Contexte : Pour favoriser l’allaitement, la Condition 3 de l’Initiative des amis des bébés (IAB) (OMS / UNICEF) vise à offrir une information complète aux femmes enceintes. Or, cette condition est implantée de façon variable dans les CLSC de Montréal car les intervenants de la santé ne semblent pas confortables à faire la promotion de l’allaitement en prénatal, surtout dans les milieux « québécois » et défavorisés. Objectif : Explorer les expériences personnelles et professionnelles des infirmières en santé communautaire qui sont reliées à la promotion de l’allaitement en prénatal en milieu défavorisé. Dans la présente étude, les informations moins souvent transmises, soit les risques du non-allaitement ainsi que la recommandation de poursuite de l’allaitement jusqu’à deux ans ou au-delà, ont été examinées. Méthodologie : La collecte des données de cette recherche qualitative s’est effectuée auprès d’infirmières de huit CLSC montréalais offrant des services à une population importante de femmes défavorisées, francophones, nées au Canada et ce, sous forme d’entrevues individuelles (n=12 infirmières) et d’entrevues de groupe (n=36 infirmières). Résultats : Les principaux facteurs favorables au niveau de confort des infirmières à faire la promotion de l’allaitement sont d’avoir suivi 20 heures ou plus de formation en allaitement dans les cinq dernières années, et d’avoir des croyances profondes positives quant à la valeur de l’allaitement comparativement aux préparations commerciales pour nourrissons (PCN). Craindre de susciter la culpabilité nuit à la promotion de l’allaitement. De plus, les infirmières exposées à la culture d’allaitement pendant l’enfance, ayant eu une expérience personnelle d’allaitement positive, qui perçoivent que leur rôle est d’encourager les mères à allaiter, ou qui recommandent rarement de donner des PCN en postnatal en cas de problèmes d’allaitement, sont plus confortables à informer les femmes enceintes des risques du non-allaitement. Conclusion : Plusieurs infirmières semblent manquer de connaissances sur la qualité supérieure de l’allaitement par rapport à l’alimentation artificielle et sur les risques du non-allaitement. De plus, il semble que plusieurs infirmières n’aient pas les habiletés cliniques optimales pour soutenir les mères dans leur allaitement. Des formations appropriées aideraient les infirmières à avoir davantage confiance dans leur capacité à soutenir les mères en postnatal, ainsi qu’à promouvoir l’allaitement en prénatal. Finalement, les infirmières devraient prendre conscience de leurs biais personnels, afin d’en réduire les impacts négatifs sur leur pratique professionnelle. / Background: In order to increase breastfeeding rates, the third Step of the Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) (WHO / UNICEF) aims to offer complete information on breastfeeding to pregnant women. However, this step’s implementation varies among the Montreal’s CLSCs as healthcare professionals seem uncomfortable to promote breastfeeding prenatally, especially in French speaking and underprivileged areas. Objective: To explore the personal and professional experiences of community health nurses which are linked to the promotion of breastfeeding during the prenatal period in underprivileged areas. Information less often offered were examined in this study: the risks of not breastfeeding and the recommendation to continue breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond. Methodology: The data of this qualitative study were collected in 8 CLSCs of Montreal, offering services to an important population of underprivileged women, French speaking and born in Canada, through nurses’ individual interviews (n=12 nurses) and group interviews (n=36 nurses). Results: The most important factors for the level of comfort of nurses to promote breastfeeding are: to have followed 20 hours or more of training on breastfeeding within the 5 past years, and to have positive profound beliefs about the value of breastfeeding compared to artificial infant formula (AIF). Fear of causing guilt by promoting breastfeeding hinders breastfeeding promotion. Furthermore, nurses exposed to breastfeeding culture during their childhood, with a positive personal breastfeeding experience, who perceived that their role is to support women to breastfeed, or those who rarely recommended mothers to give AIF postnatally in case of breastfeeding problems, are more comfortable to inform pregnant women about the risks of not breastfeeding. Conclusion: Many nurses seem to have a lack of knowledge about the superior quality of breastfeeding in comparison with artificial feeding and about the risks of not breastfeeding. Moreover, it seems that many nurses do not have the optimal clinical abilities to support mothers in their breastfeeding experience. Appropriate training could greatly help nurses to have greater confidence in their abilities to support mothers during the postnatal period, as well as to promote breastfeeding in the prenatal period. Finally, nurses should become aware of their personal bias, in order to reduce as much as possible negative impacts on their professional practices.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aleitamento materno (AM) é a prática com maior impacto na prevenção de morbimortalidade infantil. A Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) é uma estratégia com forte repercussão na promoção da amamentação e seu custo pode justificar uma análise econômica em saúde. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o custo-efetividade da IHAC na promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e na redução da mortalidade infantil no município de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de avaliação econômica com dados de uma coorte prospectiva realizado em seis hospitais públicos em São Paulo/SP. O grupo intervenção foram três Hospitais Amigos da Criança (HAC) e o grupo comparação três Hospitais não Amigos da Criança (NHAC). A efetividade da IHAC foi avaliada mediante os desfechos intermediários: Amamentação na primeira hora de vida (AMPH), AM e Aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e pelos desfechos finais: casos evitados de mortes neonatais tardias, mortes em menores de seis meses e internações hospitalares; estes foram estimados mediante a Fração Preventiva (FP) para mortalidade neonatal e internações hospitalares, e pela Proporção de Redução de Risco (PRR) para mortalidade infantil em menores de seis meses. Foram calculados os custos médios de parto, segundo tipo e tempo de internação por microcusteio, considerando os itens: medicamentos, insumos, exames e recursos humanos para a obtenção da Razão Custo/Efetividade (RCE) e da Razão Custo/Efetividade Incremental (RCEI). Foram aplicados testes para comparação de proporções e médias, regressão de Poisson ajustada por idade e escolaridade maternas (nível de significância de 95% (?=5%)) e análise de sensibilidade univariada e determinística para avaliar a robustez dos resultados da RCEI. RESULTADOS: Incluíram-se 969 mães na primeira entrevista, 902 na segunda e 814 na terceira. Entre as crianças nascidas em HAC as prevalências de amamentação foram maiores em todos os indicadores comparadas às nascidas em NHAC: 30,7% maior para AMPH; 1,2% na AME aos 30 dias; 7,2% no AM e 21,9% no AME aos 6 meses de vida, onde o incremento da AMPH apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Após o ajuste das variáveis foram associados negativamente à AMPH: nascer em NHAC (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59) de cesárea (RP1,90 IC 1,53-2,36) e não fazer o contato pele-a-pele (RP4,13 IC 2,38-7,13); ao AME aos 30 dias associou-se negativamente a mãe ter tido dificuldade para amamentar (RP1,38 IC 1,03-1,85), não viver com companheiro (RP1,46 IC 1,08-1,96), não ter recebido apoio no AC (RP1,40 IC1,01-1,95) não cumprimento do passo 6 (RP1,86 IC 1,36-2,55), não cumprimento do passo 9 (RP1,95 IC 1,32-2,88) e criança usar chupeta (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). Ao AME aos 180 dias foram negativamente associados o uso de chupeta (RP 1,19 IC1,02-1,39) e o trabalho materno remunerado (RP1,27 IC 1,08-1,49). A IHAC foi muito custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação e custo-efetiva ao reduzir 13% das mortes neonatais tardias e 3,8% de internações hospitalares. CONCLUSÃO: No contexto brasileiro, a IHAC foi custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação na primeira hora de vida, em reduzir a mortalidade neonatal e o número de internações hospitalares. Tais benefícios reforçam a importância desta política ao contribuir para a sobrevivência infantil, justificando os investimentos requeridos para sua expansão e fortalecimento. / INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding practice has the greatest impact on the prevention of infant morbimortality. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an important strategy on the promotion of breastfeeding and its costs might justify to study it to evaluate effectiveness for the health system. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of BFHI in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and reducing infant mortality in the city of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a study of economic evaluation of public health policy with data from a prospective cohort study conducted in six public hospitals. The intervention group was composed of three Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and the comparison group by three Not Baby-Friendly Hospitals (NBFH). The effectiveness of BFHI was evaluated by analyzing intermediate outcomes: the increase first-hour breastfeeding, breastfeeding (BF), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and final outcomes: avoided cases of late neonatal deaths, at six months and hospitalizations. The outcomes were estimated by calculating the Preventive Fraction (PF) for neonatal mortality and hospital admissions, and the Risk Reduction Ratio for estimating infant mortality in children under six months. The average costs according to type of delivery and length of stay were calculated, by micro-accounting for the cost items: medicines, supplies, exams and human resources to obtain the cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) and incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for the intermediate and final outcomes. Tests for comparison of proportions and means were applied. The Poisson regression was adjusted according to maternal age and schooling (significance of 95% (? = 5%)) and univariate and deterministic sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of the ICER. RESULTS: 969 mothers were included in the first interview, 902 in the second and 814 in the third. Among children born in BFH, the prevalence of breastfeeding was higher in all indicators compared to those born in NBFH: 30.7% higher for first-hour breastfeeding; 1.2% in EBF at 30 days; 7.2% in BF and 21.9% in EBF at 6 months of life. Only the first-hour breastfeeding increment showed a statistically significant difference between BFH and NBFH. After adjustment of variables first-hour breastfeeding was negatively associated with: born in NBFH (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59), cesarean delivery (RP1,90 IC 1.53-2,36) and did not make skin-to- skin (RP4,13 CI 2,38-7,13). EBF at 30 days was negatively associated with the mother having had difficulty in breastfeeding (RP1,38 CI 1.03-1.85), not living with a partner (RP1,46 CI 1.08-1.96), not having received support (RP1,40 CI1,01-1,95) non-compliance with step 6 (RP1,86 CI 1.36-2.55), non-compliance with step 9 (RP1,95 IC 1.32-2 , 88) and children use pacifiers (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). EBF at 180 days were negatively associated: use of pacifiers (RP 1.19 CI 1.02-1.39) and maternal work (RP1.27 CI 1.08-1.49). The steps fully met by BFH were 6, 7 and 9. The BFHI was cost-effective in promoting breastfeeding and cost-effective in reducing 13% of late neonatal deaths and 3, 8% in hospital admissions. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the BFHI was cost-effective to promote breastfeeding in the first hour of life and to reduce neonatal mortality and hospital admissions. BFHI policy contribute to child survival, justifying the investments required for its expansion, strengthening and sustainability resulting in saved lives and economic gains.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 m.pdf: 562847 bytes, checksum: e678b218ac0d3ffc4a3361f6837de09a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-25 / Objectives: To measure exclusive breastfeeding indexes in the first month of life and compare the feeding practices of children born in hospital which adopts the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, with the other hospitals of the city. Methods: Quasi-experimental study, nested in a cohort. 973 mother-baby pairs were randomly chosen for home follow-up from an initial sample of 2741 mothers (hospital screening). Results: Being born in hospitals which did not adopt the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative has increased the risk of having mothers who were not stimulated to breastfeed, of babies not suckling in the first hour and received pacifier and tea at the hospital.The prevalence of one-month exclusive breastfeeding was of 60%. Children born in hospital which adopts Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative had a larger rate of one-month exclusive breastfeeding and the use of pacifier has shown a negative association with the outcome. Conclusions: The intervention was positive and, probably, the impact would be bigger if the implementation of ten steps were total during the data collection phase. The breastfeeding promotion efforts should continue after the patient is released through the formation of counseling groups to the mothers. / Objetivos: Medir os índices de aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro mês de vida e comparar o padrão alimentar das crianças nascidas no hospital que adota a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança, com os demais hospitais da cidade. Métodos: Estudo quase-experimental, aninhado a uma coorte. Foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, 973 pares mãe-bebê para o acompanhamento domiciliar a partir de uma amostra inicial de 2741 mães ( triagem hospitalar). Resultados: Nascer em hospitais que não adotam a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da criança, aumentou o risco das mães não terem sido incentivadas para o aleitamento materno, dos bebês não mamarem na primeira hora e receberem chupeta e chá, no hospital. A prevalência de aleitamento exclusivo com um mês foi de 60%. As crianças nascidas no hospital que adota a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança tiveram maior índice de aleitamento exclusivo com um mês e o uso de chupeta mostrou uma associação negativa com o desfecho. Conclusões: A intervenção foi positiva e, provavelmente, o impacto seria maior, se a implantação dos dez passos já fosse total, na fase da coleta de dados. O incentivo ao aleitamento materno deve continuar, após a alta, através da formação de grupos de aconselhamento às mães.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aleitamento materno (AM) é a prática com maior impacto na prevenção de morbimortalidade infantil. A Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) é uma estratégia com forte repercussão na promoção da amamentação e seu custo pode justificar uma análise econômica em saúde. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o custo-efetividade da IHAC na promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e na redução da mortalidade infantil no município de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de avaliação econômica com dados de uma coorte prospectiva realizado em seis hospitais públicos em São Paulo/SP. O grupo intervenção foram três Hospitais Amigos da Criança (HAC) e o grupo comparação três Hospitais não Amigos da Criança (NHAC). A efetividade da IHAC foi avaliada mediante os desfechos intermediários: Amamentação na primeira hora de vida (AMPH), AM e Aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e pelos desfechos finais: casos evitados de mortes neonatais tardias, mortes em menores de seis meses e internações hospitalares; estes foram estimados mediante a Fração Preventiva (FP) para mortalidade neonatal e internações hospitalares, e pela Proporção de Redução de Risco (PRR) para mortalidade infantil em menores de seis meses. Foram calculados os custos médios de parto, segundo tipo e tempo de internação por microcusteio, considerando os itens: medicamentos, insumos, exames e recursos humanos para a obtenção da Razão Custo/Efetividade (RCE) e da Razão Custo/Efetividade Incremental (RCEI). Foram aplicados testes para comparação de proporções e médias, regressão de Poisson ajustada por idade e escolaridade maternas (nível de significância de 95% (?=5%)) e análise de sensibilidade univariada e determinística para avaliar a robustez dos resultados da RCEI. RESULTADOS: Incluíram-se 969 mães na primeira entrevista, 902 na segunda e 814 na terceira. Entre as crianças nascidas em HAC as prevalências de amamentação foram maiores em todos os indicadores comparadas às nascidas em NHAC: 30,7% maior para AMPH; 1,2% na AME aos 30 dias; 7,2% no AM e 21,9% no AME aos 6 meses de vida, onde o incremento da AMPH apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Após o ajuste das variáveis foram associados negativamente à AMPH: nascer em NHAC (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59) de cesárea (RP1,90 IC 1,53-2,36) e não fazer o contato pele-a-pele (RP4,13 IC 2,38-7,13); ao AME aos 30 dias associou-se negativamente a mãe ter tido dificuldade para amamentar (RP1,38 IC 1,03-1,85), não viver com companheiro (RP1,46 IC 1,08-1,96), não ter recebido apoio no AC (RP1,40 IC1,01-1,95) não cumprimento do passo 6 (RP1,86 IC 1,36-2,55), não cumprimento do passo 9 (RP1,95 IC 1,32-2,88) e criança usar chupeta (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). Ao AME aos 180 dias foram negativamente associados o uso de chupeta (RP 1,19 IC1,02-1,39) e o trabalho materno remunerado (RP1,27 IC 1,08-1,49). A IHAC foi muito custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação e custo-efetiva ao reduzir 13% das mortes neonatais tardias e 3,8% de internações hospitalares. CONCLUSÃO: No contexto brasileiro, a IHAC foi custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação na primeira hora de vida, em reduzir a mortalidade neonatal e o número de internações hospitalares. Tais benefícios reforçam a importância desta política ao contribuir para a sobrevivência infantil, justificando os investimentos requeridos para sua expansão e fortalecimento. / INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding practice has the greatest impact on the prevention of infant morbimortality. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an important strategy on the promotion of breastfeeding and its costs might justify to study it to evaluate effectiveness for the health system. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of BFHI in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and reducing infant mortality in the city of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a study of economic evaluation of public health policy with data from a prospective cohort study conducted in six public hospitals. The intervention group was composed of three Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and the comparison group by three Not Baby-Friendly Hospitals (NBFH). The effectiveness of BFHI was evaluated by analyzing intermediate outcomes: the increase first-hour breastfeeding, breastfeeding (BF), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and final outcomes: avoided cases of late neonatal deaths, at six months and hospitalizations. The outcomes were estimated by calculating the Preventive Fraction (PF) for neonatal mortality and hospital admissions, and the Risk Reduction Ratio for estimating infant mortality in children under six months. The average costs according to type of delivery and length of stay were calculated, by micro-accounting for the cost items: medicines, supplies, exams and human resources to obtain the cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) and incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for the intermediate and final outcomes. Tests for comparison of proportions and means were applied. The Poisson regression was adjusted according to maternal age and schooling (significance of 95% (? = 5%)) and univariate and deterministic sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of the ICER. RESULTS: 969 mothers were included in the first interview, 902 in the second and 814 in the third. Among children born in BFH, the prevalence of breastfeeding was higher in all indicators compared to those born in NBFH: 30.7% higher for first-hour breastfeeding; 1.2% in EBF at 30 days; 7.2% in BF and 21.9% in EBF at 6 months of life. Only the first-hour breastfeeding increment showed a statistically significant difference between BFH and NBFH. After adjustment of variables first-hour breastfeeding was negatively associated with: born in NBFH (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59), cesarean delivery (RP1,90 IC 1.53-2,36) and did not make skin-to- skin (RP4,13 CI 2,38-7,13). EBF at 30 days was negatively associated with the mother having had difficulty in breastfeeding (RP1,38 CI 1.03-1.85), not living with a partner (RP1,46 CI 1.08-1.96), not having received support (RP1,40 CI1,01-1,95) non-compliance with step 6 (RP1,86 CI 1.36-2.55), non-compliance with step 9 (RP1,95 IC 1.32-2 , 88) and children use pacifiers (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). EBF at 180 days were negatively associated: use of pacifiers (RP 1.19 CI 1.02-1.39) and maternal work (RP1.27 CI 1.08-1.49). The steps fully met by BFH were 6, 7 and 9. The BFHI was cost-effective in promoting breastfeeding and cost-effective in reducing 13% of late neonatal deaths and 3, 8% in hospital admissions. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the BFHI was cost-effective to promote breastfeeding in the first hour of life and to reduce neonatal mortality and hospital admissions. BFHI policy contribute to child survival, justifying the investments required for its expansion, strengthening and sustainability resulting in saved lives and economic gains.

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">This study explores the challenges faced by nurse counselors in the implementation of HIV and Infant Feeding Policy in Amathole District of the Eastern Cape. <b><font face="Times New Roman">Objectives: </font></b><font face="Times New Roman">To describe the demographic characteristics of the study population / Toexplore the challenges faced by nurse counselors in the implementation of current HIV and infant feeding policy and guidelines / &nbsp / To establish the nurse counselors&rsquo / perspectives on the infant feeding policy and guidelines for HIV positive mothers / To examine the support system available to the nurse counselors who give infant feeding advice to HIV positive mothers.</font></p>

<p>&nbsp / </p> <p align="left">This study explores the challenges faced by nurse counselors in the implementation of HIV and Infant Feeding Policy in Amathole District of the Eastern Cape. <b><font face="Times New Roman">Objectives: </font></b><font face="Times New Roman">To describe the demographic characteristics of the study population / Toexplore the challenges faced by nurse counselors in the implementation of current HIV and infant feeding policy and guidelines / &nbsp / To establish the nurse counselors&rsquo / perspectives on the infant feeding policy and guidelines for HIV positive mothers / To examine the support system available to the nurse counselors who give infant feeding advice to HIV positive mothers.</font></p>

Contexte : Pour favoriser l’allaitement, la Condition 3 de l’Initiative des amis des bébés (IAB) (OMS / UNICEF) vise à offrir une information complète aux femmes enceintes. Or, cette condition est implantée de façon variable dans les CLSC de Montréal car les intervenants de la santé ne semblent pas confortables à faire la promotion de l’allaitement en prénatal, surtout dans les milieux « québécois » et défavorisés. Objectif : Explorer les expériences personnelles et professionnelles des infirmières en santé communautaire qui sont reliées à la promotion de l’allaitement en prénatal en milieu défavorisé. Dans la présente étude, les informations moins souvent transmises, soit les risques du non-allaitement ainsi que la recommandation de poursuite de l’allaitement jusqu’à deux ans ou au-delà, ont été examinées. Méthodologie : La collecte des données de cette recherche qualitative s’est effectuée auprès d’infirmières de huit CLSC montréalais offrant des services à une population importante de femmes défavorisées, francophones, nées au Canada et ce, sous forme d’entrevues individuelles (n=12 infirmières) et d’entrevues de groupe (n=36 infirmières). Résultats : Les principaux facteurs favorables au niveau de confort des infirmières à faire la promotion de l’allaitement sont d’avoir suivi 20 heures ou plus de formation en allaitement dans les cinq dernières années, et d’avoir des croyances profondes positives quant à la valeur de l’allaitement comparativement aux préparations commerciales pour nourrissons (PCN). Craindre de susciter la culpabilité nuit à la promotion de l’allaitement. De plus, les infirmières exposées à la culture d’allaitement pendant l’enfance, ayant eu une expérience personnelle d’allaitement positive, qui perçoivent que leur rôle est d’encourager les mères à allaiter, ou qui recommandent rarement de donner des PCN en postnatal en cas de problèmes d’allaitement, sont plus confortables à informer les femmes enceintes des risques du non-allaitement. Conclusion : Plusieurs infirmières semblent manquer de connaissances sur la qualité supérieure de l’allaitement par rapport à l’alimentation artificielle et sur les risques du non-allaitement. De plus, il semble que plusieurs infirmières n’aient pas les habiletés cliniques optimales pour soutenir les mères dans leur allaitement. Des formations appropriées aideraient les infirmières à avoir davantage confiance dans leur capacité à soutenir les mères en postnatal, ainsi qu’à promouvoir l’allaitement en prénatal. Finalement, les infirmières devraient prendre conscience de leurs biais personnels, afin d’en réduire les impacts négatifs sur leur pratique professionnelle. / Background: In order to increase breastfeeding rates, the third Step of the Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) (WHO / UNICEF) aims to offer complete information on breastfeeding to pregnant women. However, this step’s implementation varies among the Montreal’s CLSCs as healthcare professionals seem uncomfortable to promote breastfeeding prenatally, especially in French speaking and underprivileged areas. Objective: To explore the personal and professional experiences of community health nurses which are linked to the promotion of breastfeeding during the prenatal period in underprivileged areas. Information less often offered were examined in this study: the risks of not breastfeeding and the recommendation to continue breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond. Methodology: The data of this qualitative study were collected in 8 CLSCs of Montreal, offering services to an important population of underprivileged women, French speaking and born in Canada, through nurses’ individual interviews (n=12 nurses) and group interviews (n=36 nurses). Results: The most important factors for the level of comfort of nurses to promote breastfeeding are: to have followed 20 hours or more of training on breastfeeding within the 5 past years, and to have positive profound beliefs about the value of breastfeeding compared to artificial infant formula (AIF). Fear of causing guilt by promoting breastfeeding hinders breastfeeding promotion. Furthermore, nurses exposed to breastfeeding culture during their childhood, with a positive personal breastfeeding experience, who perceived that their role is to support women to breastfeed, or those who rarely recommended mothers to give AIF postnatally in case of breastfeeding problems, are more comfortable to inform pregnant women about the risks of not breastfeeding. Conclusion: Many nurses seem to have a lack of knowledge about the superior quality of breastfeeding in comparison with artificial feeding and about the risks of not breastfeeding. Moreover, it seems that many nurses do not have the optimal clinical abilities to support mothers in their breastfeeding experience. Appropriate training could greatly help nurses to have greater confidence in their abilities to support mothers during the postnatal period, as well as to promote breastfeeding in the prenatal period. Finally, nurses should become aware of their personal bias, in order to reduce as much as possible negative impacts on their professional practices.

Objective: To understand the use of evidence-informed decision-making within an interorganizational network, and identify the facilitators and barriers to achieving network goals. Design: Case study. Setting: Rural health district in Nova Scotia, Canada (2006 to 2011). Participants: Members from 4 organizations representing community and hospital groups participating in a regional Baby Friendly Initiative network. Methods: A descriptive mixed methods study using focus group and questionnaire methodology. Data were analyzed using framework analysis and social network analysis (SNA). Results: The SNA results highlighted the role that relationships have on the sharing of knowledge among network members. The findings highlight the need for leadership at multiple levels (community, network members, primary organizations, and the provincial government). A lack of resources to achieve the network’s goals was a key barrier. Conclusions: The role of multi-level leadership is important for future network development and community consideration. The case study methodology facilitated momentum towards the network’s goals.

Apesar de existirem evidências suficientes sobre benefícios do aleitamento materno (AM), apenas 35% das crianças são amamentadas exclusivamente até o quarto mês de vida. Visando estender esta prática, OMS/UNICEF lançaram a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC), que estabelece sistema de credenciamento para maternidades de acordo com grau de incentivo ao AM. Esta dissertação pretende investigar a efetividade da IHAC na duração de dois tipos de aleitamento materno: exclusivo (AME) e predominante (AMP) entre crianças usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de estudo transversal, sendo a população de estudo constituída de 811 mães de crianças menores de 5 meses de idade, selecionadas aleatoriamente em cinco UBS na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A variável de exposição foi categorizada em local de nascimento ocorridos em HAC, naqueles em vias de receber titulação (EVHAC) e naqueles sem titulação. Os desfechos considerados foram duração do AME e do AMP, que inclui também crianças em AME (AMEP). Na análise dos dados, optou-se pelo modelo log-log complementar, que permitiu recompor experiência longitudinal da coorte através do recordatório alimentar de 7 dias e da informação da idade das mesmas, caracterizando abordagem tipo current status data. Mesmo após controle por variáveis sociodemográficas, relativas ao estilo de vida e aos aspectos psicossociais maternos, à utilização dos serviços de saúde, idade e saúde da criança, houve maior duração do AME e AMEP em crianças nascidas em HAC e EVHAC. As taxas de AME e de AMEP são mais de duas vezes maiores entre recém-nascidos que nasceram em HAC e EVHAC. Tal efeito diminui ao longo da idade da criança, mantendo-se evidente até quatro (EVHAC) e dois (HAC) meses de vida quando se considera AME e até dois (EVHAC) e cinco (HAC) meses quando se considera AMEP. Os resultados confirmam a efetividade da IHAC nesta clientela,especialmente na manutenção de AME e AMEP nos primeiros meses de vida. Estes também sugerem necessidade de fortalecimento da IHAC e maior integração entre maternidades e UBS, visando garantir aleitamento exclusivo até seis meses de vida / Although there are sufficient evidences about breastfeeding (BF) benefits, only 35% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed during the first four months of life. As an effort to extend BF duration, WHO/UNICEF launched the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which establishes hospitals accreditation as Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) when it meets the Ten Steps for Successful Breastfeeding. This dissertation aims to investigate the effectiveness of the BFHI on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and exclusive plus predominant breastfeeding (EPBF) duration. This is a cross-sectional study with collected information throughout interviews of 811 mothers of children under 5 months old, randomly selected at five health centers in Rio de Janeiro. Exposure variable was classified according to hospitals compliance with the Ten Steps. There were three possible status: accredited hospitals (BFH), working in becoming BFH or certified hospitals (CBFH) and hospitals without BFHI accreditation or certification. Outcomes were EBF and EPBF duration. Data was analyzed by complementary log-log transformation models, which allowed capture cohort longitudinal experience through 7-day feeding recordatory and infants age (current status data). Even after adjusting analysis for sociodemographic, life style and psychological maternal factors, health services use and babies age and state of health, there was longer duration of EBF and EPBF of infants born in BFH and CBFH. EBF and EPBF rates were twice higher in newborns born in BFH and CBFH. This protective effect on EBF and EPBF decreases along childs age and its noticed until four (CBFH) and two (BFH) months of age when EBF is considered and until two (CBFH) and five (EBF) months for EPBF. The finding indicates the effectiveness of BFHI in maintaining EBF and EPBF through the first months of life in this population. In order to extend BF duration until six months of life, as recommended by WHO, it would be necessary not only to strengthen the BFHI but also to develop and encourage more actions in favor of breastfeeding, focusing on primary health care facilities

Apesar de existirem evidências suficientes sobre benefícios do aleitamento materno (AM), apenas 35% das crianças são amamentadas exclusivamente até o quarto mês de vida. Visando estender esta prática, OMS/UNICEF lançaram a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC), que estabelece sistema de credenciamento para maternidades de acordo com grau de incentivo ao AM. Esta dissertação pretende investigar a efetividade da IHAC na duração de dois tipos de aleitamento materno: exclusivo (AME) e predominante (AMP) entre crianças usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de estudo transversal, sendo a população de estudo constituída de 811 mães de crianças menores de 5 meses de idade, selecionadas aleatoriamente em cinco UBS na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A variável de exposição foi categorizada em local de nascimento ocorridos em HAC, naqueles em vias de receber titulação (EVHAC) e naqueles sem titulação. Os desfechos considerados foram duração do AME e do AMP, que inclui também crianças em AME (AMEP). Na análise dos dados, optou-se pelo modelo log-log complementar, que permitiu recompor experiência longitudinal da coorte através do recordatório alimentar de 7 dias e da informação da idade das mesmas, caracterizando abordagem tipo current status data. Mesmo após controle por variáveis sociodemográficas, relativas ao estilo de vida e aos aspectos psicossociais maternos, à utilização dos serviços de saúde, idade e saúde da criança, houve maior duração do AME e AMEP em crianças nascidas em HAC e EVHAC. As taxas de AME e de AMEP são mais de duas vezes maiores entre recém-nascidos que nasceram em HAC e EVHAC. Tal efeito diminui ao longo da idade da criança, mantendo-se evidente até quatro (EVHAC) e dois (HAC) meses de vida quando se considera AME e até dois (EVHAC) e cinco (HAC) meses quando se considera AMEP. Os resultados confirmam a efetividade da IHAC nesta clientela,especialmente na manutenção de AME e AMEP nos primeiros meses de vida. Estes também sugerem necessidade de fortalecimento da IHAC e maior integração entre maternidades e UBS, visando garantir aleitamento exclusivo até seis meses de vida / Although there are sufficient evidences about breastfeeding (BF) benefits, only 35% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed during the first four months of life. As an effort to extend BF duration, WHO/UNICEF launched the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), which establishes hospitals accreditation as Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) when it meets the Ten Steps for Successful Breastfeeding. This dissertation aims to investigate the effectiveness of the BFHI on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and exclusive plus predominant breastfeeding (EPBF) duration. This is a cross-sectional study with collected information throughout interviews of 811 mothers of children under 5 months old, randomly selected at five health centers in Rio de Janeiro. Exposure variable was classified according to hospitals compliance with the Ten Steps. There were three possible status: accredited hospitals (BFH), working in becoming BFH or certified hospitals (CBFH) and hospitals without BFHI accreditation or certification. Outcomes were EBF and EPBF duration. Data was analyzed by complementary log-log transformation models, which allowed capture cohort longitudinal experience through 7-day feeding recordatory and infants age (current status data). Even after adjusting analysis for sociodemographic, life style and psychological maternal factors, health services use and babies age and state of health, there was longer duration of EBF and EPBF of infants born in BFH and CBFH. EBF and EPBF rates were twice higher in newborns born in BFH and CBFH. This protective effect on EBF and EPBF decreases along childs age and its noticed until four (CBFH) and two (BFH) months of age when EBF is considered and until two (CBFH) and five (EBF) months for EPBF. The finding indicates the effectiveness of BFHI in maintaining EBF and EPBF through the first months of life in this population. In order to extend BF duration until six months of life, as recommended by WHO, it would be necessary not only to strengthen the BFHI but also to develop and encourage more actions in favor of breastfeeding, focusing on primary health care facilities