Unlike municipal water supplies, provincial regulations do not require systematic testing of domestic well water, which may adversely impact local residents should contamination occur. Private wells are typically shallow relative to municipal wells, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to sources of surficial contamination if preferential recharge pathways such as natural fractures or faulty seals are present. In order to determine the relative importance of well seal integrity as a preferential pathway, a practical detection method was developed based on infiltrometry. This method successfully detected faulty well seals in a wide range of geological settings across Canada, including: Hobbema, Alberta; Lindsay, Ontario; and Chelsea, Québec. It was most successful in areas of minimal heterogeneity and where the surficial geology is composed of fine-grained sediments. The community of Chelsea (Québec) was also the primary study site to examine a range of factors affecting water quality including physical characteristics, faulty well seals, other anthropogenic activities and seasonality. Water samples were collected over a period of 14 months and analyzed for bacteria and major-ion chemistry. The results show that the consideration of physical features alone is not enough to predict vulnerability in the study area. Seasonal fluctuations in ionic concentrations (e.g. ionic strength, NO3-N and Cl-) and coliform bacteria are observed and result from disperse and rapid recharge events. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) demonstrate that preferential recharge pathways and anthropogenic activities, such as domestic effluents affect the groundwater quality. The data and findings of this study were used to assist in the design of a probabilistic risk assessment model based on the Poisson distribution. This study demonstrates the complexity and the challenges related to bacterial contamination in drilled wells. In spite of these challenges, this analysis was useful as a baseline to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities, and may be used in future studies to assist municipalities in the evaluation and protection of groundwater supplies.

Unlike municipal water supplies, provincial regulations do not require systematic testing of domestic well water, which may adversely impact local residents should contamination occur. Private wells are typically shallow relative to municipal wells, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to sources of surficial contamination if preferential recharge pathways such as natural fractures or faulty seals are present. In order to determine the relative importance of well seal integrity as a preferential pathway, a practical detection method was developed based on infiltrometry. This method successfully detected faulty well seals in a wide range of geological settings across Canada, including: Hobbema, Alberta; Lindsay, Ontario; and Chelsea, Québec. It was most successful in areas of minimal heterogeneity and where the surficial geology is composed of fine-grained sediments. The community of Chelsea (Québec) was also the primary study site to examine a range of factors affecting water quality including physical characteristics, faulty well seals, other anthropogenic activities and seasonality. Water samples were collected over a period of 14 months and analyzed for bacteria and major-ion chemistry. The results show that the consideration of physical features alone is not enough to predict vulnerability in the study area. Seasonal fluctuations in ionic concentrations (e.g. ionic strength, NO3-N and Cl-) and coliform bacteria are observed and result from disperse and rapid recharge events. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) demonstrate that preferential recharge pathways and anthropogenic activities, such as domestic effluents affect the groundwater quality. The data and findings of this study were used to assist in the design of a probabilistic risk assessment model based on the Poisson distribution. This study demonstrates the complexity and the challenges related to bacterial contamination in drilled wells. In spite of these challenges, this analysis was useful as a baseline to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities, and may be used in future studies to assist municipalities in the evaluation and protection of groundwater supplies.

Unlike municipal water supplies, provincial regulations do not require systematic testing of domestic well water, which may adversely impact local residents should contamination occur. Private wells are typically shallow relative to municipal wells, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to sources of surficial contamination if preferential recharge pathways such as natural fractures or faulty seals are present. In order to determine the relative importance of well seal integrity as a preferential pathway, a practical detection method was developed based on infiltrometry. This method successfully detected faulty well seals in a wide range of geological settings across Canada, including: Hobbema, Alberta; Lindsay, Ontario; and Chelsea, Québec. It was most successful in areas of minimal heterogeneity and where the surficial geology is composed of fine-grained sediments. The community of Chelsea (Québec) was also the primary study site to examine a range of factors affecting water quality including physical characteristics, faulty well seals, other anthropogenic activities and seasonality. Water samples were collected over a period of 14 months and analyzed for bacteria and major-ion chemistry. The results show that the consideration of physical features alone is not enough to predict vulnerability in the study area. Seasonal fluctuations in ionic concentrations (e.g. ionic strength, NO3-N and Cl-) and coliform bacteria are observed and result from disperse and rapid recharge events. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) demonstrate that preferential recharge pathways and anthropogenic activities, such as domestic effluents affect the groundwater quality. The data and findings of this study were used to assist in the design of a probabilistic risk assessment model based on the Poisson distribution. This study demonstrates the complexity and the challenges related to bacterial contamination in drilled wells. In spite of these challenges, this analysis was useful as a baseline to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities, and may be used in future studies to assist municipalities in the evaluation and protection of groundwater supplies.

Unlike municipal water supplies, provincial regulations do not require systematic testing of domestic well water, which may adversely impact local residents should contamination occur. Private wells are typically shallow relative to municipal wells, and thus, are particularly vulnerable to sources of surficial contamination if preferential recharge pathways such as natural fractures or faulty seals are present. In order to determine the relative importance of well seal integrity as a preferential pathway, a practical detection method was developed based on infiltrometry. This method successfully detected faulty well seals in a wide range of geological settings across Canada, including: Hobbema, Alberta; Lindsay, Ontario; and Chelsea, Québec. It was most successful in areas of minimal heterogeneity and where the surficial geology is composed of fine-grained sediments. The community of Chelsea (Québec) was also the primary study site to examine a range of factors affecting water quality including physical characteristics, faulty well seals, other anthropogenic activities and seasonality. Water samples were collected over a period of 14 months and analyzed for bacteria and major-ion chemistry. The results show that the consideration of physical features alone is not enough to predict vulnerability in the study area. Seasonal fluctuations in ionic concentrations (e.g. ionic strength, NO3-N and Cl-) and coliform bacteria are observed and result from disperse and rapid recharge events. Multivariate analysis techniques (e.g. principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis) demonstrate that preferential recharge pathways and anthropogenic activities, such as domestic effluents affect the groundwater quality. The data and findings of this study were used to assist in the design of a probabilistic risk assessment model based on the Poisson distribution. This study demonstrates the complexity and the challenges related to bacterial contamination in drilled wells. In spite of these challenges, this analysis was useful as a baseline to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities, and may be used in future studies to assist municipalities in the evaluation and protection of groundwater supplies.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o antagonismo entre leveduras e bactérias contaminantes do processo de produção de etanol com metabolismos distintos (homo e heterofermentativo) em diferentes condições, foi analisado o desempenho fermentativo de linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae empregadas na fermentação industrial (BG- 1, CAT-1, PE-2 e Fleischmann) em co-cultivo com linhagens de Lactobacillus com diferentes metabolismos, sendo uma delas homofermentativa (L. plantarum - FT025B) e duas linhagens heterofermentativas (L. fermentum - FT230B e L. fructosus - FT432B). Foram avaliados o crescimento dos dois grupos de microrganismos com relação à densidade de células no meio e sua viabilidade e também através de suas atividades metabólicas, acessadas pela formação de metabólitos específicos (ácidos lático, succínico e acético, manitol e etanol). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas modalidades: I) em condições de laboratório, inoculando-se uma linhagem bacteriana com uma única linhagem de levedura na mesma proporção em meio sintético e sendo incubadas a 32 C por 24h e II) simulando as condições industriais de fermentação, com alimentação utilizando-se mosto misto durante 5 reciclos fermentativos. No Experimento I, a viabilidade da linhagem FT025B mostrou-se reduzida em relação à linhagem FT230. Observou-se também que no meio contendo a bactéria FT025B a viabilidade das 4 linhagens de levedura foi menor do que no meio controle e no meio inoculado com a bactéria FT230B. Os níveis de ácido lático foram mais elevados na presença da bactéria FT025B, enquanto os teores de ácido acético e de glicerol foram maiores nos meios com a linhagem FT230B. A produção de etanol foi reduzida na presença de ambas as bactérias. No Experimento II a presença das bactérias praticamente não afetou a viabilidade das leveduras industriais durante os reciclos. No entanto, ao contrário do que foi observado no Experimento I, as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas apresentaram melhor crescimento e maior viabilidade em co-cultivo com as leveduras do que a homofermentativa. Também na presença de ambas as linhagens heterofermentativas observou-se uma significativa redução no rendimento alcoólico. A produção de lactato por tais linhagens foi muito próxima e em alguns ciclos até maior que a produção pela linhagem homofermentativa. No entanto, como no Experimento I, nos tratamentos com a bactéria FT025B a produção de glicerol foi menor até mesmo que no tratamento controle, tratando-se do primeiro registro de menor produção de glicerol por leveduras que se encontram na presença de contaminação bacteriana. Sugere-se que o ácido lático e o acético, juntamente com o etanol, podem ter agido sinergisticamente no metabolismo e crescimento das leveduras, resultando principalmente em uma diminuição do rendimento alcoólico. É também provável que as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas foram capazes de resistir melhor aos elevados teores de etanol excretados pelas leveduras e encontrados no processo industrial, uma vez que também são capazes de produzir tal composto. / This study aimed to evaluate the antagonism between yeasts and contaminating bacteria of the ethanol production process with different metabolisms (homo- and heterofermentative) in different conditions. Thus, the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in industrial fermentation (BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 and Fleischmann) was analyzed in co-cultivation with Lactobacillus strains with different metabolisms, one of them homofermentative (L . plantarum - FT025B) and two heterofermentatives strains (L. fermentum - FT230B and L. fructosus - FT432B). It was evaluated the growth of two microrganisms groups with respect to the cells density in the medium and their viability and also through their metabolic activities, accessed by specific metabolites production (lactic, acetic and succinic acid, mannitol and ethanol). The experiments were conducted in two ways: I) in laboratory conditions, inoculating a bacterial strain with a single yeast strain in the same synthetic medium incubated at 32°C for 24h and II) simulating the industrial fermentation conditions, with fed by using mixed must for 5 fermentative recycle. In Experiment I, the viability of FT025B strain proved to be small in relation to FT230 strain. It was also observed that in the medium containing the bacteria FT025B the viability of the 4 yeast strains was lower than the control and the treatment with FT230B strain. The levels of lactic acid were higher in the presence of bacteria FT025B, while the levels of acetic acid and glycerol were higher in treatments with FT230B strain. The production of ethanol was reduced in the presence of both bacteria. In Experiment II, the presence of bacteria did not affect the viability of industrial yeasts during recycling. However, contrary to what was observed in Experiment I, the heterofermentatives bacterial strains showed higher growth and higher viability in co-cultivation with the yeasts than homofermentative. Also in the presence of both strains heterofermentatives there was a significant reduction in the alcoholic yield. The lactate production by these strains was very close and, in some cycles, higher than the production by the homofermentative strain. However, as in Experiment I,in the treatments with FT025B strain the production of glycerol was lower even than in the control treatment, this is the first record of lower production of glycerol by yeasts that are in the presence of bacterial contamination. It is suggested that the lactic acid and acetic acid along with ethanol, may have acted synergistically in yeasts metabolism and growth, resulting in reduced alcoholic yields. It is also likely that the bacterial strains heterofermentatives were better able to resist the high ethanol levels excreted by yeasts and found in industrial process, since they are also able to produce this compound.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o antagonismo entre leveduras e bactérias contaminantes do processo de produção de etanol com metabolismos distintos (homo e heterofermentativo) em diferentes condições, foi analisado o desempenho fermentativo de linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae empregadas na fermentação industrial (BG- 1, CAT-1, PE-2 e Fleischmann) em co-cultivo com linhagens de Lactobacillus com diferentes metabolismos, sendo uma delas homofermentativa (L. plantarum - FT025B) e duas linhagens heterofermentativas (L. fermentum - FT230B e L. fructosus - FT432B). Foram avaliados o crescimento dos dois grupos de microrganismos com relação à densidade de células no meio e sua viabilidade e também através de suas atividades metabólicas, acessadas pela formação de metabólitos específicos (ácidos lático, succínico e acético, manitol e etanol). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas modalidades: I) em condições de laboratório, inoculando-se uma linhagem bacteriana com uma única linhagem de levedura na mesma proporção em meio sintético e sendo incubadas a 32 C por 24h e II) simulando as condições industriais de fermentação, com alimentação utilizando-se mosto misto durante 5 reciclos fermentativos. No Experimento I, a viabilidade da linhagem FT025B mostrou-se reduzida em relação à linhagem FT230. Observou-se também que no meio contendo a bactéria FT025B a viabilidade das 4 linhagens de levedura foi menor do que no meio controle e no meio inoculado com a bactéria FT230B. Os níveis de ácido lático foram mais elevados na presença da bactéria FT025B, enquanto os teores de ácido acético e de glicerol foram maiores nos meios com a linhagem FT230B. A produção de etanol foi reduzida na presença de ambas as bactérias. No Experimento II a presença das bactérias praticamente não afetou a viabilidade das leveduras industriais durante os reciclos. No entanto, ao contrário do que foi observado no Experimento I, as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas apresentaram melhor crescimento e maior viabilidade em co-cultivo com as leveduras do que a homofermentativa. Também na presença de ambas as linhagens heterofermentativas observou-se uma significativa redução no rendimento alcoólico. A produção de lactato por tais linhagens foi muito próxima e em alguns ciclos até maior que a produção pela linhagem homofermentativa. No entanto, como no Experimento I, nos tratamentos com a bactéria FT025B a produção de glicerol foi menor até mesmo que no tratamento controle, tratando-se do primeiro registro de menor produção de glicerol por leveduras que se encontram na presença de contaminação bacteriana. Sugere-se que o ácido lático e o acético, juntamente com o etanol, podem ter agido sinergisticamente no metabolismo e crescimento das leveduras, resultando principalmente em uma diminuição do rendimento alcoólico. É também provável que as linhagens bacterianas heterofermentativas foram capazes de resistir melhor aos elevados teores de etanol excretados pelas leveduras e encontrados no processo industrial, uma vez que também são capazes de produzir tal composto. / This study aimed to evaluate the antagonism between yeasts and contaminating bacteria of the ethanol production process with different metabolisms (homo- and heterofermentative) in different conditions. Thus, the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used in industrial fermentation (BG-1, CAT-1, PE-2 and Fleischmann) was analyzed in co-cultivation with Lactobacillus strains with different metabolisms, one of them homofermentative (L . plantarum - FT025B) and two heterofermentatives strains (L. fermentum - FT230B and L. fructosus - FT432B). It was evaluated the growth of two microrganisms groups with respect to the cells density in the medium and their viability and also through their metabolic activities, accessed by specific metabolites production (lactic, acetic and succinic acid, mannitol and ethanol). The experiments were conducted in two ways: I) in laboratory conditions, inoculating a bacterial strain with a single yeast strain in the same synthetic medium incubated at 32°C for 24h and II) simulating the industrial fermentation conditions, with fed by using mixed must for 5 fermentative recycle. In Experiment I, the viability of FT025B strain proved to be small in relation to FT230 strain. It was also observed that in the medium containing the bacteria FT025B the viability of the 4 yeast strains was lower than the control and the treatment with FT230B strain. The levels of lactic acid were higher in the presence of bacteria FT025B, while the levels of acetic acid and glycerol were higher in treatments with FT230B strain. The production of ethanol was reduced in the presence of both bacteria. In Experiment II, the presence of bacteria did not affect the viability of industrial yeasts during recycling. However, contrary to what was observed in Experiment I, the heterofermentatives bacterial strains showed higher growth and higher viability in co-cultivation with the yeasts than homofermentative. Also in the presence of both strains heterofermentatives there was a significant reduction in the alcoholic yield. The lactate production by these strains was very close and, in some cycles, higher than the production by the homofermentative strain. However, as in Experiment I,in the treatments with FT025B strain the production of glycerol was lower even than in the control treatment, this is the first record of lower production of glycerol by yeasts that are in the presence of bacterial contamination. It is suggested that the lactic acid and acetic acid along with ethanol, may have acted synergistically in yeasts metabolism and growth, resulting in reduced alcoholic yields. It is also likely that the bacterial strains heterofermentatives were better able to resist the high ethanol levels excreted by yeasts and found in industrial process, since they are also able to produce this compound.

O comércio de alimentos prontos para o consumo por vendedores ambulantes pode se constituir num alto risco para a saúde dos consumidores, visto que as pessoas envolvidas nesta atividade geralmente não têm preparo para a manipulação correta de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as condições de preparo e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de lanches (cachorro-quente) comercializados por vendedores ambulantes de Limeira-SP. Foram colhidas 5 amostras de 10 estabelecimentos centrais cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária, coletadas em dias diferentes. Nos cachorros-quentes foram realizadas contagens de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C, Clostridium sulfito-redutor, Bacillus cereus e investigada a presença de Salmonella spp. Entre as 50 amostras de cachorros-quentes analisadas, 34% estavam fora do padrão para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp. e de Clostridium sulfitoredutor. As contagens de Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C e Bacillus cereus estavam dentro dos valores permitidos. Os resultados obtidos através de uma Ficha de Inspeção de Estabelecimento não foram muito satisfatórios, o que pode ter contribuído para a presença de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em números acima dos tolerados em aproximadamente 1/3 das amostras analisadas, bem como para a presença de Coliformes fecais. Recomenda-se regulamentar a atividade de ambulantes e investir em educação e melhoria da infra-estrutura para se evitar ou minimizar riscos de toxinfecções alimentares através do consumo de alimentos comercializados em vias públicas. / The commercialization of ready-made food by street vendors can constitute a high risk to consumer?s health, as the people involved in this kind of activity, generally, have no training in correct food handling. In this paper, preparation conditions and sanitaryhygienic quality of sandwiches (hot dogs) sold by street vendors in Limeira/SP were analyzed. Five samples were taken from 10 vending carts registered at Sanitary Vigilance in the central area of the town and they were collected in different days. Counts were made on hot dog samples for Staphylococcus coagulase positive, total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC, Clostridium sulfite reducers, Bacillus cereus, and it was analyzed the presence of Salmonella spp. From the 50 samples of hot dogs tested, 34% did not reach the standard for Staphylococcus coagulase positive. In none of the samples was detected the presence of Salmonella spp. and Clostridium sulfite reducers. The counts on total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC and Bacillus cereus were within permitted values. The results obtained through the Inspection Form were not very satisfactory, which could have contributed to the high percentage of contaminated samples with Staphylococcus coagulase positive in numbers above of the tolerated ones showed in approximately 1/3 of the analyzed samples, besides the presence of fecal Coliforms. It is recommended to regulate the street food vending activities, invest in training and improve infrastructure to avoid or minimize risks of alimentary toxinfection in the commercialized food in public streets.

O comércio de alimentos prontos para o consumo por vendedores ambulantes pode se constituir num alto risco para a saúde dos consumidores, visto que as pessoas envolvidas nesta atividade geralmente não têm preparo para a manipulação correta de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as condições de preparo e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de lanches (cachorro-quente) comercializados por vendedores ambulantes de Limeira-SP. Foram colhidas 5 amostras de 10 estabelecimentos centrais cadastrados na Vigilância Sanitária, coletadas em dias diferentes. Nos cachorros-quentes foram realizadas contagens de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C, Clostridium sulfito-redutor, Bacillus cereus e investigada a presença de Salmonella spp. Entre as 50 amostras de cachorros-quentes analisadas, 34% estavam fora do padrão para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp. e de Clostridium sulfitoredutor. As contagens de Coliformes totais, Coliformes a 45°C e Bacillus cereus estavam dentro dos valores permitidos. Os resultados obtidos através de uma Ficha de Inspeção de Estabelecimento não foram muito satisfatórios, o que pode ter contribuído para a presença de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva em números acima dos tolerados em aproximadamente 1/3 das amostras analisadas, bem como para a presença de Coliformes fecais. Recomenda-se regulamentar a atividade de ambulantes e investir em educação e melhoria da infra-estrutura para se evitar ou minimizar riscos de toxinfecções alimentares através do consumo de alimentos comercializados em vias públicas. / The commercialization of ready-made food by street vendors can constitute a high risk to consumer?s health, as the people involved in this kind of activity, generally, have no training in correct food handling. In this paper, preparation conditions and sanitaryhygienic quality of sandwiches (hot dogs) sold by street vendors in Limeira/SP were analyzed. Five samples were taken from 10 vending carts registered at Sanitary Vigilance in the central area of the town and they were collected in different days. Counts were made on hot dog samples for Staphylococcus coagulase positive, total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC, Clostridium sulfite reducers, Bacillus cereus, and it was analyzed the presence of Salmonella spp. From the 50 samples of hot dogs tested, 34% did not reach the standard for Staphylococcus coagulase positive. In none of the samples was detected the presence of Salmonella spp. and Clostridium sulfite reducers. The counts on total Coliforms, Coliforms at 45ºC and Bacillus cereus were within permitted values. The results obtained through the Inspection Form were not very satisfactory, which could have contributed to the high percentage of contaminated samples with Staphylococcus coagulase positive in numbers above of the tolerated ones showed in approximately 1/3 of the analyzed samples, besides the presence of fecal Coliforms. It is recommended to regulate the street food vending activities, invest in training and improve infrastructure to avoid or minimize risks of alimentary toxinfection in the commercialized food in public streets.