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Aerobic vinyl chloride degradation at the microbial community levelLiu, Xikun 01 December 2016 (has links)
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a human carcinogen and common groundwater contaminant in the United States. Some of the indigenous bacteria can utilize VC for their growth, which is important for bioremediation. As previous studies have been majorly focused on VC-degrading bacteria in pure cultures, we initiated the study to investigate the microbial community structure and interactions in more complicated systems, such as mixed-pure cultures and groundwater enrichment cultures. Finally, we extended our study into the field by investigating the diversity and abundance of functional genes in VC-assimilating pathways at six contaminated sites.
In our first study, Nocardioides was found to be the most dominant genus in Carver groundwater enrichment cultures via stable-isotope probing and 16S rRNA gene amplicon Illumina sequencing. As cross-feeding was observed, in the second study, mixed-pure culture experiment was conducted to explore the potential effects of VC-assimilating Nocardioides on other bacteria, which showed VC cometabolizer Mycobacterium strain JS622 would take up carbon from VC to sustain their growth when mixed with VC-assimilating Nocardioides sp. strain JS614. The third study was conducted with a different groundwater source from Fairbanks, AK, which again showed Nocardioides is dominant in the microbial community. A novel VC-assimilating Nocardioides sp. bacteria was isolated, named XL1. The putative genome of XL1 extracted from enrichment culture metagenome was 99% to 100% identical to strain JS614, with a plasmid genome bin similar to strain JS614 plasmid pNOCA01, though the morphology of strain XL1 was distinct from strain JS614. About 90% of the plasmid contigs could be mapped onto Nocardioides sp. strain JS614 plasmid with 100% identity, containing known aerobic ethene and VC degradation pathway genes encoding alkene monooxygenase and epoxyalkane: coenzyme M transferase (EaCoMT). Glutathione synthase and glutathione S-transferase genes, possibly involved in epoxide detoxification, were found in Polaromonas, Mesorhizobium and Pseudomonas-affiliated genome bins. The study also showed cultures adapted to VC faster after amended with ethene. The in-situ study (the fourth study) revealed 192 different EaCoMT T-RFs from six chlorinated ethene contamination sites via T-RFLP analysis, implicating higher EaCoMT diversity than previously known. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a majority of the 139 cloned sequences (78.4%) grouped with EaCoMT genes found in VC- and ethene-assimilating Mycobacterium strains and Nocardioides sp. strain JS614. EaCoMT gene abundance was positively correlated with VC and ethene concentrations at the sites studied.
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Ecologia de Methylobacterium spp. na planta hospedeira / Methylobacterium spp. ecology in the host plantDourado, Manuella Nóbrega 14 June 2010 (has links)
O gênero Methylobacterium é composto por bactérias de coloração rósea, metilotróficas facultativas (PPFM - pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic), que podem fixar nitrogênio, nodular a planta hospedeira, produzir o fitohormônio citocinina e as enzimas pectinase e celulase, podendo dessa forma promover o crescimento vegetal devido à disponibilidade de nitrogênio e à indução de resistência sistêmica. Methylobacterium spp. têm sido descritas como endófitos ou epífitas em diferentes plantas hospedeiras, onde a sua colonização e distribuição no hospedeiro podem ser influenciadas pelo genótipo da planta ou por interações com outros microrganismos associados ao hospedeiro. Neste contexto, poucos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos visando um melhor entendimento da interação Methylobacterium-planta e da diversidade deste gênero bacteriano que tem sido isolado de diferentes plantas hospedeiras, exercendo diferentes funções ainda pouco conhecidas. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a diversidade genética de Methylobacterium spp., por meio do seqüenciamento parcial dos genes 16S rRNA e mxaF; analisar os genes de responsáveis pela interação da Methylobacterium com a planta hospedeira e analisar os genes envolvidos na interação Methylobacterium (endófito)- Xylella fastidiosa (patógeno). Os resultados mostraram que existe uma resposta adaptativa de Methylobacterium spp. específica para cada planta hospedeira. Da mesma forma, foi observado que esta adaptação específica da bactéria à planta, também pode levar à seleção de genótipos específicos para cada planta hospedeira, embora eventos aleatórios também possam ser responsáveis pela diversidade de Methylobacterium na planta hospedeira. Na análise de expressão gênica da interação Methylobacterium-planta, foi observado que o gene relacionado ao metabolismo do metanol (mxaF) não apresentou mudança no padrão de expressão. Genes relacionados a estresse crtI (estresse sentido pela bactéria) e acdS (estresse sentido pela planta), tiveram suas expressões reduzidas na presença da planta, mostrando que a presença de exsudados das plantas não representou um estresse ao desenvolvimento bacteriano. Os genes relacionados à patogenicidade patatin e phoU não foram alterados, confirmando que Methylobacterium é um endófito, e possuem expressão induzida de tais genes quando interagindo com a planta hospedeira. Os resultados permitem concluir que nas condições avaliadas os exsudados das plantas não causam estresse à bactéria (SR1.6/6). Por meio da análise de expressão gênica in vitro de X. fastidiosa em co-cultivo com M. mesophilicum, foi observado que este fitopatógeno vascular apresentou diminuição do crescimento e da formação de biofilme. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que a diversidade deste grupo de endófitos é parcialmente determinada pela planta hospedeira, onde tais bactérias interagem tanto com a planta como com outros grupos, como fitopatógenos presentes neste nicho. / The genus Methylobacterium, constituted by PPFMs - pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic, are able to fix nitrogen, nodule the host plant, produce cytokines and enzymes involved in induction of systemic resistance such as pectinase and cellulase, inducing plant growth. Methylobacterium sp. has been described as endophyte or epiphyte in different host plants, where the colonization and distribution on the host can be influenced by plant genotype or by interaction with other microorganisms associated to the host. In this context, few studies aims the better understanding of the diversity of this genus in different host, the interaction Methylobacterium-plant, and the interaction Methylobacterium-other bacteria. Therefore, this study aims to study the genetic diversity of Methylobacterium spp., by sequencing the 16S rRNA and mxaF gene; to analyze the genes responsible for the Methylobacterium-plant host interaction and to analyze the genes involved in Methylobacterium (endophyte) - Xylella fastidiosa (pathogen) interaction. Results show differential adaptive responses of Methylobacterium spp. in distinct plant species. However, the clustering according to the host plant was observed for a subset of isolates, suggesting that this diversity could be driven by stochastic events, although plant genotype may contribute to this diversity. Analyzing the Methylobacterium-plant interaction gene expression it was observed that genes related to metabolism of methanol (mxaF) was not amended. The genes related to stress such as crtI (stress sensed by the bacteria) and acdS (stress sensed by the plant) had its expression reduced with the plant showing that the plant exudates did not represent a stress to the bacteria development. The genes related to pathogenicity like patatin and phoU were not amended, confirming that Methylobacterium is an endophyte that do not induce when the bacteria interacts with the plant host. Using a genetic expression analyses of X. fastidiosa in vitro in co-cultive with M. mesophilicum, it was seen that this phytopathogen presented the growth and biofilm formation reduction. These results show that the diversity of this endophyte group is partially determinate by the plant host, where this bacterium interacts with the plant and with other groups, such as phytopathogen present in this niche.
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Ecologia de Methylobacterium spp. na planta hospedeira / Methylobacterium spp. ecology in the host plantManuella Nóbrega Dourado 14 June 2010 (has links)
O gênero Methylobacterium é composto por bactérias de coloração rósea, metilotróficas facultativas (PPFM - pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic), que podem fixar nitrogênio, nodular a planta hospedeira, produzir o fitohormônio citocinina e as enzimas pectinase e celulase, podendo dessa forma promover o crescimento vegetal devido à disponibilidade de nitrogênio e à indução de resistência sistêmica. Methylobacterium spp. têm sido descritas como endófitos ou epífitas em diferentes plantas hospedeiras, onde a sua colonização e distribuição no hospedeiro podem ser influenciadas pelo genótipo da planta ou por interações com outros microrganismos associados ao hospedeiro. Neste contexto, poucos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos visando um melhor entendimento da interação Methylobacterium-planta e da diversidade deste gênero bacteriano que tem sido isolado de diferentes plantas hospedeiras, exercendo diferentes funções ainda pouco conhecidas. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a diversidade genética de Methylobacterium spp., por meio do seqüenciamento parcial dos genes 16S rRNA e mxaF; analisar os genes de responsáveis pela interação da Methylobacterium com a planta hospedeira e analisar os genes envolvidos na interação Methylobacterium (endófito)- Xylella fastidiosa (patógeno). Os resultados mostraram que existe uma resposta adaptativa de Methylobacterium spp. específica para cada planta hospedeira. Da mesma forma, foi observado que esta adaptação específica da bactéria à planta, também pode levar à seleção de genótipos específicos para cada planta hospedeira, embora eventos aleatórios também possam ser responsáveis pela diversidade de Methylobacterium na planta hospedeira. Na análise de expressão gênica da interação Methylobacterium-planta, foi observado que o gene relacionado ao metabolismo do metanol (mxaF) não apresentou mudança no padrão de expressão. Genes relacionados a estresse crtI (estresse sentido pela bactéria) e acdS (estresse sentido pela planta), tiveram suas expressões reduzidas na presença da planta, mostrando que a presença de exsudados das plantas não representou um estresse ao desenvolvimento bacteriano. Os genes relacionados à patogenicidade patatin e phoU não foram alterados, confirmando que Methylobacterium é um endófito, e possuem expressão induzida de tais genes quando interagindo com a planta hospedeira. Os resultados permitem concluir que nas condições avaliadas os exsudados das plantas não causam estresse à bactéria (SR1.6/6). Por meio da análise de expressão gênica in vitro de X. fastidiosa em co-cultivo com M. mesophilicum, foi observado que este fitopatógeno vascular apresentou diminuição do crescimento e da formação de biofilme. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que a diversidade deste grupo de endófitos é parcialmente determinada pela planta hospedeira, onde tais bactérias interagem tanto com a planta como com outros grupos, como fitopatógenos presentes neste nicho. / The genus Methylobacterium, constituted by PPFMs - pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic, are able to fix nitrogen, nodule the host plant, produce cytokines and enzymes involved in induction of systemic resistance such as pectinase and cellulase, inducing plant growth. Methylobacterium sp. has been described as endophyte or epiphyte in different host plants, where the colonization and distribution on the host can be influenced by plant genotype or by interaction with other microorganisms associated to the host. In this context, few studies aims the better understanding of the diversity of this genus in different host, the interaction Methylobacterium-plant, and the interaction Methylobacterium-other bacteria. Therefore, this study aims to study the genetic diversity of Methylobacterium spp., by sequencing the 16S rRNA and mxaF gene; to analyze the genes responsible for the Methylobacterium-plant host interaction and to analyze the genes involved in Methylobacterium (endophyte) - Xylella fastidiosa (pathogen) interaction. Results show differential adaptive responses of Methylobacterium spp. in distinct plant species. However, the clustering according to the host plant was observed for a subset of isolates, suggesting that this diversity could be driven by stochastic events, although plant genotype may contribute to this diversity. Analyzing the Methylobacterium-plant interaction gene expression it was observed that genes related to metabolism of methanol (mxaF) was not amended. The genes related to stress such as crtI (stress sensed by the bacteria) and acdS (stress sensed by the plant) had its expression reduced with the plant showing that the plant exudates did not represent a stress to the bacteria development. The genes related to pathogenicity like patatin and phoU were not amended, confirming that Methylobacterium is an endophyte that do not induce when the bacteria interacts with the plant host. Using a genetic expression analyses of X. fastidiosa in vitro in co-cultive with M. mesophilicum, it was seen that this phytopathogen presented the growth and biofilm formation reduction. These results show that the diversity of this endophyte group is partially determinate by the plant host, where this bacterium interacts with the plant and with other groups, such as phytopathogen present in this niche.
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