Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Köln, 2002.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [384]-401).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaiʻi, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-146).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Golden Gate University, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 252-266).

Thesis (Ph. D. in Economics)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2010. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Also available online.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006. / Title from thesis t.p. Glen T. Eskew, committee chair; C.M. Kuhn, committee member. Electronic text (166 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 26, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-166).

L’activité bancaire est le moteur de l’économie. Dans les systèmes juridiques de type occidentaux, les banques utilisent le droit des contrats pour proposer leurs services, que ce soit la banque commerciale ou la banque d’affaires. De même, les banques redoublent d’imagination pour augmenter leurs marges et la rentabilité des placements qu’elles font à partir des fonds qui sont déposés par les épargnants. Enfin, les banques participent au financement de grands projets et permettent ainsi leur réalisation, généralement avec une intervention des autorités publiques. Toutes les activités bancaires font l’objet d’une réglementation stricte et d’ordre public pour garantir la solvabilité des banques et protéger le crédit. La finance islamique s’inscrit dans ce schéma juridique, cependant elle doit intégrer des nombreuses contraintes engendrées par l’application et le respect de la Chari’a. En effet, il semble qu’à première vue l’interdiction de l’intérêt, riba, et de l’aléa, gharar, constituent des obstacles insurmontables pour pouvoir exercer le métier de banquier. En réalité, la finance islamique peut parfaitement se développer, à des conditions et dans un cadre qu’il faut expliquer. / [Summary made by the web site Reverso] The banking activity is the mainspring of the economy. In the legal western systems of type(chap), banks use the contract law to propose their services(departments), whether it is the commercial bank or the merchant bank. Also, banks double imagination to increase their margins and the profitability of the investments(placements) which they make from the funds(collections) which are put down(deposited) by the savers. Finally, banks participate in the financing of big projects and so allow their realization, generally with an intervention of the public authorities. All the banking activities are the object of a strict regulations and a law and order to guarantee the solvency of banks and protect the credit. The Islamic finance joins in this legal plan, however she has to integrate(join) numerous constraints engendered by the application and the respect for Chari' has. Indeed, it seems that at first sight the ban on the interest, riba, and on the chance, to gharar, establish(constitute) insuperable obstacles to be able to work as banker. In reality, the Islamic finance can perfectly develop, on conditions and in a frame(executive) which it is necessary to explain.

This research focuses on online payment methods which are premised on electronic funds transfer. It is a general discourse that the use of online payment methods is risky. It is held that the fear of fraud and abuse of a payment system is at the focal point of such risk. Banks which provide these payment systems are usually not prepared to negotiate with their prospective customers. Resultantly, banks contract out of the risk associated with online payments, specifically the liability for unauthorized electronic funds transfers. This culminates in bank’s customers bearing the majority of that risk as a result of the bank-customer contract. Some of the laws applicable to this relationship also ascribe to the notion above. They burden bank’s customers solely with the liability of the use of their cards until notification to the bank of its theft or misuse. This shows a completed disregard of the nature of how online payment methods operate. Such imposition of liability is excessively one-sided in favour of the banks and detrimental to the bank’s customers. Ultimately, the scope of application of the current applicable consumer protection laws is limited by factors such as non-applicability to juristic persons or limitation based on asset value for those that do. This thus denotes a large segment of online payment methods users who cannot avail themselves to measures of protection provided for by the current applicable consumer protection laws. The research aims to avert the issues as demonstrated above, provide clarity in pursuit of equity and compliance, plus a comprehensive consumer protection approach for online payment methods users. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Mercantile Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Edinburgh, 1993.