Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Resource Development, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (Proquest, viewed on Aug. 20, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-208). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-131). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University, 2008. / Adviser: Jim Bingen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction Breastfeeding is a key child survival strategy. Mixed feeding (predominant and partial breastfeeding as defined by the World Health Organisation) during the first six months of life is associated with childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in resource-limited settings, and carries the highest risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding. When compared to exclusive breastfeeding, predominant, partial or no breastfeeding increases the risk for pneumonia and diarrhoea-related mortality. National exclusive breastfeeding rates are poor and have not improved significantly over the past fourteen years, supporting investigation into the contextual factors that influence infant feeding practices. Aim The study aimed to determine the feeding practices of primary caregivers of infants (0-5.9 months) and the influencing factors in Avian Park and Zwelethemba in Worcester, in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, in order to make recommendations, where appropriate. Methods The study was conducted from April to August 2011. A cross-sectional community-based survey was performed using a structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions were held with mothers, fathers and maternal and paternal grandmothers of infants younger than six months, and health care workers (formally trained professionals and counsellors) working in child health. Results One hundred and forty primary caregivers were interviewed. All caregivers were the biological mother of the infant. Seventy-seven percent (n=108) had initiated breastfeeding. At the time of the study, 6% (n=8) breastfed exclusively. Ninety-four percent (n=132) applied suboptimal breastfeeding practices: 36% (n=51) breastfed predominantly, 27% (n=38) breastfed partially, and 31% (n=43) did not breastfeed. Ninety percent (n=126) of the mothers had introduced water, of whom 83% (n=104) had done so before their infants were one month old. Forty-four percent (n=61) of the mothers had introduced food or formula milk, of whom 75% (n=46) had done so before their infants were three months old. Knowledge of the health and economic benefits of breastfeeding supported initiation but several barriers to exclusive breastfeeding remained. The main barriers were 1) the widely-held perception that infants needed water and nonprescription medicines, 2) the concern that milk alone does not satisfy the infant, 3) inadequate infant feeding education and support by the health system, 4) the lack of community-based postnatal support, 5) convention and family influence, 6) mothers separated from their infants and 7) local beliefs about maternal behaviour and breastfeeding. HIV infection exerted a significant influence on infant feeding choice (p<0.001) and none of the HIV-infected mothers breastfed (n=19). Forty-five percent (n=19) of the formula feeding mothers over-diluted the milk, and early supplementation of formula milk with food was common. Health care workers and maternal grandmothers were the key role-players in infant feeding information and support. Conclusion Exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life was a rare practice in these communities. Water, formula milk and/or food were introduced at an early age. HIV-infection discouraged breastfeeding and formula feeding practices proved to be poor. Comprehensive education and support at antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal level seemed lacking and community perceptions and convention contributed to mixed feeding practices. Mothers seemed ill equipped to negotiate infant feeding practices with roleplayers at home. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding Borsvoeding is ‘n sleutelstrategie ter ondersteuning van kinderoorlewing. Gemengde voeding (hoofsaaklike en gedeeltelike borsvoeding, soos omskryf deur die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie) gedurende die eerste ses maande van lewe, sowel as geen borsvoeding, word geassosieer met kindersiektes and -sterftes, veral in gebiede met beperkte hulpbronne waar babas vatbaar is vir wanvoeding, gastroënteritis en longontsteking. Gemengde voeding dra ook die hoogste risiko vir MIV-oordrag deur borsvoeding. Nasionale eksklusiewe borsvoedingskoerse is swak en het nie oor die laaste veertien jaar verbeter nie. Dit dien as motivering vir die ondersoek na kontekstuele faktore wat babavoedingspraktyke beïnvloed. Doelwit Die doelwit van die navorsingsstudie is om voedingspraktyke van primêre versorgers van babas (0-5.9 maande) en die invloedryke faktore te bepaal in Avian Park en Zwelethemba in Worcester in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika, om sodoende aanbevelings te kan maak waar gepas. Metodes Die studie is uitgevoer van April tot Augustus 2011. ‘n Gemeenskapsgebaseerde deursnee-opname is uitgevoer deur gebruik te maak van ‘n gestruktureerde vraelys. Fokusgroepbesprekings is uitgevoer met moeders, vaders, en oumas (aan moeders- en vaderskant) van babas jonger as ses maande, en gesondheidswerkers (formeel opgeleide werkers en beraders) wat in kindersorg werk. Resultate ‘n Onderhoud is met eenhonderd-en-veertig primêre versorgers gevoer. Al die versorgers was die biologiese moeder van die baba. Sewe-en-sewentig persent (n=108) het borsvoeding begin. Ten tye van die studie het 6% (n=8) eksklusief geborsvoed. Vier-en-negentig persent (n=132) het suboptimale borsvoedingspraktyke beoefen: 36% (n=51) het hoofsaaklik geborsvoed, 27% (n=38) het gedeeltelik geborsvoed en 31% (n=43) het nie geborsvoed nie. Negentig persent (n=126) van die moeders het water gegee, van wie 83% (n=104) dit gedoen het voordat hul babas een maand oud was. Vier-en-veertig persent (n=61) van die moeders het voedsel of formulemelk gegee, van wie 75% (n=46) dit gedoen het voordat hul babas drie maande oud was. Kennis van die gesondheids- en ekonomiese voordele van borvoeding het moeders ondersteun om te begin borsvoed, maar daar was steeds verskeie faktore wat eksklusiewe borsvoeding belemmer het. Die belangrikste hindernisse was 1) die algemene siening dat babas water en nie-voorskrif medisynes benodig, 2) die kommer dat alleenlik melk nie die baba bevredig nie, 3) ontoereikende babavoedingsonderrig en ondersteuning deur die gesondheidstelsel, 4) die gebrek aan gemeenskapsgebaseerde nageboorte-ondersteuning, 5) gebruike en die invloed van gesinslede, 6) moeders geskei van hul babas en 7) plaaslike sienings rakende moeders se gedrag en borsvoeding. MIV-infeksie het ‘n wesenlike invloed op voedingskeuse gehad (p<0.001) en geen van die MIV-positiewe moeders het geborsvoed nie (n=19). Vyf-en-veertig persent (n=19) van die formule voedende moeders het die melk oorverdun en vroeë supplementasie van formulemelk met kos was algemeen. Gesondheidswerkers en oumas was die kernrolspelers ten opsigte van baba-voedingsinligting en ondersteuning. Gevolgtrekking Eksklusiewe borsvoeding gedurende die eerste ses maande van lewe was ‘n seldsame praktyk in hierdie gemeenskappe. Water, formulemelk en/of voedsel is op ‘n vroeë ouderdom bekendgestel. MIV infeksie het borsvoeding ontmoedig en formulevoedingspraktyke was swak. Omvattende opvoeding en ondersteuning op voorgeboorte-, intrapartum- en nageboortevlak het ontbreek, en sienings en gebruike het bygedra tot gemengde voedingspraktyke. Dit het geblyk dat moeders nie toegerus was om oor babavoedingspraktyke met ander belanghebbendes by die huis te onderhandel nie.

No description available.

The incidences of diarrhoeal episodes in infants and children have mostly been associated with the consumption of contaminated weaning foods. This is especially true in developing countries where factors such as the lack of sanitation systems and electricity have been found to contribute to an increase in the incidence of microbiologically contaminated weaning foods. The process of fermentation has been found to reduce the amount of microbiological contamination in such foods as a result of the production of antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids, peroxides, carbon dioxide and bacteriocins. In this study, microbiological surveys were conducted on sorghum powder samples and their corresponding fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples collected from an informal settlement of the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The process of fermentation was found to result in significant decreases (P>0.05) in Gram-negative counts and spore counts, while aerobic plate counts decreased slightly. Lactic acid bacteria counts, however, increased significantly (P>0.05). The cooking process was found to result in further significant decreases (P>0.05) in all counts. Sorghum powder samples and fermented porridge samples were found to be contaminated with potential foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli, however, none of the pathogens tested for were detected in any of the cooked fermented porridge samples. SDS-PAGE and phenotypic analysis of 180 lactic acid bacteria isolated from sorghum powder samples and their corresponding fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples showed that a majority of the isolates were lactobacilli and leuconostocs, however, some isolates were identified as pediococci and lactococci. These results demonstrated the heterogeneity of the lactic acid bacteria isolates that were associated with fermentation processes in this study. Of the lactic acid bacteria identified, Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains were found to have the highest distribution frequencies, being distributed in 87% and 73% of the households, respectively. Analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum (58) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (46) strains isolated from sorghum powder samples and corresponding fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples by AFLP fingerprinting showed that they originated from a common source, which was sorghum powder. There was, however, evidence of strains that may have been introduced at household level. Antimicrobial activity of selected lactic acid bacteria was found to be mainly due to a decrease in pH in fermented and cooked fermented porridge samples. None of the lactic acid bacteria tested seemed to produce bacteriocins.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 minharro_mcq_me_botfm.pdf: 2083002 bytes, checksum: 271211f4fc3d24db99313f325f7576e0 (MD5) / A alimentação complementar (AC) deve ser iniciada a partir de 6 meses de idade, recomendando-se a oferta de alimentos variados, incluindo frutas, hortaliças, cereais, carnes e leguminosas, com consistência espessa desde o início e em várias refeições ao dia, de acordo com o tipo de aleitamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as práticas de AC em crianças menores de 12 meses de idade no município de Botucatu-SP, nos anos de 2006 e 2010, e identificar fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos, maternos, relativos às crianças e aos serviços de saúde, associados à AC adequada. Os dados são provenientes de dois inquéritos transversais que integram projeto maior de monitoramento da alimentação infantil, denominado AMAMUNIC, em desenvolvimento no estado de São Paulo, desde 1998. Foram entrevistadas todas as mães ou acompanhantes das crianças menores de 1 ano que compareceram a uma das duas etapas das Campanhas de Multivacinação nos anos referidos e que concordaram em participar da pesquisa. Foram obtidos dados válidos de 1310 crianças em 2006 (76,5% de cobertura) e 1103 crianças em 2010 (72,2% de cobertura). Utilizou-se questionário padronizado sobre o consumo (sim, não) no dia anterior de leite materno, outros tipos de leite e vários tipos de alimentos: frutas, hortaliças, carnes, feijão, biscoitos, entre outros. Para crianças acompanhadas pelas mães também foram feitas questões referentes à situação de nascimento da criança, utilização da rede de serviços de saúde e dados socioeconômicos e demográficos. Foram processadas as frequências de crianças (menores de 6 meses e com 6 meses a 11,9 meses de idade) segundo consumo relatado de cada alimento investigado e segundo indicadores de qualidade da AC construídos para a presente pesquisa, com base nos propostos pela Organização... / Complementary feeding (CF) should be started from 6 months of age onwards, it is recommended offering a variety of thick consistence foods, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, meat and legumes, from the beginning and many meals a day, according to the type of feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate CF practices in children under 12 months of age in the city of Botucatu - SP, in the years of 2006 and 2010, identifying maternal socioeconomic and demographic factors, related to the infant and the health services, associated with the appropriate CF. The data result from two cross-sectional surveys that are part of a larger infant feeding monitoring project, called AMAMUNIC, in development in the state of São Paulo since 1998. All the infants’ mothers or carers who attended one of the two Multivaccination Campaigns stages, in the mentioned years, and who agreed to participate in the research, were interviewed. Valid data were obtained from 1310 children in 2006 (75,5% of coverage) and from 1103 children in 2010 (72,2% of coverage). It was used a standardized questionnaire (yes/no) about the consumption, on the day before, of maternal milk, other kinds of milk and different types of food, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, beans, cookies, among others. For the infants who were accompanied by their mothers, it was also asked about socioeconomic and demographic data, the child's birth situation and the utilization of the health services network. The frequencies of children (under 6 months and from 6 to 11,9 months of age) according to the reported consumption of each studied food and according to the CF quality indicators developed for this research - based on the proposed by the World Health Organization for cross-sectional surveys with data obtained from a 24 hour recall, not... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhaes / Banca: Cristina M. G. de Lima Parada / Banca: Sonia Isoyama Venâncio / Resumo: A alimentação complementar (AC) deve ser iniciada a partir de 6 meses de idade, recomendando-se a oferta de alimentos variados, incluindo frutas, hortaliças, cereais, carnes e leguminosas, com consistência espessa desde o início e em várias refeições ao dia, de acordo com o tipo de aleitamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as práticas de AC em crianças menores de 12 meses de idade no município de Botucatu-SP, nos anos de 2006 e 2010, e identificar fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos, maternos, relativos às crianças e aos serviços de saúde, associados à AC adequada. Os dados são provenientes de dois inquéritos transversais que integram projeto maior de monitoramento da alimentação infantil, denominado AMAMUNIC, em desenvolvimento no estado de São Paulo, desde 1998. Foram entrevistadas todas as mães ou acompanhantes das crianças menores de 1 ano que compareceram a uma das duas etapas das Campanhas de Multivacinação nos anos referidos e que concordaram em participar da pesquisa. Foram obtidos dados válidos de 1310 crianças em 2006 (76,5% de cobertura) e 1103 crianças em 2010 (72,2% de cobertura). Utilizou-se questionário padronizado sobre o consumo (sim, não) no dia anterior de leite materno, outros tipos de leite e vários tipos de alimentos: frutas, hortaliças, carnes, feijão, biscoitos, entre outros. Para crianças acompanhadas pelas mães também foram feitas questões referentes à situação de nascimento da criança, utilização da rede de serviços de saúde e dados socioeconômicos e demográficos. Foram processadas as frequências de crianças (menores de 6 meses e com 6 meses a 11,9 meses de idade) segundo consumo relatado de cada alimento investigado e segundo indicadores de qualidade da AC construídos para a presente pesquisa, com base nos propostos pela Organização... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Complementary feeding (CF) should be started from 6 months of age onwards, it is recommended offering a variety of thick consistence foods, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, meat and legumes, from the beginning and many meals a day, according to the type of feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate CF practices in children under 12 months of age in the city of Botucatu - SP, in the years of 2006 and 2010, identifying maternal socioeconomic and demographic factors, related to the infant and the health services, associated with the appropriate CF. The data result from two cross-sectional surveys that are part of a larger infant feeding monitoring project, called AMAMUNIC, in development in the state of São Paulo since 1998. All the infants' mothers or carers who attended one of the two Multivaccination Campaigns stages, in the mentioned years, and who agreed to participate in the research, were interviewed. Valid data were obtained from 1310 children in 2006 (75,5% of coverage) and from 1103 children in 2010 (72,2% of coverage). It was used a standardized questionnaire (yes/no) about the consumption, on the day before, of maternal milk, other kinds of milk and different types of food, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, beans, cookies, among others. For the infants who were accompanied by their mothers, it was also asked about socioeconomic and demographic data, the child's birth situation and the utilization of the health services network. The frequencies of children (under 6 months and from 6 to 11,9 months of age) according to the reported consumption of each studied food and according to the CF quality indicators developed for this research - based on the proposed by the World Health Organization for cross-sectional surveys with data obtained from a 24 hour recall, not... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This study was conducted to investigate the factors that affect the duration of breastfeeding in low and middle income women, and to determine if low income women have a greater incidence of decreased duration of breastfeeding. Specifically, the effects of early introduction of formula and solid food and mother’s perceived inadequate milk supply, on the duration of breastfeeding, was researched. A questionnaire was developed and one on one interviews conducted on 147 women who breastfed a baby within the past five years. Data analysis included crosstabulation of selected variables, descriptive analyses, and chi square analyses. Results indicated that the majority of the women surveyed introduced formula early, were long term breastfeeders, between the ages of 30-39, and college graduates. There was no difference in duration of breastfeeding between women of low and middle incomes, however, women of middle income terminated breastfeeding early to return to work or school and tended to introduce formula earlier than low income women. Furthermore, mothers who introduced formula or solid foods early, were generally short term breastfeeders. Mothers who introduced formula and solid foods early cited insufficient milk supply as their main reason for terminating breastfeeding. Therefore, mothers perceived to have an insufficient milk supply, tend to introduce formula and solid foods early, thus, contributing to a possible decrease in duration of breastfeeding. / Master of Science