The need for anabolic therapies to increase bone formation in difficult orthopaedic circumstances and to treat osteoporosis is an area of intense research focus. There is a current interest in the Wnt signalling pathway as a target for such treatment, with accumulating evidence for a role of this pathway in bone formation. Ectoderm Neural Cortex 1 (ENC1) is a Wnt target gene, not previously studied in bone, which was observed in our laboratory to be up-regulated in an anabolic surgical model of bone formation. The involvement of ENC1 in the differentiation of neuronal and adipocytic cells has previously been reported; therefore, this thesis investigates the expression of ENC1 in cells of the bone and the role of ENC1 during osteoblast differentiation. ENC1 transcript expression was localised to osteoblastic, chondrocytic and osteocytic cells in sections of healing fracture callus and normal mouse bone by in situ hybridisation. The expression of ENC1 was confirmed in differentiating primary osteoblasts and in osteoblastic and osteosarcoma cell lines by quantitative real time PCR and western blotting. ENC1 exists as two protein isoforms of 67 and 57kD in size, which are translated from alternatively spliced ENC1 transcripts. Both isoforms of the protein were detected in differentiating cultures of the pre-osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1. To address the function of ENC1 in osteoblast differentiation, shRNA knockdown of the endogenous transcript was undertaken in MG63 osteosarcoma cells and in the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic differentiation model. Stable expression of shRNA targeted to both ENC1 spliceforms resulted in reduced accumulation of alkaline phosphatase positive nodules and alkaline phosphatase transcripts in MG63 cell culture. This reduction was not seen with targeted knockdown of 67kD ENC1 alone. Stable tetracycline-inducible shRNA knockdown targeted to both 57 and 67kD ENC1 isoforms in MC3T3-E1 cells resulted in a significant reduction of Alizarin Red S stained mineralised nodules. When expression of 67kD ENC1 alone was reduced, however, a significant increase in MC3T3-E1 nodule formation was observed. This knockdown had no effect on the expression of early genes involved in osteoblast differentiation Runx2 and osterix, but changes in expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin mRNA mirrored nodule formation. ENC1 is a member of the BTB-Kelch family of proteins. Some members of this family have recently been found to act as substrate adaptors for the E3 ubiquitin ligase, binding to the cullin 3 component of the complex. These adaptor proteins function to bring a substrate protein within the vicinity of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, thus targeting it for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. The ability of ENC1 to interact with cullin 3 was investigated as a possible mechanism by which it may affect a role in osteoblast differentiation. Full length ENC1 showed robust binding to cullin 3 and weak binding was seen between the N-terminally truncated 57kD isoform and cullin 3. ENC1, therefore, may act as a substrate adaptor protein for the cullin 3 based E3 ubiquitin ligase. These data present ENC1 as a novel candidate protein involved in osteoblast differentiation, and suggest the possible involvement of this protein in proteasomal degradation of a substrate involved in osteoblast differentiation. The ENC1 isoforms and the associated functional pathways thus are possible future therapeutic targets to treat bone loss and enhance or accelerate fracture healing.

L’ubiquitination est une modification post-traductionnelle impliquée dans de nombreux mécanismes cellulaires. L’E3-ubiquitine ligase CULLIN 3 (CUL3) est un régulateur essentiel de la progression mitotique, ubiquitinant d’importants régulateurs mitotiques et contrôlant leur localisation subcellulaire. Plus particulièrement, notre travail décrit le rôle de la nouvelle E31 ligase CUL3/KLHL22 dans la régulation de l’activité localisée de Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) et de ce fait dans l’établissement d’une progression mitotique précise. Néanmoins, les mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent la reconnaissance de son substrat par CUL3 demeurent inconnus. L’activité catalytique de PLK1 ne semble pas être nécessaire à son interaction avec KLHL22, mais aussi bien son domaine kinase que Polo-box (PBD) suffisent à co-purifier KLHL22. Des mutations au niveau du motif DFG, situé en amont du domaine kinase,et du tryptophane 414 au sein du PBD semblent influer sur la reconnaissance de KLHL22. Les résultats obtenus montrent les premières indications biochimiques du mode d’interaction du complexe CUL3/KLHL22/PLK1. / Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in many cellular processes. The E3 ubiquitin-ligase based on CULLIN 3 protein (CUL3) is an essential regulator of mitotic division in human cells by ubiquitinating several important mitotic regulators and controlling their subcellular localization. In particular, our work described the role of novel CUL3/KLHL22 E3-ligase in regulation of localized activity of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and there by faithful mitotic progression. However, the molecular mechanisms of substrate recognition by CUL3 remain unknown. The catalytic activity of PLK1 may not be required for binding KLHL22 but both the kinase and the Polo-box domains are sufficient to co-purify KLHL22. Mutating the DFG motif within the kinase domain and the tryptophan 414 within the PBD influence the binding to KLHL22. These results provide first insights into molecular mechanisms of CUL3/KLHL22/PLK1complex.