Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, December 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Marcos Tadeu Tibúrcio Gonçalves / Banca: Manoel Cléber de Sampaio Alves / Banca: Marcos Valério Ribeiro / Banca: Eduardo Mauro do Nascimento / Banca: Ivaldo de Domênico Valarelli / Resumo: Tanto o bambu como o eucalipto são importantes recursos florestais. As lâminas de bambu gigante, contínuas, largas e finas obtidas por processo de torneamento são um excelente material para revestir e reforçar madeira e painéis sarrafeados de eucalipto. Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento e tração normal na madeira de eucalipto de alta densidade com e sem o revestimento com lâminas de bambu. Foram produzidos painéis sarrafeados colados lateralmente (EGPs) de Eucalyptus saligna que foram ensaiados à flexão estática e a tração normal, segundo a norma NP EN 310, no sentido transversal do painel em que as ripas são coladas lateralmente. Verificou-se que as lâminas de bambu funcionaram como reforço mecânico para os casos de tração normal na madeira de eucalipto, mas que não houve reforço quando sujeita a esforços cisalhantes, independentemente da posição dos anéis de crescimento da madeira nas amostras. Neste caso as lâminas funcionaram apenas como revestimento. Verificou-se um comportamento frágil do painel sarrafeado de eucalipto durante sua ruptura a flexão no sentido transversal. Foram repetidos os ensaios para os painéis sarrafeados de eucalipto revestidos com lâminas de bambu gigante em dupla face. Verificou-se então um grande aumento na resistência mecânica à flexão estática no painel laminado. Com o reforço das lâminas houve uma mudança no comportamento do painel que deixou de romper de forma frágil passando a romper de modo dúctil, tornando o painel mais elástico e confiável ao uso. Além disso, foram estudadas as características de acabamento superficial das lâminas de bambu quando o material é submetido a processos de lixamento manual / Abstract: Both bamboo and eucalyptus wood are important forest resources. The giant bamboo veneers continuous, wide and thin obtained by turning process are an excellent material for cover and reinforce the wood and laths edged glued panels (EGP) of Eucalyptus saligna. In this work was tested the eucalyptus wood of high density to shear and normal traction, then the eucaliptus wood was covered with layers of bamboo veneer and so repeated the same mechanic tests. Were produced panels EGP of eucalyptus that were tested for static bending, according to NP EN 310, in the direction that the laths are glued. It was found that bamboo veneers acted as mechanical reinforcement for the cases of normal traction in the eucalyptus wood, but there was no increase in eucalyptus wood subjected to shear efforts, regardless of the position of growth rings in wood samples. In this case the veneers functioned only as a coating. There was a fragile behavior of the panel EGP of eucalyptus during their break to shear efforts. The tests were repeated for the panels EGP coated with bamboo venners on double-sided. There was then a large increase in mechanical resistance to bending of laminated panel. With the increase obtained was a change in behavior of the panel that failed through the fragile break so ductile rupture, making the panel more elastic and reliable to use. Furthermore were studied the characteristics of roughness of the surface of bamboo veneer when the material is subjected to manual sanding processes / Doutor

Preservation of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is a worldwide concern. This study was designed to examine dietary and reproductive challenges associated with panda management. Phytoestrogens are natural plant compounds that mimic estrogen and often negatively impact mammalian reproduction. Phytoestrogens in bamboo, the panda’s primary food source, is unknown. Here, estrogen radioimmuno- and receptor-binding assays revealed estrogenic activity in three species of Phyllostachys bamboo. These results present indirect evidence of phytoestrogenic mimics in bamboo, but their relevance is still unknown. Studies were also conducted to observe panda reproductive behaviors in an attempt to augment the use of an artificial vagina (AV) for semen collection. A preliminary study confirmed the panda could differentiate between estrus urine and a water ‘control.’ However, when estrus urine was placed on the AV as an attractant, the subject didn’t approach the AV. Further investigation of dietary challenges and reproductive alternatives are needed to substantiate these findings.

This is an architectural thesis exploring bamboo not just as a material, but asking what the temporal nature of the material could mean for design. While bamboo is often considered sustainable because of its considerable growth rate, few really embrace the nature of bamboo. To exhibit this concept this project follows the line from source to destination, and from germination to structure; not representing a fi nished object in single moment, but an idea that spans time. To do this, bamboo acts as a catalyst for a cultural center. It grows and matures and is harvested, it changes the space; and as it is used, degrades, and fi nally taken down, it changes the design. From seed to opera house and back again to the earth, the cycle breaths continuous life into the site. The project, located near 7th and H Street, NW, in Washington, DC is a dual program - both cultural center and public garden. The "bookends" or exterior buildings on the site are a balancing force to the ephemeral nature of the bamboo. The terracotta bearing walls buffer the peaceful inside from the outside. Their roles serve as stage to the street, gatehouse to the garden, and armature for the bamboo structures to be built upon. Their solidity holds in and allows the movement of time to ebb and flow with that of the bamboo grove. / Master of Architecture

This study is directed to the application of bamboo as alternative material in civil construction. The study also extends to discuss the new applications of bamboo Angustifolia Kunth in construction, such as shear walls and bamboo boards. The investigation involved the following tasks: (a) Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo Angustifolia Kunth; (b) Proposing a new type of joint (connection) using culms and natural coupling assembly which can be used in bamboo frame structures. Bamboo dowels are used to create a monolithic joint to support gravitational and lateral forces efficiently; (c) Evaluating the behavior of bamboo Angustifolia Kunth through extensive laboratory work in order to determine the stresses that structural elements such as columns and beams can support under the action of gravitational and lateral external load, and then comparing with the permissible stresses given by the design and construction codes in each region; and (d) Conducting theoretical dynamic analysis of bamboo frame structures using Newmark Beta method and experimental validation to determine maximum values of acceleration, velocity and displacement. The information needed for this analysis are taken from the earthquake El Centro in California on 1940. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of Angustifolia Kunth bamboo for civil structures composed only of bamboo elements offer safety, are economical and offers rapid construction method. This is very suitable for tropical and semitropical places preferably at an average of 2500 meter above the sea level, and advisable if they are located around the fire belt susceptible to seismic forces and earthquakes. It may be an ideal solution for low income populations in need of an immediate housing solution. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Orientador: Antonio Ludovico Beraldo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colla_WandivaldiAntonio_M.pdf: 9391362 bytes, checksum: 1630a6fd6dc211f72e9c5231cf420521 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Embora possam ser atribuídas ao bambu inúmeras possibilidades de utilização, duas grandes desvantagens são apresentadas por esse material. A primeira refere-se à baixa durabilidade natural da maioria das espécies, devido à presença de amido em suas células parenquimáticas. A outra desvantagem, não menos importante, é a tendência apresentada pelo bambu de apresentar variações dimensionais, quando exposto a mudanças de umidade e de temperatura. Na busca da minimização de tais inconvenientes, taliscas (ripas) de Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro foram coletadas de diversas partes do colmo e foram submetidas, em condições de laboratório, na ESALQ-USP, a diversas temperaturas: 140 °C, 180 °C, 220 °C, 260 °C e 300 °C. O processo de termorretificação foi realizado em ambientes de atmosfera não inerte e inerte com nitrogênio. A seguir, os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a ensaios de caracterização físico-mecânica, buscando-se avaliar as condições ideais da termorretificação e que, ao mesmo tempo, não implicassem em redução acentuada das características originais do bambu. Os resultados obtidos permitem detectar a existência de uma faixa ótima de temperatura, de 140 ºC, 180 ºC e a 220 ºC, na qual o bambu termorretificado não perde significativamente suas características mecânicas e, ao mesmo tempo, apresenta maior estabilidade dimensional em presença da umidade / Abstract: Although several of possibilities of applications can be attributed to bamboo, two major drawbacks are presented by this material. The first ones refer to the low natural durability of most of species, due to the presence of starch in its parenchyma cells. The other ones, not least, is the trend presented by bamboo to shows dimensional changes when exposed to changes in humidity and temperature. In seeking to minimize such drawbacks, strips of Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro were collected from different parts of the stem and were submitted under laboratory conditions, at the ESALQ-USP, at different temperatures: 140 ° C, 180 ° C, 220 ° C, 260 ° C and 300 ° C. The process of thermal treatment of bamboo occurred in environments with non inert atmosphere and inert nitrogen. Specimens were tested for physical-mechanical, with the evaluation of ideal thermal treatment conditions which at the same time, did not reduces bamboo characteristics. Results obtained detected the optimal range temperature from 140 ºC, 180 ºC and the 220 ºC. Mechanical characteristics of the bamboo thermal treated were not significantly reduced. At the same time, the thermal treatment enhanced bamboo dimensional stability in presence of the humidity / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

No description available.

Bamboo growing is strongly associated with farm size (landholding), wealth, household size, food sufficiency, irrigation facility, livestock owned, land tenure, household off-farm and on-farm incomes, physiography of the land, and access to forests. The landholding is the most important socioeconomic factor that influences households decision to grow bamboos. Bamboo growing also varies with ethnicity as socially and economically disadvantaged ethnic groups are less likely to grow bamboos on farmland than other ethnic groups. The literacy and age of the household heads are not strongly associated with bamboo growing on the farmland. Bamboo is the most commonly planted species in villages in the Midhills. They are the preferred species for planting, both on private land and in community forests. As timber is getting scarce, bamboo is increasingly used as a replacement for timber. They are also the best fodder species (particularly Bambusa nutans) in the Terai and the fifth best in the Midhills. The interest in bamboo planting is particularly high where there is better access to the markets and bamboos have already been identified as one of the important species for use in income generation programmes. There are many taboos, superstitions and beliefs, particularly in eastern Terai, against bamboo planting which prohibit households from further bamboo planting. Had there not been such beliefs, there could have been more bamboos on the farmlands of eastern Terai and Midhills than at present. Bamboo is also one of the most remarkable woody perennials in eastern Nepal. There are many households, both in the Terai and the Midhills, who are dependent on the income from bamboo craftmaking. Most of the traders are newcomers with lack of resources to expand the trade. Many bamboo growers who sold bamboos, craft makers and traders were not happy with their income and suggested various steps for improvement. There is also a need to review many of the HMGN policies as many of them contradict each other and are therefore unfavourable towards stimulating the growing of bamboos in Nepal. It is clear that a detailed development plan to improve the use of bamboo resources is needed. Socioeconomic research on bamboos should be extended to other regions of Nepal in order to inform the new development plan.

South Africa is economically vulnerable to climate change because its economy is powered by electricity generated from coal fired power stations. There is a need to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel energy not only because of greenhouse gas emissions but also energy security. Bamboo is touted as a renewable energy source, however, like other woody biomass material, it has poor physicochemical properties and low energy densities. Therefore, the bamboo samples utilized in this study were subjected to thermal pre-treatment methods to improve on their combustion and physicochemical properties. Bamboo samples of 1, 3 and 4+ years old were subjected to torrefaction at 250°C and 280°C as well as low temperature carbonisation at 350°C and 400°C. A standard HGI method was modified during the course of this research for studying the grindability of the raw and treated bamboo material. The fuel properties and combustibility of these raw and thermally treated bamboo materials were then studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The raw bamboo samples exhibited a CV ranging from 17 MJ/kg to 18 MJ/kg, whereas the torrefied samples and the carbonised samples had a CV ranging from 25 MJ/kg to 28 MJ/kg and 28 MJ/kg to 30 MJ/kg, respectively. The 4 year old bamboo carbonised at 400°C had the highest CV of 30.24 MJ/kg. The CV improvement occurred as a result of molecular modification observed through an increase in fixed carbon content from 16 to 74%. The energy yields ranging from 48 to 74% were achieved for the torrefied samples and 44 to 54% for the low temperature carbonised samples, depending on the age of the bamboo sample. At torrefaction temperatures tested, the 4 year old bamboo had the highest mass and energy yield, whereas at carbonisation temperatures, 3 year old bamboo had the highest. The number of differential thermogravimetric peaks was observed to decrease from 2 to 1 as the thermal treatment temperature increased to a carbonisation range (350-400) °C. This can be attributed to the less VM content in the carbonised samples. The raw bamboo and thermally treated bamboo had higher reactivity, lower ignition and burnout temperatures compared to that for coal. Blending of coal with bamboo (raw and thermally treated) appeared to increase the reactivity and lower the ignition temperature during co-firing. The activation energies of the individual fuels ranged from 56 to 289 kJ/mol, using the Ozawa model. Bamboo samples carbonised at 400°C had the highest activation energy, irrespective of age. The activation energy was also the highest when co-firing a blend with the highest proportion of coal. Based on the co-firing tests undertaken in the TG analyser in which a percentage of coal is blended with various proportions of raw and thermally treated bamboo, the results showed that as the percentage of coal in the blend increases there is less interaction or influence of biomass. The role of biomass is to aid with ignition of devolatilization in the coal at lower temperatures. At the carbonisation stage, biomass behave more like coal in principle. It was confirmed in this study that in terms of combustibility, the torrefied bamboo samples had a greater capacity to provide lower ignition and burnout temperatures over the low carbonised bamboo samples utilized, and this might support its application as a source of fuel in an industrial burning combustor. The carbonised 4 year old bamboo appears to be the preferred alternative source fuel to be fired solely in an existing pulverised boiler in South Africa or co-fired with coal due to the carbonised bamboo samples exhibiting the higher CV and more coal-like combustion profile.

A preocupação mundial em relação aos impactos ambientais e seus reflexos positivos ou negativos na natureza têm mobilizado diversos setores da indústria. O processo de fabricação da viscose quando não controlado é altamente poluidor, causando impactos ao meio ambiente. Portanto, a escolha da sua matéria-prima pode amenizar esses problemas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar comparativamente os tecidos de malha fabricados com fibras de viscose convencional eucalipto e outras - com fibras de viscose obtidas a partir do bambu. Para a análise foram escolhidas as seguintes matérias-primas: fios 100% viscose convencional (fiação de anéis e jato de ar) e fios 100% viscose de bambu (fiação de anéis) e fabricadas malhas com gramaturas médias estatisticamente iguais. Os tecidos foram beneficiados e realizados os ensaios de gramatura, tendência à formação de pilling e resistência à solidez à água. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que não existem diferenças significativas entre as características estudadas. / The global concern regarding the environmental impacts has assembled several industry sectors. This study has as a goal to analyze relatively two types of mesh fabrics: viscose, which can be produced through cellulose regeneration obtained by bamboo or from other trees or plants, and thus, it can be chosen one or the other within a sustainable development context. This manufacturing process of viscose is highly pollutant, provoking negative impacts to the environment. Therefore, the choice of raw material might reduce these issues relating to sustainability. This comparison also has an objective to open a space for discussions regarding to sustainability concept in textile sector, which many studies are limited to analyze the results comparing materials only, not considering the process as a whole, from the choice of raw material, obtention, cultivation, transformation, to the final product, including the lifecycle, the durability and disposal of a fashion product. The experimental results showed that no significant differences between the characteristics studied.