary chemicals, representing different biosynthetic pathways, in the wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, in natural populations in the UK. I used model-based cluster analysis to explore patterns of association between individual glucosinolates, predicting that as simultaneous resource allocation to multiple defences is likely to be constrained; negative associations between defensive traits should be observed. However, results revealed positive associations between glucosinolates. Therefore co-expression of multiple defences may not be costly for this species. Using this information in conjunction with herbivore surveys and experiments, I show that this mixture has the potential to shape patterns of herbivore abundance and host plant utilization: species-specific responses to variation in glucosinolate phenotypes are discovered at various ecological scales. Thus there is the potential for differential selection on plant chemotypes though species-specific attractions and aversions. By conducting fine scale experiments with herbivore species, I also found that glucosinolate variation has an impact on the counter-adaptations that some brassica specialists have evolved: in order to optimally defend against their own natural enemies, Brevicoryne brassicae aphids sequestering glucosinolates from their host plants must do so selectively, and must choose plants whose chemical profile best matches this behaviour. These findings show that glucosinolate profiles may be under natural selection by herbivores in wild populations, and that reciprocal evolution between these plants and their specialists may continue to promote diversity in secondary metabolites. Together these results highlight the complexity inherent in plant-insect interactions, the importance of field studies and generate a wealth of testable hypotheses for future work.

Submitted by Laís Busca Consoline (lais_consoline@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-04T20:27:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação LAIS BUSCA CONSOLINE.pdf: 2004176 bytes, checksum: b5fba012a386c177b0dc245c206b9c5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-07-05T11:25:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 consoline_lb_me_botfca.pdf: 2004176 bytes, checksum: b5fba012a386c177b0dc245c206b9c5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-05T11:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 consoline_lb_me_botfca.pdf: 2004176 bytes, checksum: b5fba012a386c177b0dc245c206b9c5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho operacional e a viabilidade econômica da operação de transplante de mudas de brócolis semimecanizado e manual em duas velocidades de deslocamento V1 e V2 (0,8 e 1,1 km h-1), comparando dois tipos de preparo de solo, preparo convencional e plantio direto. Foi utilizado para a realização do transplante o conjunto mecanizado composto pelo trator New Holland, modelo TL65® e a transplantadora Fedele Mario®. O delineamento experimental constituiu-se em blocos casualizados com fatorial duplo 3x2, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, constituindo 2 parcelas de preparo de solo, convencional e direto, com três subparcelas, caracterizando os transplantes realizados de forma manual, semimecanizado em V1 e semimecanizado em V2. Foram abordados os seguintes tratamentos: transplante manual em plantio direto, transplante manual em plantio convencional, transplante semimecanizado com velocidade 1 em plantio direto, transplante semimecanizado com velocidade 1 em plantio convencional, transplante semimecanizado com velocidade 2 em plantio direto e transplante semimecanizado com velocidade 2 em plantio convencional. A área de plantio foi previamente semeada com milho (Zea mays) e manejada com triturador de palha para constituir os tratamentos em plantio direto. Para os tratamentos em plantio convencional foi realizada operações com a passagem do rotoencanteirador. As avaliações realizadas foram: desempenho operacional e econômico do transplante nos diferentes sistemas de preparo de solo e ainda a determinação da quantidade mínima de mudas a qual a máquina passa a ser vantajosa, diâmetro e peso de cabeça do brócolis e a produtividade. Os resultados demonstraram que o tipo de plantio, convencional ou direto não interferiu na produtividade do brócolis, assim como o transplante manual ou semimecanizado. Em média o transplante manual apresentou rendimento de 11 bandejas a menos por hora que o transplante semimecanizado na menor velocidade e 24 bandejas a menos na maior velocidade. Houve maior necessidade de repasse de mudas nos tratamentos com plantio direto em relação ao preparo convencional. O tratamento no sistema de plantio direto na maior velocidade de deslocamento apresentou menor custo operacional com R$586,00 por hectare. O número mínimo de mudas para o que o a troca de tecnologia (passar de plantio manual para mecanizado) seja economicamente vantajosa é de 217.080 mudas ao mês. / The operational development and the economic viability of the transplant of broccoli seedling, both semi-mechanized and manual in two dislocation speeds (1stand 2nd gear of the tractor) were evaluated, comparing different kinds of soil preparation, namely conventional and no tillage. The mechanized group composed by both a TL65® New Holland 4x2 tractor with 65 nominal power, and an Italian Fedele Mario MAX® transplanter were used for the transplantation. The experimental design was at random with the 3x2+2 factorial, corresponding to the two dislocation speeds of the transplanter in both soils and also the manual transplant in both soil prepare. The following treatments were examined: manual transplant in no tillage, manual transplant in conventional prepare, semi-mechanized transplant with speed 1 in no tillage, semi-mechanized transplant with speed 1 in conventional prepare, semi-mechanized transplant with speed 2 in no tillage, semi-mechanized transplant with speed 2 in conventional prepare. The planted area was previously sown with corn (Zea mays) and prepared with straw shredder to comprise the treatments in no tillage. Operations with rotoencanteirador were performed for the treatments in conventional prepare. The evaluations were on amount and percentage of straw in the soil, operational and economic development of the transplant in different systems of soil prepares and the determination of the number of seedling from which the machine begins to be advantageous. The agronomic evaluations were on the broccoli head diameter and its productivity. The results showed that conventional or direct tillage did not interfere with broccoli productivity, as did manual or semi-mechanized transplants. On average, the manual transplant presented yield of 11 trays less per hour than the semi-mechanized transplant at the lowest speed and 24 trays at less speed. There was greater need of transfer of seedlings in no-tillage compared to conventional ones. No-tillage at the highest displacement speed had a lower operating cost of R $ 586.00 per hectare. The minimum number of seedlings for which the exchange of technology is economically advantageous is 217,080 seedlings per month.

Current breeding of oilseed rape is focused on breeding of F1 hybrids and the male sterility and self-incompatibility could play the significant role in hybrid breeding programmes. Plant breeders also more widely utilize molecular genetic techniques for selection of desirable plants/genotypes. Molecular methods are faster, more reliable and more specific than conventional ones, which are based mainly on morphological descriptors. The aim of my thesis was to optimize PCR analysis methods and to develop specific molecular markers for target plant selection in oilseed rape hybrid breeding programmes. The new marker for detection of fertility restoration gene (Rf) in CMS Ogu-INRA plants was tested. New primer pair RsPPRF2/RsPPRR2 was designed in the coding region of PPR-B protein, which participates in the restoration of fertility in CMS Ogu-INRA. Also newly designed primers BrSLGIIF/BrSLGIIR were tested in SI plants. The optimal annealing temperaturse of these primers was 58 °C. But amplification in some SC plants was also observed. The optimization of the PCR reaction was performed for all designed primers. The set of F1 SI hybrids created by crossing of two lines with different S II haplotypes was tested by using of the PCR-RFLP technique for detection of polymorphism in amplified fragments.

This thesis is based on the use of ISSR method for studying genetic diversity of oilseed rape. Altogether, 180 genotypes were evaluated. Frozen leaves of oilseed rape from three breeding station called: 1/ breeding station Selgen a.s., 2/ OSEVA PRO s.r.o. and 3/ breeding station Slapy u Tábora were used as imput material. DNA isolation was performed by Williams, who modified CTAB method for oilseed rape. We selected for ISSR 4 UBC which showed high variability and stability. The analysis was performed by gel electrophoresis. This thesis is also focused on comparison of gel electrophoresis and chip electrophoresis. In this thesis We show a matrix of simmilarity between varieties. The results were also provided back to breeders as a basis for further breeding.