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[pt] ESTUDO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE POLÍMEROS MODIFICADORES DE VISCOSIDADE E OS SEUS IMPACTOS EM BASES LUBRIFICANTES / [en] STUDY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VISCOSITY MODIFIERS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON BASE OILSPAMELA FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA BARRETO 25 May 2020 (has links)
[pt] Dentre os aditivos empregados nas formulações de óleos lubrificantes, cabe destacar os de natureza polimérica, utilizados como melhoradores de viscosidade. Atualmente, testes complexos e de alto custo são empregados para avaliação de novos componentes nos óleos lubrificantes. Portanto, análises preliminares para estudo e caracterização de aditivos são de extrema relevância. Este trabalho tem
como objetivo caracterizar diferentes polímeros, utilizados como modificadores de viscosidade, empregando métodos de análise térmica e reológica, e ainda avaliar o impacto destes aditivos em bases lubrificantes. Os resultados encontrados permitem avaliar o comportamento das borrachas poliméricas frente à degradação térmica, influenciada pelo processo de polimerização e estrutura química, e frente ao seu comportamento reológico mostrando ser uma metodologia eficiente para
diferenciação destes materiais. As bases lubrificantes avaliadas mostraram um comportamento de fluido newtoniano clássico e quando os polímeros modificadores foram adicionados, em determinadas concentrações, observou-se uma alteração deste comportamento de fluido. As análises e técnicas empregadas permitiram avaliar o impacto no comportamento reológico dos óleos básicos bem como das soluções preparadas com diferentes concentrações de polímeros. Foi possível concluir que os aditivos poliméricos empregados em bases lubrificantes são capazes de alterar o comportamento térmico e reológico das bases lubrificantes estudadas. As metodologias empregadas se mostraram eficientes para avaliação preliminar destes polímeros e das bases lubrificantes contendo estes aditivos. / [en] The most important additives used in lubricant formulas are polymeric in nature, which play an important role in the performance of the fluid and act as a viscosity modifier. Due to the fact that lubricants with lower viscosities are higher in demand, the viscosity modifier function has become increasingly important and differential in lubricant formulas. In order to develop new components of
technology for lubricants, complex tests, which are high in cost, are necessary. Therefore, preliminary analyses of new studies and the characterization of new data are extremely relevant and important for the customization of the process and timing. The intention is to characterize polymers available on the market as viscosity modifiers using thermal and rheological methodologies, as well as to have a better understanding of the influence of these additives on base oils used in lubricants. The results showed the polymers behaviors on thermal degradation, which are influenced by the polymerization process as well as chemical structure. Rheological analyses demonstrated to be an efficient methodology for the
differentiation of these materials. Base oil study results showed the Newtonian fluid behavior and this was modified when substantial amount of polymers were added. The rheological and thermal behaviors of base oils as well as solutions with polymers in different treatment rates were realized by the analyses and techniques executed. For the preliminary evaluations of polymer additives and base oils with them, the methodologies used in this study proved to be efficient.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MASS SPECTROMETRIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMPLEX MIXTURES RELEVANT TO THE ENERGY SECTOR AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DEVICE FOR CHEMICALLY ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY FORMULATION EVALUATIONKatherine Elisabeth Wehde (8054564) 28 November 2019 (has links)
<p>This dissertation focused on the development of mass
spectrometric methodologies, separation techniques, and engineered devices for
the optimal analysis of complex mixtures relevant to the energy sector, such as
alternative fuels, petroleum-based fuels, crude oils, and processed base oils.
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been widely recognized as a powerful tool for the
analysis of complex mixtures. In complex energy samples, such as
petroleum-based fuels, alternative fuels, and oils, high-resolution MS alone may
not be sufficient to elucidate chemical composition information. Separation
before MS analysis is often necessary for such highly complex energy samples.
For volatile samples, in-line two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) can be used to separate complex
mixtures prior to ionization. This technique allows for a more accurate
determination of the compounds in a mixture, by simplifying the mixture into
its components prior to ionization, separation based on mass-to-charge ratio (<i>m/z</i>), and detection. A GC×GC coupled to a high-resolution
time-of-flight MS was utilized in this research to determine the chemical
composition of alternative aviation fuels, a petroleum-based aviation
fuel, and alternative aviation fuel candidates and blending components as well
as processed base oils.</p>
Additionally, as the cutting edge of science and
technology evolve, methods and equipment must be updated and adapted for new
samples or new sector demands. One such case, explored in this dissertation,
was the validation of an updated standardized method, ASTM D2425 2019. This
updated standardized method was investigated for a new instrument and new
sample type for a quadrupole MS to analyze a renewable aviation fuel. Lastly,
the development and evaluation of a miniaturized coreflood device for analyzing
candidate chemically enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) formulations of brine,
surfactant(s), and polymer(s) was conducted. The miniaturized device was used
in the evaluation of two different cEOR formulations to determine if the components
of the recovered oil changed.
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