Os derrames da Formação Serra Geral fazem parte de uma grande província ígnea continental situada no sul do Brasil e em parte do Uruguai, Paraguai e Argentina, são portanto muito bem conhecidos e estudados, no entanto as pesquisas geralmente são voltadas para os minerais primários da rocha, excluindo os argilominerais que são considerados como produtos de alteração. Este trabalho é um estudo voltado para a caracterização e entendimento dos argilominerais presentes em basaltos da Formação Serra Geral na região situada entre os municípios de Frederico Westphalen, Iraí, Caiçara, Ametista do Sul e Planalto. Os derrames da região foram contabilizados e estudados através de um levantamento em perfiís de estradas, onde um dos deles foi escolhido como estudo de caso por conter grandes quantidades de argilominerais, especialmente celadonita que é o principal foco de estudo deste trabalho. As técnicas utilizadas consistiram em análises petrográficas em microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), além de difratometria raios X (DRX), espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e espectrometria Mössbauer em argilominerais e celadonitas retiradas manualmente de vesículas. As análises químicas das rochas e dos minerais foram realizadas através das técnicas de fluorescência de Raios X e microssonda eletrônica, para análise de elementos maiores, e ICP-MS para elementos traços. Foi identificada uma correlação entre o litotipo pahoehoe de derrame e a presença da celadonita que ocorre em grandes proporções, preenchendo vesículas, fraturas e rodeando geodos. As análises químicas revelaram uma variação composicional da borda da vesícula para o centro e diferenças químicas entre as celadonitas encontradas dependendo do local de coleta, mesmo ocorrendo em um mesmo derrame. A caracterização microtextural das celadonitas e esmectitas revelaram padrões de precipitação em um sistema de equilíbrio com os minerais primários da rocha, sugerindo assim uma precipitação pós-magmática. / The flows of the Serra Geral Formation are part of a continental large igneous province located at southern of Brazil and part of Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina, are well known and studied, however researches are generally directed to the primary rock minerals, excluding the clay minerals which are considered as products of alteration. This work is a study at the characterization and understanding of the clay minerals present in basalts of the Serra Geral Formation in the region located between the cities of Frederico Westphalen, Iraí, Caiçara, Ametista do Sul and Planalto. The flows of the region were counted and studied through road profiles lifting, where one of those was chosen as a study case because the large amounts of clay minerals, mainly celadonites, which is the focus of this study. The techniques used consisted of petrographic analyzes using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X - ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and Mössbauer spectrometry in clays manually removed from vesicles. The chemical analyzes of rocks and minerals were performed using X-Ray fluorescence and electron microprobe for verification of major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements. A correlation was identified between pahoehoe litotype and the celadonite presence, which occurs filling vesicles, fractures and surrounding geodes. The chemical analyzes shows a compositional variation at the border towards the center of the vesicle and chemical differences between the celadonites depending on the place of gathering, even occurring in the same effusion. The microtexural characterization of celadonites and smectites revealed precipitation patterns in a system of equilibrium with the rock primary minerals, thus suggesting port-magmatic precipitation.

Orientador: Marcos Aurélio Farias de Oliveira / Banca: José Paulo Peccinini Pinese / Banca: Antonio José Ranalli Nardy / Resumo: A área de ocorrência de rochas basálticas, objeto do estudo da presente dissertação, está localizada no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, no Município de Araçatuba. Os estudos das rochas basáticas da Formação Serra Geral, da área em questão, abrangeram trabalhos de campo e de laboratório. Os trabalhos de campo compreenderam levantamentos de superfície e de subsuperfície, através da perfuração do poço profundo - PMA. As amostragens de superfície ocorreram em cavas de antigas pedreiras desativadas e em afloramentos do leito do Ribeirão Baguaçu. Em subsuperfície, foram coletadas 490 amostras de calha de rochas basálticas da Formação Serra Geral, em intervalos regulares de 2 metros, até a profundidade de 980 metros. Os estudos desenvolvidos, a partir das amostras de calha, permitiram a identificação de uma sucessão de 27 derrames, com espessuras que variam entre 10 e 84 metros, que edificaram o pacote vulcânico, atravessado pela perfuração do poço PMA. A classificação e nomenclatura, baseada em critérios químicos, revelaram, não somente, a natureza toleítica das rochas estudadas mas, também, que a maioria dessas rochas são representadas predominantemente por basaltos e andesi-basaltos. A partir das concentrações de elementos maiores, menores, dos teores de TiO2 e de elementos traços incompatíveis, bem como dos padrões de abundância de elementos terras raras, essas rochas vulcânicas foram divididas em dois grupos a saber: Paranapanema e Pitanga (Peate et al, 1992). / Abstract: The area of occurrence of basaltic rocks, object of these studies, is located in the northwest of the State of São Paulo, in the Araçatuba City. The studies of the basaltic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation, of the area in question, has enclosed laboratory and field works. The field works had understood surveys surface and of subsurface, through the borehole’s samplings, cutting through 980 m of basaltic rocks (deep well PMA). The samplings of surface had occurred on disabled stone pits of old quarries and outcrops of the of the Baguaçu’s stream’s bed . In subsurface, 490 samples of basaltic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation had been collected, in regular intervals of 2 meters, until the depth of 980 meters. The developed studies had allowed the identification of a succession of 27 basaltic flows, with thicknesses that vary between 10 and 84 meters, that had built the volcanic sequence, crossed for the drilling’s deep well PMA. The classification and nomenclature, based on chemical criteria, had revelead, not only, the tholeiitic nature of the studied rocks but, also, that the majority of these rocks is predominantly represented by basalts and andesi-basalts. From the concentrations of larger and minors elements, of tenors of TiO2 and incompatible trace elements, as well as of the standards of abundance of REE, these volcanic rocks had been divided in two groups: Paranapanema and Pitanga. / Mestre

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da caracterização tecnológica e da avaliação da alterabilidade realizada em amostras provenientes dos compartimentos entablamento e colunata de derrames basálticos localizados na porção setentrional da Bacia do Paraná, mais precisamente, em afloramentos associados a frentes de lavra de algumas pedreiras do Estado de São Paulo. Além de ensaios tradicionais de caracterização tecnológica, foram realizados ensaios alternativos como a adsorção de azul de metileno e o pH e a condutividade de abrasão. Ensaios de alteração, tanto natural quanto acelerada, foram realizados e comparados quantitativamente. No que se refere aos ensaios de alteração acelerada, os líquidos de imersão foram monitorados em relação a concentração de íons de alguns elementos alcalinos e alcalinos terrosos. A análise conjunta destas informações foi útil para a qualificação dos materiais e quantificação de suas alterabilidades, proporcionando a análise comparativa entre os compartimentos entablamento e colunata no que tange ao seu uso como agregados em construção civil. / This work presents the technological characterization and alterability assessment of samples from the entablature-colonnade compartmentation of the basaltic rocks localized in the northern region of the Paraná basin, Brazil. Besides traditional technological characterization tests, it was performed alternatives tests (methylene blue adsorption, abrasive pH and abrasive conductivity). Some natural and artificial alterability tests were also performed for a quantitative comparison. The immersion fluids from the artificial alteration tests were monitored in respect to alkaline and earth alkaline chemicals concentration. These information were used for material qualification and assessment of alterability, supplying a comparative analysis between the entablature and colonnade compartments in respect to its use as aggregates for civil construction.

A erupção histórica de 1580 A.D. ocorreu ao sudoeste da Ilha de São Jorge, Açores recobrindo uma área total de 4 km². Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as diferentes morfologias de lava de 1580 A.D, juntamente com a definição de padrões petrográficos e geoquímicos. A erupção gerou quatro flow fields: Ribeira do Almeida, Queimada, Ribeira do Nabo I e Ribeira do Nabo II. A descrição detalhada das lavas permitiu identificar spiny, sheet, e slabby pahoehoe e derrames do tipo ‘a´ā. Próximo aos cones, derrames do tipo ‘a´ā são descritos. Com a constante erupção, estas lavas fluem em direção a costa formando deltas de lava ao entrar em contato com a água. Estes deltas geram um relevo sub-horizontal favorecendo a colocação de derrames do tipo sheet pahoehoe. A contínua alimentação interna favorece o espessamento dos derrames, podendo gerar o rompimento da superfície formando derrames slabby pahoehoe. Os estágios finais da erupção são marcados por derrames do tipo ‘a´ā canalizados lateralmente e sobre os derrames do tipo sheet pahoehoe. A variação na superfície dos derrames é controlada pelas taxas de efusão e pela topografia. Petrograficamente, todas as lavas da erupção de 1580 A.D. são olivina basaltos. Os dados geoquímicos indicam uma afinidade magmática alcalina com os termos menos diferenciados localizados na região de Ponta Queimada. Isto pode ser explicado por uma constante recarga de magma mais primitivo na câmara magmática. Os padrões de ETR normalizados sugerem que os basaltos estudados foram gerados a partir de um baixo grau de fusão de uma fonte profunda e enriquecida do tipo OIB. O estudo dos aspectos físicos dos derrames de 1580 juntamente com a petrografia e geoquímica permitiram compreender a história geológica deste evento. / The historic eruption of 1580 A.D. occurred in the southwestern of São Jorge Island, in the central Azores covering a total area of 4 km². This work provides a characterization of the distribution and morphology of the 1580 A.D. lava flows, integrated to petrography and geochemistry. The eruption formed four distinct flows fields: Ribeira do Almeida, Queimada, Ribeira do Nabo I and Ribeira do Nabo II. Detailed geological analysis allowed the identification of spiny, sheet and sllaby pahoehoe and ‘a´ā lava morphotypes. Near the vent, the flow fields are characterized by channelized ‘a´ā flows. With continuous eruption, these lavas flowed downwards forming fan-shaped lava deltas when entering the sea. Sheet pahoehoe flows overlay the ‘a´ā lavas and with continuous inflation the surface of the flows breaks generating slabby pahoehoe surface. The gradual increase in surface fragmentation form rubbly surfaces. In the late stages of the eruption channelized ‘a´ā flows were emplaced, depositing laterally and over the sheet pahoehoe flows. The variations in the lava surface are controlled by the effusion rates and the topography. Petrographically, all lava flows are olivine basalts. The chemistry of the basalts indicate an alkaline nature for the 1580 volcanism. The less-evolved compositions are found in Ribeira do Almeida and this fact can be related to continuous recharge of the magma chamber with more primitive melts. Normalized REE profiles show that the basalts were generated by low volumes of melt of an enriched OIB source. The study of the physical aspects of 1580 lava flows with petrography and geochemistry allowed understand the geologic history of this event.

Os derrames da Formação Serra Geral fazem parte de uma grande província ígnea continental situada no sul do Brasil e em parte do Uruguai, Paraguai e Argentina, são portanto muito bem conhecidos e estudados, no entanto as pesquisas geralmente são voltadas para os minerais primários da rocha, excluindo os argilominerais que são considerados como produtos de alteração. Este trabalho é um estudo voltado para a caracterização e entendimento dos argilominerais presentes em basaltos da Formação Serra Geral na região situada entre os municípios de Frederico Westphalen, Iraí, Caiçara, Ametista do Sul e Planalto. Os derrames da região foram contabilizados e estudados através de um levantamento em perfiís de estradas, onde um dos deles foi escolhido como estudo de caso por conter grandes quantidades de argilominerais, especialmente celadonita que é o principal foco de estudo deste trabalho. As técnicas utilizadas consistiram em análises petrográficas em microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), além de difratometria raios X (DRX), espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e espectrometria Mössbauer em argilominerais e celadonitas retiradas manualmente de vesículas. As análises químicas das rochas e dos minerais foram realizadas através das técnicas de fluorescência de Raios X e microssonda eletrônica, para análise de elementos maiores, e ICP-MS para elementos traços. Foi identificada uma correlação entre o litotipo pahoehoe de derrame e a presença da celadonita que ocorre em grandes proporções, preenchendo vesículas, fraturas e rodeando geodos. As análises químicas revelaram uma variação composicional da borda da vesícula para o centro e diferenças químicas entre as celadonitas encontradas dependendo do local de coleta, mesmo ocorrendo em um mesmo derrame. A caracterização microtextural das celadonitas e esmectitas revelaram padrões de precipitação em um sistema de equilíbrio com os minerais primários da rocha, sugerindo assim uma precipitação pós-magmática. / The flows of the Serra Geral Formation are part of a continental large igneous province located at southern of Brazil and part of Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentina, are well known and studied, however researches are generally directed to the primary rock minerals, excluding the clay minerals which are considered as products of alteration. This work is a study at the characterization and understanding of the clay minerals present in basalts of the Serra Geral Formation in the region located between the cities of Frederico Westphalen, Iraí, Caiçara, Ametista do Sul and Planalto. The flows of the region were counted and studied through road profiles lifting, where one of those was chosen as a study case because the large amounts of clay minerals, mainly celadonites, which is the focus of this study. The techniques used consisted of petrographic analyzes using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X - ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and Mössbauer spectrometry in clays manually removed from vesicles. The chemical analyzes of rocks and minerals were performed using X-Ray fluorescence and electron microprobe for verification of major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements. A correlation was identified between pahoehoe litotype and the celadonite presence, which occurs filling vesicles, fractures and surrounding geodes. The chemical analyzes shows a compositional variation at the border towards the center of the vesicle and chemical differences between the celadonites depending on the place of gathering, even occurring in the same effusion. The microtexural characterization of celadonites and smectites revealed precipitation patterns in a system of equilibrium with the rock primary minerals, thus suggesting port-magmatic precipitation.

The emplacement of continental flood basalt provinces is often ascribed to fissure eruption. However, in many provinces the locations of actual vent complexes remains illusive. In southern Africa, the Karoo continental flood basalt province was erupted during the Jurassic between 183 and 179 Ma. The southernmost outcrop of the Karoo continental flood basalt lavas is the Lesotho remnant; and is comprised of the Drakensberg Group which forms the uppermost portion of the Karoo Supergroup. The geochemical stratigraphy for the Drakensberg Group is well established. At the base, there are a number of small volume compositionally diverse units, which form the Barkly East Formation, overlying which, there are larger volume, compositionally less variable units of the Lesotho Formation, which form the bulk of the volcanic sequence. The Lesotho remnant is associated with an abundance of dykes in the adjacent vicinity. This suggests that the lavas were fed from local rather than distal eruption sites. This study presents whole rock major and trace element data for 94 dykes and three sills from the northern Lesotho - northeastern Free State region and demonstrates that on the basis of geochemistry, all 97 intrusions can be correlated with various units of the northern Barkly East and Lesotho Formations. In addition, the petrographical; characteristics, orientation and distribution of the dykes do not correlate with geochemistry. Geochemical discrimination diagrams have been used to identify five compositionally diverse dykes, which are similar to the northern Barkly East Formation units. Three dykes are characteristic of the Letele unit and two are compositionally similar to the Wonderkop unit. Although the geochemical characteristics of the Lesotho Formation units are rather well constrained, the composition of these units is typified by considerable overlap in composition. Therefore, since unambiguous classification of dykes with geochemical similarities to the various units of the Lesotho Formation is unachievable using an empirical approach, the multivariate forward-stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) technique was used to facilitate the classification of the remaining 89 dykes and three sills. Forward-stepwise DFA classified 23 dykes as having compositional similarities to the Mafika Lisiu unit, 29 as having compositions of the Maloti or Senqu types; and 32 as having the composition of the Mothae type. In addition, eight dykes are compositionally similar to the Oxbow dykes, which intrude the Senqu unit in northern Lesotho. These results suggest that that the Lesotho remnant was fed from local eruption sites and that long distance magma transport for the bulk of the Lesotho remnant basalt lavas is unlikely.

Fifty fragments of young, fresh basalts from the Explorer Ridge, Paul Revere Ridge (Fracture Zone), Dellwood Knolls, and the J. Tuzo Wilson Knolls have been analysed for 12 major and minor elements, as well as 11 trace elements, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Rare earth element concentrations in 25 of the samples have been determined by instrumental neutron activation, and Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios have been obtained for 11 of the basalts. The Explorer Ridge basalts have major element compositions similar to most mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), and can be classified as ferrobasalts, similar to those of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. The incompatible minor and trace elements K, Ti, Rb, Zr, and Nb are weakly to strongly enriched in the Explorer samples, with respect to MORB, part of which is the result of crystal fractionation. The observed trace element and light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment of many of the samples, particularly those from Explorer Deep, suggest that a weak hotspot may exist beneath the Explorer Deep. The adjacent ridge segments, Explorer Rift and the Southern Explorer Ridge, are erupting basalts both enriched and depleted in incompatible elements, which could be an indicator of a chemically heterogenous mantle source, or may be the result of intermittent injection of enriched magmas from the postulated hotspot beneath Explorer Deep into areas producing normal MORB. The enriched basalts do not have significantly different Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios from the depleted basalts. All the samples fall within the range of values typical for Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridge basalts, and East Pacific Rise tholeiites in general. Thus, although the source areas for the 2 basalt types may differ chemically, they are similar radiogenically, unlike-other hypothetically plume-influenced areas such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 45°N and the FAMOUS area. The basalts from the northwest and southeast Dellwood Knolls appear to be related by crystal fractionation, based on major element analysis. However, the very different REE patterns and Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios exhibited by the two knolls suggest that they have different mantle sources, one typically depleted (northwest knoll) and one chemically and radiogenically enriched (southeast knoll). In terms of their major and trace element chemistry, the J. Tuzo Wilson Knolls basalts are typical of late-stage volcanism on ocean islands associated with mantle plumes. The hawaiites strongly resemble alkali basalts dredged from several seamounts in the Pratt-Welker Chain, which are co-latitudinal with the J. Tuzo Wilson Knolls on a small circle about the Pacific-Hotspot pole of rotation. Geochronological evidence questions the hypothesis that the mantle plume responsible for Pratt-Welker volcanism is also the source for the J. Tuzo Wilson basalts. The existence of a second mantle plume, 300 km southeast of the first, would explain minor chemical and physiographical differences between the Knolls and the other Pratt-Welker seamounts, as well as the evidence for two phases of volcanism on the southeastern seamounts of the chain. A second plume also explains the coeval volcanism of Bowie Seamount and the J. Tuzo Wilson Knolls. Recent geophysical evidence suggests that the J. Tuzo Wilson Knolls are also part of the Explorer-Dellwood spreading system. Although the JTW basalts are plume-type basalts chemically, the situation appears to be somewhat analagous to other ridge segments where plumes are coincident with the ridge itself. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

<p> The Archean pyroclastic conglomerate studied has six clast types which can be condensed to four clast families based on lithology. The quartz clasts have an average strain of X:Y:Z=1.21:1:0.55 while the pumice clasts have an average strain of X:Y:Z=1.27:1:0.47. The difference is strain between these clast families can be attributed to their different viscosities. The quartz clasts have an assumed viscosity ratio between the clasts and the matrix of unity and are taken to represent the strain in the rock as a whole. The sulphide and black clasts have strain ratios much higher than the quartz because of recrystallization of the sulphide and cleavage formation effecting the black clasts.</p> <p> The sedimentary structure of the deposit and its position between mafic pillow basalts indicate that the deposit is a result of the deposition of a subaqueous pyroclastic debris flow in a proximal environment.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

Orientador: Antonio José Ranalli Nardy / Banca: Marcos Aurélio Farias de Oliveira / Banca: José Paulo Peccinini Pinese / Resumo: Este trabalho trata da investigação petrográfica e geoquímica dos derrames da Formação Serra Geral da Bacia do Paraná, distribuídas em quatro regiões distintas: Jaú, Ribeirão Preto, Franca e Fernandópolis, cobrindo praticamente toda a área de exposição dessas rochas no estado de São Paulo. As amostras coletadas nessas regiões foram analisadas através de microscopia de luz polarizada, evidenciando que os basaltos estudados são constituídos fundamentalmente por plagioclásio (30-40%), piroxênios (20-30%), magnetita (5-15%) e apatita (menos de 1%), apresentando textura predominantemente intergranular e suas variedades (intersertal, hialofítica e pilotaxítica). Os dados geoquímicos revelaram que as amostras estudadas correspondem a basaltos de natureza toleítica, com TiO2 ≥ 1,8%, característicos da região norte da Bacia do Paraná. Dados geoquímicos de elementos traços e terras raras mostraram que as rochas estudadas podem ser agrupadas em três diferentes magmas-tipo: Paranapanema (basaltos de Fernandópolis), Urubici (basaltos de Franca) e Pitanga (basaltos de Ribeirão Preto e de Jaú). Os padrões de distribuição desses elementos mostram que eles não podem ser gerados a partir de fontes mantélicas astenosféricas, mas sim, de fontes litosféricas distintas. / Abstract: A petrographical and geochemistry characterization of flood basalts of Serra Geral Formation of Paraná Basin is here presented. The investigated area is sited in four different regions of São Paulo state: Jaú, Ribeirão Preto, Franca e Fernandópolis. It represents almost the total exposure area of lava flows in São Paulo State. The petrographical data of these rocks reveals that the basalts are constituted mainly by plagioclase (30-40%), pyroxene (20-30%), magnetite (5-15%) and apatite, that characterized a intergranular, intersertal, hialophitic and pilotaxitic textures. The geochemical data show a basic and tholeiitic composition of the studied basalts with TiO2 ≥ 1,8%, characterized of the northern of Paraná Basin. Three different magmatypes were recognized: Paranapanema (basalts of Fernandópolis region), Urubici (basalts of Franca region) and Pitanga (basalts of Ribeirão Preto and Jaú regions). The distribution patterns of these elements in a spider diagram have showed that they are generated by lithospheric mantle. / Mestre

Esta dissertação apresenta a caracterização geológico-geotécnica de diferentes litotipos basálticos, abrangendo basaltos densos, basaltos vesículo-amigdaloidais e brecha basáltica. Estes materiais são oriundos de quatro derrames basálticos pertencentes à Formação Serra Geral, região da barragem de Itaipu. Para a caracterização foram realizados ensaios rotineiros de densidade aparente, porosidade aparente, absorção-dágua, compressão pontual e alterabilidade (ciclagem acelerada em laboratório). Incrementou-se neste trabalho a aplicação da velocidade de absorção-dágua como apoio para ensaios de ciclagem, além do uso de análises de pH e de condutividade elétrica para avaliação do grau de alteração. O ensaio de velocidade de absorção-d\'água permitiu a verificação dos tempos necessários para a saturação e a secagem de cada litotipo, mostrando-se importante para a adequação dos ciclos de alteração em laboratório. As análises pHmétricas e de condutividade elétrica apresentaram-se eficientes para a avaliação da alteração, principalmente quando as classificações tátil-visuais e a resistência não refletiram com precisão o grau de alteração da rocha. / This study presents the geological-geotechnical characterization of different basaltics lithotypes (dense basalt, vesicular-amygdaloidal basalt and basaltic breccias). These rock materials were selected from four basaltics flows from Serra Geral Formation (Itaipu Dam region). For this characterization were performed apparent density, apparent porosity, water absorption, point load strength and alterability (wet-dry cycling tests). Increased in this study the application of the water absorption rate as support for cycling tests, and the use of the pH and electrical conductivity tests for interpretation of the weathering degree. The water absorption rate allowed determining the adequate time for saturation and drying of each lithotype, and proved to be important for suitability of the cycling tests. Electrical and pH conductivity analysis were effective for the evaluation of the alteration degree especially when the tactile-visual classifications and the resistance did not reflect so precisely the rock alteration.